私と出版社宛に「ご高著の英訳がほぼ出来上がりつつあります」とメールが届いた。最新著『韓国の米軍慰安婦はなぜ生まれたか』（ハート出版）が「史実を世界に発信する会」によって英語訳でサイトNeewsletter No. 98-1 に掲載されることになったという。その際同じく日本語版も載せることとなった。この機会に読者から指摘されたところを訂正することができると思う。たとえば山田寛人氏の指摘、179ページの「放言」は日本語では「異言」であることなど訂正したい。他にも堀まどか氏などが指摘してくれた所もある。多くの読者に訂正を指摘してくれるようにお願いしたい。
私は人に語るように日本語で書いた。しかし聞き手は日本人よりはアメリカ人、韓国人であった。読んでいない人によっては慰安婦を政治的な問題とする韓国に逆戦するように思われるかもしれないが私は拙著で人間の本性に関することを言っている。読者と一緒に考えようとしたのである。1980年アメリカでの研究会のメンバーたちに朝鮮戦争の体験談を語った時、彼らからぜひ英語でも書いてほしいと言われていたが、いまやっと叶えた気分である。今度の出版によって多くの反日的な（？）日本人も一緒に考える契機になれば幸いである。拙著が英訳されることは嬉しい。
나와 출판사 앞으로 「고저의 영역이 거의 완성되고 있습니다」라고 메일이 왔다. 최신저 『한국의 미군위안부는 왜 태어났는가』 (하트 출판)이 「역사적 사실을 세계에 발신하는 모임」에 의해 영어 사이트Neewsletter No. 98-1에 일본어판과 함께 게재된다고 한다. 이 기회에 독자들이 지적한 곳을 정정할 수 있다고 생각한다. 예를 들면 山田人씨의 지적, 179페이지의 「방언」은 일본어로 「이언」으로 정정한다. 그 외에도 호리(堀) 마도카씨 등이 지적해 준 것도 있다. 많은 독자에게 정정을 부탁하고 싶다.
저는 사람에게 이야기하듯 일본어로 썼다. 그러나 듣는 사람은 일본인보다는 미국인, 한국인으로 생각했다. 읽지 않고 있는 사람에게는 위안부를 정치적 문제로 삼는 한국에 역전하는 것처럼 생각될 지도 모르지만 졸저에서 나는 인간본성에 관한 것을 말하고 있다. 그것을 독자에게 말하려고 한 것이다. 1980년 미국에서의 연구회의 멤버들에게 조선 전쟁의 체험 담을 함께 이야기 했을 때, 그들에게서 꼭 영어로 쓰기를 부탁받았는데 지금 드디어 이룬 기분이다. 사이트,그리고 영역서가 나올 것을 기대한다. 이번의 출판에 의해 많은 반일적인 (?) 일본인도 같이 생각하는 계기 되면 좋겠다. 졸저가 영역되는 것이 기쁘다.
The Origins of the US Army's Korean Comfort Women
By Choi Kilsung,
Professor at East Asia University, Professor Emeritus at Hiroshima University
Introduction
This book is about Koreans and sex.
I have already written a number of articles on this subject and have discussed it in lectures. This book is an original work that I wrote based upon those articles and lectures.Naturally sex is something that everyone is interested in from the moment that they hit puberty, but the root of my way of thinking about sex dates back even further than that.It all goes back to my experiences in the Korean War which started over sixty years ago in 1950 when I was only ten years old. My memories of that time are unforgettable and have run through my mind countless times since then. As a witness of what happened, I have recounted what I saw for posterity. The things that I need to say range from amusing to tragic, but I have cautioned myself to never stray from the truth.
During the Korean War, the soldiers of the United Nations were a "peacekeeping force", and we thought of them as guardian angels protecting our democracy from communist rule. And yet, in my own home village, some truly dreadful acts of sexual violence against women were perpetrated by the US-led UN Army that we Koreans believed was our ally. Could it be that human beings are reduced to the level of beasts in times of war? By this point in time it is no longer possible to verify just how widespread such sexual assaults were. In my village, where Confucian ethical traditions were strong, brothels had been forbidden, but under the strain of war and the fear of rapes, the residents had little choice but to accept prostitution.
