骨格

US9355368(TOYOTA ENG & MFG NORTH AMERICA [US])
[0053] Upon identifying the changing parts of the scene within the first detected data and the second detected data,
【００３９】
  第１検出データ及び第２検出データにおける情景の変化部分を特定すると、

the method/system 300 seeks to recognize the changing elements, using techniques such as “eigenfaces” and “skeletal recognition” to recognize persons and faces. 
方法／システム３００は、人物及び顔を認識するための「固有顔（ｅｉｇｅｎｆａｃｅｓ）」及び「骨格認識（ｓｋｅｌｅｔａｌ  ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ）」などの技術を用いて、変化要素を認識しようと試みる。

US9146299(QUALCOMM INC [US])
[0042] The map data processing module 404 utilizes one or more techniques to obtain a skeleton of open space (e.g., rooms, hallways, etc.) associated with the area depicted by the map data.
【００３２】
    ［００４２］
  マップデータ処理モジュール４０４は、１つ以上の技術を利用して、マップデータによって描かれたエリアに関係付けられているオープンスペース（例えば、部屋、廊下等）の骨格を取得する。

This skeleton is, in turn, utilized by the graph building module 406 to construct a routing graph representative of traversable paths through the area corresponding to the map data.
この骨格は、次に、マップデータに対応するエリアを通る通過可能パスを表すルーティンググラフを構築するために、グラフ構築モジュール４０６によって利用される。

撮影した映像、撮影した画像

Translate the following: この撮像装置は対象物を撮影した映像を作成する。

ChatGPT:

"The imaging device creates an image of the object being captured."

あなた:

How about "The imaging device creates a video capturing the object"?

ChatGPT:

That translation works well, but it's a bit more specific by mentioning "video" instead of just "image." Here's a slightly refined translation to match that:

"The imaging device creates a video capturing the object."

This is a good interpretation if the original context implies video recording rather than a still image.

あなた:

Which of the following is the best? 1. The imaging device creates an image of the object being captured. 2. The imaging device creates an image capturing the object. 3. The imaging device creates an image in which the object is captured. 4. The imaging device creates an image obtained by capturing the object. 5. The imaging device creates an image taken of the object. 6. The imaging device creates an image captured of the object.

ChatGPT:

The best option depends on the context and what you're aiming to convey. Here's a brief analysis of each:

1. The imaging device creates an image of the object being captured.

   • Clear and straightforward, emphasizing the ongoing process of capturing.

2. The imaging device creates an image capturing the object.

   • Slightly more concise, but still clear. It implies the device is actively capturing the object in the image.

3. The imaging device creates an image in which the object is captured.

   • This option is a bit more formal and slightly wordier. It emphasizes the result rather than the process.

4. The imaging device creates an image obtained by capturing the object.

   • Also formal, emphasizing the method (capturing) used to obtain the image.

5. The imaging device creates an image taken of the object.

   • Clear and concise, focusing on the result. “Taken of” is a bit less formal.

6. The imaging device creates an image captured of the object.

   • Grammatically a bit awkward; "captured of" isn't a standard phrasing.

Best Options:

• Option 1 is best if you want to emphasize the capturing process.
• Option 2 is good for a slightly more concise and active phrasing.

Between the two, Option 1 is generally the clearest and most standard phrasing.

 

IGBT

JP2015211149(TOYOTA MOTOR CORP)
[0010] 半導体基板１２は、縦型のＩＧＢＴが形成されているＩＧＢＴ領域２０と、縦型のダイオードが形成されているダイオード領域４０を有している。上部電極１４は、ＩＧＢＴのエミッタ電極とダイオードのアノード電極を兼ねている。下部電極１６は、ＩＧＢＴのコレクタ電極とダイオードのカソード電極を兼ねている。

[0011] ＩＧＢＴ領域２０内の半導体基板１２内には、エミッタ領域２２、ボディ領域２４、ＩＧＢＴドリフト領域２６、ＩＧＢＴバッファ領域２８及びコレクタ領域３０が形成されている。

[0012] エミッタ領域２２は、ｎ型領域であり、半導体基板１２の上面に露出する範囲に形成されている。エミッタ領域２２は、上部電極１４に対してオーミック接続されている。

[0013] ボディ領域２４は、ｐ型領域であり、エミッタ領域２２に接している。ボディ領域２４は、半導体基板１２の上面に露出する範囲に形成されている。ボディ領域２４は、エミッタ領域２２の側方からエミッタ領域２２の下側まで伸びている。ボディ領域２４は、ボディコンタクト領域２４ａと、低濃度ボディ領域２４ｂを有している。ボディコンタクト領域２４ａは、高いｐ型不純物濃度を有している。ボディコンタクト領域２４ａは、半導体基板１２の上面に露出する範囲に形成されており、上部電極１４に対してオーミック接続されている。低濃度ボディ領域２４ｂは、ボディコンタクト領域２４ａよりも低いｐ型不純物濃度を有している。低濃度ボディ領域２４ｂは、エミッタ領域２２とボディコンタクト領域２４ａの下側に形成されている。

