・125.0 The Japanese are coming into ...
次の英文を読み、後の設問に答えなさい。（[設問６]以外はすべて日本語で答えること。）
The Japanese are coming into contact with people from other countries more and more these days and have to communicate with those who have cultural values that are markedly different from their own. In intercultural communication, the Japanese need to be familiar with the customs and attitudes of non-Japanese people, but they need to understand their own cultural values first and foremost, many of ( ア ) operate at unconscious levels. One such set of concepts, which is fundamental to Japanese life, is honne and tatemae.
In Japan, the terms honne and tatemae are often used in conversation, but the concepts themselves are seldom fully understood. They can be defined as follows:
These two words are often considered a dichotomy* contrasting genuinely-held personal feelings and opinions from (1)those that are socially controlled. Honne is one’s deep motive or intention, while tatemae refers to motives or intentions that are socially-tuned, those that are shaped, encouraged, or suppressed by majority norms.
(An English Dictionary of Japanese Culture)
For many people, one’s words and actual intentions do not always agree; in these situations in Japan, one’s superficial words are called tatemae, while one’s actual intentions are called honne. Although this distinction is not only found in Japan but is also prevalent in most other countries, (2)the Japanese people make use of it extensively, taking honne and tatemae for ( イ ) in daily life because it is considered a virtue not to directly express one’s real feelings and intentions. In intercultural affairs, however, this dichotomy can be a serious obstacle to communication because it creates confusion and misunderstandings.
In trying to understand honne and tatemae and how these contrasting concepts function in Japan, it is important to examine certain Japanese cultural characteristics, such as a dislike of direct expression and the importance of harmony and ceremony in Japanese life. The Japanese do not like to express themselves in a straightforward manner ( ウ ) fear that it might hurt others’ feelings, so they are usually careful about what they say and often use tatemae in order to get along well ( エ ) others. For example, when a person is visiting someone’s house in Japan and it becomes time for supper, people will often say, “(3)Won’t you dine with us?” But this is not really an invitation; rather it is a subtle hint that it is time to go home. To those from other countries, this may seem confusing, ( オ ) for the Japanese, it is a natural way to interact socially. So the correct response to “Won’t you dine with us?” is “Thank you very much, but I am not hungry.” This type of behavior is formulaic in Japanese life.
In Japan, there has also been, since ancient times, a great respect for harmony, called the spirit of wa. Tatemae is used to maintain this harmony and create a comfortable atmosphere. Thus, (4)honne is used in one’s personal space, but tatemae is used in more public forums such as business meetings, which are often rather ceremonial occasions, because tatemae agrees with commonly accepted societal standards. Tatemae is, therefore, like lubricating oil* used to maintain harmony among people.
In Japanpeople can understand the differences between honne and tatemae because they have grown up with these dual concepts. People switch easily and skillfully between the two and are rarely aware that they can cause misunderstandings and confusion among people who are not accustomed to (5)this way of interacting.
出典： Roger J. Davies and Osamu Ikeno, The Japanese Mind（一部省略・改変）
（注） dichotomy 相反する二つのことがら・考え lubricating oil 潤滑油
[設問１] 下線部(1)の”socially controlled” とは、より分かりやすく言えば、どういうことなのか。
[設問２] 下線部(2)で述べられていることの理由を答えなさい。
[設問３] 下線部(3)は、ここではどのような意味になると述べられているか。
[設問４] 下線部(4)のような使い分けが日本で行なわれる背景として、どのようなことがあると述べられているか。
[設問５] 下線部(5)の指す内容を述べなさい。
[設問６] 文中の空欄( ア )～( オ )に入る適切な一語をそれぞれ答えなさい。
