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"8 The myth of 1492 and the impossibility of America: the Afro-Asian contribution to the catch up of the West, 1492-c. 1700", 'Islamic conceptions of man as a rational agent'より。
"It was the Muslims (especially the Mutazilites) who propagated the idea that man was a free and rational agent - supposedly one of the leitmotifs of modern European thinking." (p. 177)
"Such an idea emerged not long after Muhammad's death signifyng a move towards 'rational Islamic theology' (so that Muhannad's teachings could not be distorted by subsequent political authorities). Known as ijtihad, it involved the exercise of independent judgement and, above all, the notion that God could only be comprehended through unaided and individualistic human reason." (pp. 177-178)
"This idea was incorporated into the works of scholard such as al-Kindī (800-873), al-Rāzī (865-925),al-Fārābī (873-950), Ibn Sīnā (980-1037), Ibn Rushd (1126-98) and, last but not least, al-Zahrāwī (936-1013). These ideas were also strikingly similar to those that inspired Martin Luther and the Reformation." (p. 178)
"Al-Rāzī's crucial claim was that all 'truth' (religious and scientific) can be attained directly by the individual human mind through rational contemplation or reason." (p. 178)
(UK: Cambridge University Press, June, 2004)