に対する垂直方向

EP3429387(NIKE INNOVATE CV [US])
[0146] In the embodiment of the sensor system 712 in FIGS. 48-51 ,
【００６４】
  図４８～図５１のセンサシステム７１２の実施形態においては、

the first and second contacts 740, 742 are electrically separate from each other, and
第１及び第２接点７４０、７４２は、相互に電気的に分離されており、且つ、

the third contact 744 is in confronting relation to the first and second contacts 740, 742, such that the third contact 744 engages the first and second contacts 740, 742 upon application of vertical pressure to the sensor 16. 
第３接点７４４は、第３接点７４４が、センサ１６に対する垂直方向の圧力の印加の際に、第１及び第２接点７４０、７４２に係合するように、第１及び第２接点７４０、７４２と対向する関係にある。

WO2023059181(INVENSAS CORP [US])
To achieve this, the wire bonds can include portions which extend in one or more angles relative to a normal direction to the conductive elements, such as shown in Fig. 26. 
これを達成するために、ワイヤボンドは、図２６に示すような、導電性素子に対する垂直方向に対して１つ又は複数の角度で延在する部分を含むことができる。

US2013260530(IBM [US])
A second conductive plate 20 , a fourth conductive plate 40 , and a sixth conductive plate 60 , which are laterally offset from the plane of the vertical cross-section in FIG. 7,
図１９における垂直断面の平面から横方向にずれた第２の導電プレート２０、第４の導電プレート４０、および第６の導電プレート６０

are marked with dotted lines
を点線で示して、

to represent the vertical positions relative to the switching devices 140 and the first, second, and third laterally protruding portions ( 11 , 31 , 51 ).
スイッチング・デバイス１４０ならびに第１、第２、および第３の横方向に突出した部分（１１、３１、５１）に対する垂直方向の位置を表す。

Each of the second, fourth, and sixth conductive plates ( 20 , 40 , 60 ) corresponds to a second electrode 120 in FIGS. 2 and 3.
第２、第４、および第６の導電プレート（２０、４０、６０）の各々は、図２および図３の第２の電極１２０に対応する。

 

Translate the following:基板の表面に対する垂直方向からの平面視

ChatGPT:

The translation of "基板の表面に対する垂直方向からの平面視" is "a plan view from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate."

あなた:

How about, "a plan view from a vertical direction to the surface of the substrate."

ChatGPT:

Yes, "a plan view from a vertical direction to the surface of the substrate" is also an accurate translation. It conveys the same meaning as the original Japanese phrase.

Me: Which is better? 1. "a plan view from a vertical direction to the surface of the substrate" 2. "a plan view from a vertical direction with respect to the surface of the substrate"

ChatGPT:

Between the two options, the second one, "a plan view from a vertical direction with respect to the surface of the substrate," is slightly better. It sounds more precise and formal, which is often preferred in technical writing. However, both are understandable and convey the correct meaning. The first option is also correct but may sound less formal or specific.

APN設定

US11900393(ASSURANT INC [US])
[0208] FIG. 19 C illustrates an example of the graphical user interface of FIG. 19 A, wherein an operational category icon 310 F of “Settings” has been selected in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein, and the screen selection area 1920 has also been selected.
【０１６８】
  図１９Ｃは、図１９Ａのグラフィカルユーザインターフェースの例を示し、「設定」の動作カテゴリアイコン３１０Ｆは、本明細書で論じられるいくつかの実施形態に従って選択され、画面選択領域１９２０も選択されている。

In FIG. 19 C, the selection of screen selection area 1920 has triggered
図１９Ｃにおいて、画面選択領域１９２０の選択は、

a list of screens a customer service representative may select (e.g., “Account Settings,” “Airplane Mode Settings,” “APN Settings,”
カスタマーサービス担当者が選択し得る画面のリスト（例えば、「アカウント設定」、「機内モード設定」、「ＡＰＮ設定」、

“Application Detail Settings,” “Application Settings,” “Bluetooth Settings,” “Captioning Settings,”
「アプリケーション詳細設定」、「アプリケーション設定」、「Ｂｌｕｅｔｏｏｔｈ設定」、「キャプション設定」、

“Date Settings,” “Device Info Settings,” “Dictionary Settings,” “Display Settings,” “Daydream Mode Settings,”
「日付設定」、「デバイス情報設定」、「辞書設定」、「表示設定」、「デイドリームモード設定」、

“Input Method Settings,” “Input Method Subtype Settings,” “Internal Storage Settings,” “Locale Settings,”
「入力方法設定」、「入力方法サブタイプ設定」、「内部ストレージ設定」、「ロケール設定」、

