次の英文を読んで、下線部に対する答えを10行程度の日本語でまとめなさい。
The decline in Japan’s youth population looks likely to continue as the total fertility rate(TFR) ― the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime ― reached a new record low of 1.25 in 2005. The new TFR announced by the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry on June 1 was lower than the 1.29 announced in 2003 and 2004, which made headlines as a historic low. As Tokyo’s figure, seen as the advance indicator for the nation, fell to 0.98, it seems likely the national TFR will drop to below 1.0 someday, unless circumstances surrounding marriage, giving birth and child rearing change dramatically. Eleven years have passed since the government began measures, including projects called angel plans, to stop the trend. But why can’t the nation stop the decline in the youth population?
I was in charge of a series of newspaper articles in March and May about the latest situation surrounding having and raising children. What I learned from the work was that the nation’s social circumstances, which are said to be an obstacle to having and raising children, have worsened in the past decade. As the government has taken measures to stop the declining trend, the total capacity of authorized day-care centers for children increased from 1.91 million in 1998 to 1.99 million in 2003. There also are now more public places where parents and their children can spend time together.
But such measures to help raise children are still small in scale compared with the total needs. In addition, the worsened employment situation since the burst of the economic bubble has directly hit the generation that should be currently raising children. For example, though there are an increasing number of working women, many companies expect employees to sacrifice private life for work, as has been done by male workers who work long hours. Many working women in such workplaces are worried by the choice of giving up jobs or giving up having children. Women working as part-timers and as temporary staff are in a more difficult situation, as they cannot take maternity or child-care leave, and may lose their jobs upon having children. Many women give up hope of having children.
An increasing number of men have also shared the worry that they cannot balance work and parental care. Along with company restructuring and streamlining, working hours for men in their 30s, which are the longest for any age group, have further been lengthened. The percentage of workers who work for more than 60 hours a week increased from 19 percent in 1994 to 23 percent in 2004.
An increasing number of younger men want to jointly raise children with their wives and put importance on spending time together with their children, a trend against the way of life of middle-aged and elderly workers who have placed priority on work at the expense of family life. But the gap between reality and the hopes of younger workers has created a lot of distress. 【498語】
(注) day-care center for children 託兒所 maternity leave 出産休暇 child-care leave 育兒休暇 streamlining 合理化
【解答・解説】
[正答へのアプロウチ]
第1パラグラフで、日本の若年層の人口減少傾向について述べ、下線部で「なぜ國は若年人口の減少を止められないの(だらう)か」と問ひかけてゐます。設問は「下線部に対する答えを10行程度の日本語でまとめなさい」です。英語の試驗ですから、英文の内容に即して記します。
解答欄の大きさがわかりませんが、假にA4版であるとするなら、手書きで一行30字内外かと推測できますから、300字程度で解答例を作つてみます。解法はいくつかあると思ひますが、ここでは「1パラグラフ1主題」といふ英語評論文の原則に立つた解法を紹介しませう。
1.各パラグラフにひとつの point があり(それを示す topic sentence があり)ますから、讀み進めながら、各パラグラフの右餘白につかんだ point をメモします(簡潔に)。ここでは「原因・理由」として擧げてゆくと解答が書きやすくなります。
2.その point をもらさぬやうに注意して、指定された字數に應じて文章にしてゆきます。必要に應じて、文中の説明や擧げられた具體例(餘裕があれば數値など)を簡潔に加へることも考へられます。
ここで小生のメモの例を記しますと、
第2パラグラフ: 社會環境の惡化
第3パラグラフ: 雇傭状況の惡化 例 女性の條件惡化
第4パラグラフ: 勞働時間の増加
第5パラグラフ: 就勞意識のギャップ
といつた具合でした。(※自分にわかれば可いので、體裁を整へる必要はありません)
原因・理由が四つ擧げられてゐますから、そのメモをもとに文章にしてゆきます。讀み取つた四つの原因・理由が採點者にわかりやすいやうに書くのが良いでせう。「10行程度」の指定ですから、一項二、三行程度になるでせうか。
[解答例]
・若年層の人口減少は以下の原因による。第一は、子どもを持ち育てる社會環境がこの十年で惡化したことである。託兒所や親子で過ごせる公共施設は増えてはゐるが需要には追ひついてゐない。第二は、バブル崩壞後に雇傭條件が惡化したことである。子育て世代が打撃を受けてをり、女性が嚴しい條件下にある。第三は、リストラや合理化により、30代を中心に勞働時間が増加したことである。仕事と家庭のバランスがとれず惱む人が増えてゐる。第四は、就勞についての意識に、若い世代と中高年との間でギャップがあることである。このギャップは、夫婦で協力して子育てをし、家族で過ごす時間を増やさうとする人たちを惱ませてゐる。(290字)
※下方に第1~5パラグラフの解説をまとめて掲載してゐます。