気候変動がもたらすさまざまな悪影響を防止するための取り組みの原則や措置などを定めている国家間の取り決めに「気候変動枠組条約（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change、UNFCCC、FCCC）」があります。この条約の交渉会議である「気候変動枠組条約締約国会議 (Conference of the Parties、COP) は、1995年から毎年開催されており、第19回締約国会議 (COP19)はポーランドのワルシャワで、11月11日から22日までの期間で開かれています。
サニョ氏は、2012年11月26日から12月07日にわたってカタールのドーハで開催された「第18回締約国会議 (COP18)」でも、“The outcome of our work is not about what our political masters want. It is about what is demanded of us by seven billion people. I appeal to all: Please, no more delays, no more excuses. Please, let Doha be remembered as the place where we found the political will to turn things around, and let 2012 be remembered as the year the world found the courage to do so, to find the courage to take responsibility for the future we want. ...”（皆さんに訴えたい。これ以上引き延ばさないでもらいたい。これ以上言い訳はしないでもらいたい。ドーハを、政治が気候変動という状況を大きく改善させた都市として記憶しましょう。2012年を、世界が望ましい未来を求めて責任を取る勇気を見出した年として記憶しましょう。）と訴えています。しかし、世界の指導者らは地球の将来に責任を取ることなく、無策の1年が過ぎることになります。
フィリピンの「メトロ・マニラ (Metro Manila)」 内の都市である「ケソンシティ (Quezon City)」の南部中心に位置する「ディリマン (Diliman) 」地区には、フィリピンにおける最高ランクの大学である「フィリピン大学（Unibersidad ng Pilipinas、University of the Philippines ）」のメインキャンパスがあります。
「Quezon City Science High School（ケソン市科学技術高校）」に入学した（1991年期生）「Naderev Madla Saño（ナデレフ・マドラ・サニョ）」氏は、さらにフィリピン大学へと進み、気候変動における災害管理を中心としたコミュニティ開発を学ぶことになります。1997年から気候変動問題と関わりを持ち続け、“Perfect Storms: What the Philippines Can Do About Climate Change”という著書（共著）もあるといいます。
「ジンベエザメ（whale shark、中国語：鲸鯊、鯨鮫、豆腐鯊）」は、「フカヒレ、中国語：魚翅」、「肝油」、「肉」をとるために発展途上国の漁師による乱獲が行われて、大きく生息数を減らしています。フィリピンでは1998年にジンベイザメなどの捕獲が禁止になりました（Fisheries Administrative Order 193）。
ジンベイザメのフカヒレは、高級品とされ、国際市場で1kgで500ドル（およそ5万円）ほどもしたといいます。パミラカン島の漁民たちは大きな収入の減少に苦しむことになります。“WWF-Philippines”の“Coastal Resources and Fisheries Conservation Project Cebu and Bohol”を運営したproject managerの“Yeb Saño”氏は、海洋動物のの生態に習熟した漁民をエコツーリズムの案内人へと変身させていきました。
（注） WWF（World Wide Fund for Nature、世界自然保護基金）は、世界最大規模の自然環境保護団体です。WWFは、各国の環境保護団体と連携しながら、絶滅が心配される野生動物の保護に関する全般的な活動を主に行っています。WWFは、地球温暖化が生物多様性に及ぼす影響が大きいことから、温室効果ガスの排出を抑え、地球の平均気温の上昇を抑えることを目標にした活動も行っています。（注の終わり）
Mr. President, it was barely 11 months ago in Doha when my delegation made an appeal, an appeal to the world to open our eyes to the stark realities that we face, as then we confronted a catastrophic storm that resulted in the costliest disaster in Philippine history. Less than a year hence, we cannot imagine that a disaster much bigger would come.（ほんの11か月前、私たちフィリピンの代表団はドーハで開かれたCOP18で、私たちが直面している過酷な現実を直視してほしいと訴えました。フィリピンは、ちょうどその頃、すべてのものを破壊してしまうような台風に襲われ、その台風はフィリピンの歴史上、最も多くの犠牲を払った災厄となったのです。それから1年も経たないうちに、それを大きく上回る災厄がまた襲ってくるとは想像だにしませんでした。）
サニョ氏は、語気を強めて次のように言います。
To anyone outside who continues to deny and ignore the reality that is climate change, I dare them—I dare them to get off their ivory towers and away from the comfort of their armchairs. I dare them to go to the islands of the Pacific, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and see the impacts of rising sea levels; to the mountainous regions of the Himalayas and the Andes, to see communities confronting glacial floods; to the Arctic, where communities grapple with the fast-dwindling sea ice sheets; to the large deltas of the Mekong, the Ganges, the Amazon, the Nile, where lives and livelihoods are drowned; to the hills of Central America, that confront similar monstrous hurricanes; to the vast savannas of Africa, where climate change has likewise become a matter of life and death as food and water becomes scarce—not to forget the monstrous storms in the Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Seaboard of North America, as well as the fires that have raged Down Under. And if that is not enough, they may want to see what has happened to the Philippines now.