This is the story of the US Army's comfort women, a story which neither Japan, Korea nor international society can ignore when discussing the comfort women problem. However, mention of this topic has long been considered taboo within South Korea. The book "Troublesome Korea," published in Japanese by Sankosha, included a dialogue between myself and Oh Seon-hwa which took place in 1997. I mentioned that the UN Army had engaged in mass rape in my home village, which resorted to prostitution in order to defend itself from further acts of rape. The attention we brought to the issue was not at all well received in South Korea. Indeed, the Korean media, including the TV network MBC, subjected us to relentless criticism.
Today the problem of the so-called "comfort women" is a major source of discord in Japan and Korea. As Korea-Japan relations have hit a low point, there has been an explosion of anti-Japanese and anti-Korean literature, including many books on the comfort women. It is an undeniable truth that sex is an unavoidable part of war, but in the context of the old Japanese Army, the “comfort women” are seen internationally as an issue of "sexual slavery" due to misinformation printed in the Asahi Shimbun newspaper.
Given these circumstances, I have avoided thinking in black-and-white terms, of anti-Japanese versus anti-Korean, attack versus defense, and legitimate arguments versus illegitimate arguments. Nor should this be a case that is prosecuted through the lens of modern-day human rights. The comfort women problem arose amidst the bloodshed of war, and I would like people to consider it as a matter of sex by soldiers in war, in which neither human rights nor basic humanity exist at all.
Nevertheless, this book's treatment of the comfort women problem does not simply adopt a pacifist-based anti-war stance. Instead, I have examined the matter by looking at war and sex crimes from the perspective of sex being the most basic human instinct. The questions I want to pose concern not only a mere problem of individuals, but also a problem of society.For example, in the case of Korea, which has for ages adhered to Confucian ethical traditions, I ask if these traditions were maintained in a time of war and national emergency. I ask what sex and sexual morals are in a Confucian society which values chastity as much as life itself. However, I will not comment on the economic side of sexual norms and the prostitution industry.
Concerning the relationship between Japan and Korea, I have always been interested in an unbiased cultural comparison of the two nations. Though there have been times that I felt it was dangerous to talk about the comfort women problem, to be honest, that has actually increased my interested in the subject. Objective scholarship is safe, but politics is dangerous, which means that this subject is on the threshold between what is considered safe and dangerous.
In this book, I will also touch on the unsavory aspects of the Korean Confucian stance towards sex and chastity. From there, I will delve into a variety of related issues, including marriage and divorce, the mistress system, the crime of adultery, and teahouse prostitution.
Sex is something which is linked to the survival of the species, and because it also feels good, one might even say that sexual love is a gift from heaven. Still, pleasure is something that can also corrupt humans and bring us down to the level of animals. It is well known that religious leaders and sages have warned about the dangers of sex, and sexual repression is clearly a major cause of sex crimes.
In this book I have contemplated the relationship between sexual violence and prostitution by observing humans at war. As a quintessential case study of this relationship, I put forward the example of my own village which was steeped in the tradition of Confucian sexual morality but which was transformed almost overnight into a "prostitution village" during the war. However, I do not intend to convey that my point of view is the definitive truth–this is a matter that I, along with the readers of this book, want to continue to think about.
Table of Contents
Introduction
1.The Korean War As I Experienced It
-The outbreak of the Korean War
-Under North Korean rule
-Return to South Korean rule
-The invasion of the Chinese Army
-The arrival of the UN Army
-Sexual violence by the UN Army
-Embracing prostitution
2.From Rape to Prostitution
-The "necessary evil" of prostitution
-The so-called "comfort women problem"
-Sexual violence by the US Army and Korea-American relations
-Sex and war
3.The Spread of Prostitution
-Widespread prostitution in South Korea
-Teahouses
-Listening to the waitresses' stories
-Seeking marriage
4.Sexual Mores and the Idea of Chastity in Korea
-Sexual mores and prostitution
-The root of Korea's traditional concept of sexual chastity
-The concept of sexual chastity in Korea
-Identity through sexual chastity
-The nationalism of sexual chastity
5.The Diary of the Manager of a Japanese Army Comfort Station
-A note on reading this book
-How the diary came to be published
-A diary never intended to be made public
-The format of the diary
-"They are loyal subjects"
-Life as a "reception clerk"
-Homesickness
-Logistics and comfort stations
-The truth about the comfort stations
-The truth about the comfort women
-Comfort stations under military administration
-To conclude
6.The Korean War and Changes in South Korean Society
-South Korean society in the aftermath of World War II
-Society after the Korean War
-Anti-communism and the military coup d'état
-Sexual torture and the pro-democracy movement
-The growth of Christianity in South Korea
-The modernization of South Korea and the "New Community Movement"
-A just war, or an unjust war?
