・112.0 A high school student…
(1)
A high school student has a science test on Monday but spends most of the weekend playing video games and does not start studying until late Sunday night. This kind of avoiding or delaying of work that needs to be done is called procrastination. It has been estimated that up to 95 % of people procrastinate at least sometimes, and about 20 % of them do it too much. Traditionally, people who procrastinate have been considered lazy, but research tells us that this is not true. Learning about the roots of procrastination can help us understand why most people do it to some extent and also help us decrease our own procrastination. Although researchers do not agree on all the reasons behind procrastination, there is general agreement about some factors that can explain it.
(2)
The first factor is how pleasant or unpleasant people find a task. Research shows that people will put off tasks they find unpleasant. Many high school students may delay cleaning their rooms or doing their homework. However, many might not delay doing such tasks as responding to a friend’s email. It is important to remember that whether or not a task is pleasant depends on the individual. For example, someone who loves bicycles might not delay fixing a punctured tire while someone who does not may put it off.
(3)
In addition to how people feel about the job at hand, the amount of confidence they have in their ability to do a task is also related to procrastination. For instance, those who have low expectations of success are more likely to postpone starting a particular job. Conversely, those who believe that they can perform well are more likely to take on challenging tasks rather than avoid them. It should be noted, though, that some counselors argue that too much confidence can also lead to procrastination: some people overestimate how easily they can do a particular task and start too late.
(4)
Another factor is whether or not people can exercise self-control. Those who have less self-control can easily be drawn away from their work. Accepting an invitation to sing karaoke on a night when you planned to start working on a presentation could be one example. Self-control, or the ability to resist temptation and stick to a plan, is something many of us struggle with. Interestingly, age is said to be associated with self-control. Research shows that the older people become, the less likely they are to delay doing their work until the last minute.
(5)
Lastly, there is a link between procrastination and how long people must wait before they see the reward for an effort. For instance, studying hard in school might not give high school students any immediate rewards; what they learn might not seem useful to the present. However, studying can provide them with rewards in the future like the knowledge or skills necessary to pursue their dreams. Sometimes, it is hard to see the benefit of making an effort when the reward is too far away. This can explain why many people do not start saving money for their old age when they are young.
(6)
What are the roots of your procrastination? Because the behaviors described here seem common to most people, you do not need to completely change your habits if you only procrastinate once in a while. On the other hand, if you feel that your procrastination is a problem, the first step to reducing it is identifying the reasons behind it. Self-help books and websites give numerous techniques for overcoming procrastination, but it is only by understanding the roots of the problem that you can choose the appropriate method for yourself.
A 次の問い（問１～５）の[ 46 ]～[ 50 ]に入れるのに最も適当なものを、それぞれ下の①～④のうちから一つずつ選べ。
問 1 According to paragraph (2), [ 46 ].
① people do not forget unpleasant tasks
② people who love bicycles learn to fix tires fast
③ people will find different tasks pleasing
④ people will put off tasks to write emails
問 2 Paragraph (3) implies that [ 47 ].
① people with low confidence in their ability will start a job earlier
② people with reasonable confidence in their ability procrastinate less
③ people’s confidence to do a task is not associated with procrastination
④ some counselors overestimate the confidence of their clients
問 3 According to paragraph (4), [ 48 ].
① older people tend to demonstrate more self-control
② people usually exercise self-control without struggle
③ self-control is the eagerness to accept invitations
④ younger people are willing to resist temptations
問 4 Paragraph (5) argues that many people start saving for old age late because [ 49 ].
① old age seems too distant in time
② the length of time to old age varies
③ there are other things to worry about
④ there will be little benefit
問 5 The author’s main argument is that [ 50 ].
① many people agree about the four explanations of procrastination
② people who procrastinate are no longer thought of as lazy
③ procrastination has become problematic in our society
④ we can manage our procrastination by understanding its sources
B 次の表は、本文の段落と内容を表すものである。[ 51 ]～[ 54 ] に入れるのに最も適当なものを、下の①～④のうちから一つずつ選び、表を完成させよ。ただし、同じものを繰り返し選んではいけない。
Paragraph Content
(1) [ 51 ]
(2) [ 52 ]
(3) The belief in your abilities
(4) The ability to keep to a task
(5) [ 53 ]
(6) [ 54 ]
① The appeal of a task
② The phenomenon of procrastination
③ The timing of realizing future gains
④ The way to deal with procrastination