ダムは貯水池の水量を徐々に放流することで貯水量を一定に保っています。ダムの堤体は多くがコンクリートですが、氷河湖は堤体がモレーンです。貯水量を調節することもできません（氷河湖に水門を作り貯水量を調整する努力がされていることもある）。気候変動で氷河湖の貯水量が増加することになれば、氷河湖は決壊することになります。その結果として起こるのが「氷河湖決壊洪水（glacial lake outburst flood）」です。
（参考） サニョ氏の演説の全文 “Mr. President, it was barely 11 months ago in Doha when my delegation made an appeal, an appeal to the world to open our eyes to the stark realities that we face, as then we confronted a catastrophic storm that resulted in the costliest disaster in Philippine history. Less than a year hence, we cannot imagine that a disaster much bigger would come. With an apparent cruel twist of fate, my country is being tested by this hellstorm called Supertyphoon Haiyan. It was so strong that if there was a Category 6, it would have fallen squarely in that box. And up to this hour, Mr. President, we remain uncertain as to the full extent of the damage and devastation, as information trickles in agonizingly slow manner because power lines and communication lines have been cut off and may take a while before they are restored.
The initial assessment showed that Haiyan left a wake of massive destruction that is unprecedented, unthinkable and horrific. According to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Haiyan was estimated to have attained sustained winds of 315 kilometers per hour—that’s equivalent to 195 miles per hour—and gusts up to 370 kilometers per hour, making it the strongest typhoon in modern recorded history. And despite the massive efforts that my country had exerted in preparing for the onset of this storm, it was just a force too powerful. And even as a nation familiar with storms, Haiyan was nothing we have ever experienced before.
Mr. President, the picture in the aftermath is ever slowly coming into clearer focus. The devastation is colossal. And as if this is not enough, another storm is brewing again in the warm waters of the western Pacific. I shudder at the thought of another typhoon hitting the same places where people have not yet even managed to begin standing up.
To anyone outside who continues to deny and ignore the reality that is climate change, I dare them—I dare them to get off their ivory towers and away from the comfort of their armchairs. I dare them to go to the islands of the Pacific, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and see the impacts of rising sea levels; to the mountainous regions of the Himalayas and the Andes, to see communities confronting glacial floods; to the Arctic, where communities grapple with the fast-dwindling sea ice sheets; to the large deltas of the Mekong, the Ganges, the Amazon, the Nile, where lives and livelihoods are drowned; to the hills of Central America, that confront similar monstrous hurricanes; to the vast savannas of Africa, where climate change has likewise become a matter of life and death as food and water becomes scarce—not to forget the monstrous storms in the Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Seaboard of North America, as well as the fires that have raged Down Under. And if that is not enough, they may want to see what has happened to the Philippines now.
Mr. President, I need not elaborate on the science, as Dr. Pachauri has done that already for us. But it tells us simply that climate change will mean increased potential for more intense tropical storms. And this will have profound implications on many of our communities, especially those who struggle against the twin challenges of the development crisis and the climate crisis. And typhoons such as Haiyan and its impacts represent a sobering reminder to the international community that we cannot afford to delay climate action. Warsaw must deliver on enhancing ambition and should muster the political will to address climate change and build that important bridge towards Peru and Paris. It might be said that it must be poetic justice that the Typhoon Haiyan was so big that its diameter spanned the distance between Warsaw and Paris.