Conclusion
Further Reading
私は人に語るように日本語で書いた。しかし聞き手は日本人よりはアメリカ人、韓国人であった。読んでいない人によっては慰安婦を政治的な問題とする韓国に逆戦するように思われるかもしれないが私は拙著で人間の本性に関することを言っている。読者と一緒に考えようとしたのである。1980年アメリカでの研究会のメンバーたちに朝鮮戦争の体験談を語った時、彼らからぜひ英語でも書いてほしいと言われていたが、いまやっと叶えた気分である。今度の出版によって多くの反日的な（？）日本人も一緒に考える契機になれば幸いである。拙著が英訳されることは嬉しい。
나와 출판사 앞으로 「고저의 영역이 거의 완성되고 있습니다」라고 메일이 왔다. 최신저 『한국의 미군위안부는 왜 태어났는가』 (하트 출판)이 「역사적 사실을 세계에 발신하는 모임」에 의해 영어 사이트Neewsletter No. 98-1에 일본어판과 함께 게재된다고 한다. 이 기회에 독자들이 지적한 곳을 정정할 수 있다고 생각한다. 예를 들면 山田人씨의 지적, 179페이지의 「방언」은 일본어로 「이언」으로 정정한다. 그 외에도 호리(堀) 마도카씨 등이 지적해 준 것도 있다. 많은 독자에게 정정을 부탁하고 싶다.
저는 사람에게 이야기하듯 일본어로 썼다. 그러나 듣는 사람은 일본인보다는 미국인, 한국인으로 생각했다. 읽지 않고 있는 사람에게는 위안부를 정치적 문제로 삼는 한국에 역전하는 것처럼 생각될 지도 모르지만 졸저에서 나는 인간본성에 관한 것을 말하고 있다. 그것을 독자에게 말하려고 한 것이다. 1980년 미국에서의 연구회의 멤버들에게 조선 전쟁의 체험 담을 함께 이야기 했을 때, 그들에게서 꼭 영어로 쓰기를 부탁받았는데 지금 드디어 이룬 기분이다. 사이트,그리고 영역서가 나올 것을 기대한다. 이번의 출판에 의해 많은 반일적인 (?) 일본인도 같이 생각하는 계기 되면 좋겠다. 졸저가 영역되는 것이 기쁘다.
The Origins of the US Army's Korean Comfort Women
By Choi Kilsung,
Professor at East Asia University, Professor Emeritus at Hiroshima University
Introduction
This book is about Koreans and sex.
I have already written a number of articles on this subject and have discussed it in lectures. This book is an original work that I wrote based upon those articles and lectures.Naturally sex is something that everyone is interested in from the moment that they hit puberty, but the root of my way of thinking about sex dates back even further than that.It all goes back to my experiences in the Korean War which started over sixty years ago in 1950 when I was only ten years old. My memories of that time are unforgettable and have run through my mind countless times since then. As a witness of what happened, I have recounted what I saw for posterity. The things that I need to say range from amusing to tragic, but I have cautioned myself to never stray from the truth.
During the Korean War, the soldiers of the United Nations were a "peacekeeping force", and we thought of them as guardian angels protecting our democracy from communist rule. And yet, in my own home village, some truly dreadful acts of sexual violence against women were perpetrated by the US-led UN Army that we Koreans believed was our ally. Could it be that human beings are reduced to the level of beasts in times of war? By this point in time it is no longer possible to verify just how widespread such sexual assaults were. In my village, where Confucian ethical traditions were strong, brothels had been forbidden, but under the strain of war and the fear of rapes, the residents had little choice but to accept prostitution.
This is the story of the US Army's comfort women, a story which neither Japan, Korea nor international society can ignore when discussing the comfort women problem. However, mention of this topic has long been considered taboo within South Korea. The book "Troublesome Korea," published in Japanese by Sankosha, included a dialogue between myself and Oh Seon-hwa which took place in 1997. I mentioned that the UN Army had engaged in mass rape in my home village, which resorted to prostitution in order to defend itself from further acts of rape. The attention we brought to the issue was not at all well received in South Korea. Indeed, the Korean media, including the TV network MBC, subjected us to relentless criticism.