Mr. President, in Doha we asked: "If not us, then who? If not now, then when? If not here, then where?" But here in Warsaw, we may very well ask these same forthright questions. What my country is going through as a result of this extreme climate event is madness. The climate crisis is madness. Mr. President, we can stop this madness right here in Warsaw. We cannot sit and stay helpless staring at this international climate stalemate. It is now time to raise ambition and take action. We need an emergency climate pathway.
Mr. President, I speak for my delegation, but I—I speak—speak for the countless people who will no longer be able to speak for themselves after perishing from the storm. I speak also for those who have been orphaned by the storm. I speak for those of—the people now racing against time to save survivors and alleviate the suffering of the people affected. We can take drastic action now to ensure that we prevent a future where supertyphoons become a way of life, because we refuse, as a nation, to accept a future where supertyphoons like Haiyan become a way of life. We refuse to accept that running away from storms, evacuating our families, suffering the devastation and misery, counting our dead become a way of life. We simply refuse to.
Now, Mr. President, if you will allow me, I wish to speak on a more personal note. Supertyphoon Haiyan, perhaps unknown to many here, made landfall in my own family’s hometown. And the devastation is staggering. I struggle to find words even for the images that we see on the news coverage. And I struggle to find words to describe how I feel about the losses. Up to this hour, I agonize, waiting for word to the fate of my very own relatives. What gives me renewed strength and great relief is that my own brother has communicated to us, and he had survived the onslaught. In the last two days, he has been gathering bodies of the dead with his own two hands. He is very hungry and weary, as food supplies find it difficult to arrive in that hardest-hit area.
Mr. President, these last two days, there are moments when I feel that I should rally behind climate advocates who peacefully confront those historically responsible for the current state of our climate, these selfless people who fight coal, expose themselves to freezing temperatures or block oil pipelines. In fact, we are seeing increasing frustration, and thus more increased civil disobedience. The next two weeks, these people and many around the world who serve as our conscience will again remind us of this enormous responsibility. To the youth here who constantly remind us that their future is in peril, to the climate heroes who risk their life, reputation and personal liberties to stop drilling in polar regions and to those communities standing up to unsustainable and climate-disrupting sources of energy, we stand with them. We cannot solve problems at the same level of awareness that created them, as Dr. Pachauri alluded to Einstein earlier. We cannot solve climate change when we seek to spew more emissions.
Mr. President—and I express this with all sincerity, in solidarity with my countrymen who are struggling to find food back home and with my brother who has not had food for the last three days, with all due respect, Mr. President, and I mean no disrespect for your kind hospitality, I will now commence a voluntary fasting for the climate. This means I will voluntarily refrain from eating food during this COP, until a meaningful outcome is in sight; until concrete pledges have been made to ensure mobilization of resources for the Green Climate Fund—we cannot afford a fourth COP with an empty GCF; until the promise of the operationalization of a loss-and-damage mechanism has been fulfilled; until there is assurance on finance for adaptation; until we see real ambition on climate action in accordance with the principles we have so upheld.
Mr. President, this process under the UNFCCC has been called many, many names. It has been called a farce. It has been called an annual carbon-intensive gathering of useless frequent flyers. It has been called many names. And this hurts. But we can prove them wrong. The UNFCCC can also be called the project to save the planet. It has also been called "saving tomorrow today" a couple of years ago. And today, we say, "I care."
We can fix this. We can stop this madness, right now, right here, in the middle of this football field, and stop moving the goalposts. Mr. President, Your Excellency, Honorable Minister, my delegation calls on you, most respectfully, to lead us and let Poland and Warsaw be remembered forever as the place where we truly cared to stop this madness. If this is our imperative here in Warsaw, you can rely on my delegation. Now can humanity rise to this occasion? Mr. President, I still believe we can. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you.”
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