Today the problem of the so-called "comfort women" is a major source of discord in Japan and Korea. As Korea-Japan relations have hit a low point, there has been an explosion of anti-Japanese and anti-Korean literature, including many books on the comfort women. It is an undeniable truth that sex is an unavoidable part of war, but in the context of the old Japanese Army, the “comfort women” are seen internationally as an issue of "sexual slavery" due to misinformation printed in the Asahi Shimbun newspaper.
Given these circumstances, I have avoided thinking in black-and-white terms, of anti-Japanese versus anti-Korean, attack versus defense, and legitimate arguments versus illegitimate arguments. Nor should this be a case that is prosecuted through the lens of modern-day human rights. The comfort women problem arose amidst the bloodshed of war, and I would like people to consider it as a matter of sex by soldiers in war, in which neither human rights nor basic humanity exist at all.
Nevertheless, this book's treatment of the comfort women problem does not simply adopt a pacifist-based anti-war stance. Instead, I have examined the matter by looking at war and sex crimes from the perspective of sex being the most basic human instinct. The questions I want to pose concern not only a mere problem of individuals, but also a problem of society.For example, in the case of Korea, which has for ages adhered to Confucian ethical traditions, I ask if these traditions were maintained in a time of war and national emergency. I ask what sex and sexual morals are in a Confucian society which values chastity as much as life itself. However, I will not comment on the economic side of sexual norms and the prostitution industry.
Concerning the relationship between Japan and Korea, I have always been interested in an unbiased cultural comparison of the two nations. Though there have been times that I felt it was dangerous to talk about the comfort women problem, to be honest, that has actually increased my interested in the subject. Objective scholarship is safe, but politics is dangerous, which means that this subject is on the threshold between what is considered safe and dangerous.
In this book, I will also touch on the unsavory aspects of the Korean Confucian stance towards sex and chastity. From there, I will delve into a variety of related issues, including marriage and divorce, the mistress system, the crime of adultery, and teahouse prostitution.
Sex is something which is linked to the survival of the species, and because it also feels good, one might even say that sexual love is a gift from heaven. Still, pleasure is something that can also corrupt humans and bring us down to the level of animals. It is well known that religious leaders and sages have warned about the dangers of sex, and sexual repression is clearly a major cause of sex crimes.
In this book I have contemplated the relationship between sexual violence and prostitution by observing humans at war. As a quintessential case study of this relationship, I put forward the example of my own village which was steeped in the tradition of Confucian sexual morality but which was transformed almost overnight into a "prostitution village" during the war. However, I do not intend to convey that my point of view is the definitive truth–this is a matter that I, along with the readers of this book, want to continue to think about.
Table of Contents
Introduction
1.The Korean War As I Experienced It
-The outbreak of the Korean War
-Under North Korean rule
-Return to South Korean rule
-The invasion of the Chinese Army
-The arrival of the UN Army
-Sexual violence by the UN Army
-Embracing prostitution
2.From Rape to Prostitution
-The "necessary evil" of prostitution
-The so-called "comfort women problem"
-Sexual violence by the US Army and Korea-American relations
-Sex and war
3.The Spread of Prostitution
-Widespread prostitution in South Korea
-Teahouses
-Listening to the waitresses' stories
-Seeking marriage
4.Sexual Mores and the Idea of Chastity in Korea
-Sexual mores and prostitution
-The root of Korea's traditional concept of sexual chastity
-The concept of sexual chastity in Korea
-Identity through sexual chastity
-The nationalism of sexual chastity
5.The Diary of the Manager of a Japanese Army Comfort Station
-A note on reading this book
-How the diary came to be published
-A diary never intended to be made public
-The format of the diary
-"They are loyal subjects"
-Life as a "reception clerk"
-Homesickness
-Logistics and comfort stations
-The truth about the comfort stations
-The truth about the comfort women
-Comfort stations under military administration
-To conclude
6.The Korean War and Changes in South Korean Society
-South Korean society in the aftermath of World War II
-Society after the Korean War
-Anti-communism and the military coup d'état
-Sexual torture and the pro-democracy movement
-The growth of Christianity in South Korea
-The modernization of South Korea and the "New Community Movement"
-A just war, or an unjust war?
Conclusion
Further Reading