“Location Settings,” “Manage All Applications Settings,” “Manage Application Settings,” “Memory Card Settings,”
「場所設定」、「すべてのアプリケーションの管理設定」、「アプリケーションの管理設定」、「メモリカード設定」、

“Network Operator Settings,” “NFC Payment Settings,” “NFC Settings,” “NFC Sharing Settings,” “Print Settings,”
「ネットワークオペレータ設定」、「ＮＦＣ支払い設定」、「ＮＦＣ設定」、「ＮＦＣ共有設定」、「印刷設定」、

“Search Settings,” “Security Settings,” “Main Settings,” “Sound Settings,” “Sync Settings,” “Wi-Fi IP Settings,” Wi-Fi Settings,” and “Wireless Settings”).
「検索設定」、「セキュリティ設定」、「メイン設定」、「サウンド設定」、「同期設定」、「ＷｉＦｉ  ＩＰ設定」、「ＷｉＦｉ設定」、および「無線設定」）をトリガした。

US2020259896(ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M [SE])
[0292] 3GPP had a study item named DECOR,

now described in standards document as dedicated core network (DCN), which allows for the selection of a slice based on configuration in the network, rather than a preferred PLMN ID or APN settings, as done for the previous solutions.
[0052] ３ＧＰＰには、以前のソリューションのために行われたような、好ましいＰＬＭＮ ＩＤまたはＡＰＮ設定ではなく、ネットワーク内の設定に基づくスライスの選択を可能にする専用コアネットワーク（ＤＣＮ：ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ ｃｏｒｅ ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ）として標準文書で現在説明される、

ＤＥＣＯＲと名付けられた検討事項がある。

The feature must be supported in RAN and Core, and information from the home subscriber server (HSS) is used to determine the “UE usage type” and, by this, attaching it to the right slice.
特徴は、ＲＡＮおよびコアでサポートされなければならず、ホーム加入者サーバ（ＨＳＳ）からの情報は、「ＵＥ使用タイプ」を判定するために使用され、これによって、正しいスライスに機能を負わせる。

There is no UE impact in this solution.
このソリューションにおけるＵＥのインパクトはない。

互いに独立に

US2024218150(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
wherein R5 is, independently of each other, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and c is an integer of 5 to 100,

（式中、Ｒ^５は互いに独立に、炭素原子数１～６のアルキル基であり、ｃは５～１００の整数である）

US2023250046(DAIKIN IND LTD [JP])
(wherein R31 and R32 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and optionally having a fluorine atom, and at least one of R31 and R32 contains a fluorine atom.)
（式中、Ｒ^３１及びＲ^３２は、互いに独立に、炭素数１～４のフッ素原子を含んでいてもよいアルキル基であり、Ｒ^３１及びＲ^３２の少なくとも一方はフッ素原子を含む。）

WO2014116973(RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS INC [US])
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any one of the groups described herein for the general formulas may be substituted with one or more substituents.
【００９３】
  当業者であれば、一般式について本明細書に記載の基の任意の1つは1つまたは複数の置換基で置き換えうることを理解するであろう。

The term "substituted" means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another,
「置換されている」なる用語は、特定の基またはラジカルの1つまたは複数の水素原子が、それぞれ、互いに独立に、

replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined in the definitions section for "substituent groups for substituting for one or more hydrogen atoms."
「1つまたは複数の水素原子を置換するための置換基」の定義の項に定義する同じまたは異なる置換基で置き換えられていることを意味する。

US10871252(OREAL [FR])
in which the groups R, which are monovalent or divalent, represent, independently of each other, a methyl or a phenyl, with the proviso that at least one group R represents a phenyl.
(式中、
  R基は、一価又は二価であり、互いに独立に、メチル又はフェニルを表し、但し、少なくとも1つのR基はフェニルを表す)

（メタ）アクリロイル基

US2022315819(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
Thus, to improve the humidity resistance of silicone resins, methods have been employed in which a dehydrator or (meth)acryloyl group-containing trimethoxysilane is added (Patent Documents 1, 2).
【０００５】
  そこでシリコーン樹脂の耐湿性を改善するために、脱水剤を添加したり、（メタ）アクリロイル基含有トリメトキシシランを添加したりするといった方法がとられている（特許文献１、２）。

US12030902(SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO [JP])
Methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate,
メチル（メタ）アクリレート、エチル（メタ）アクリレート、ｎ－ブチル（メタ）アクリレート、

tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate,
ｔｅｒｔ－ブチル（メタ）アクリレート、ｎ－ヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、

isobutyl (meth)acrylate, isopentyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl(meth)acrylate,
イソブチル（メタ）アクリレート、イソペンチル（メタ）アクリレート、ラウリル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate,
２－エチルヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、ステアリル（メタ）アクリレート、シクロヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、

behenyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, 2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate,
ベヘニル（メタ）アクリレート、イソデシル（メタ）アクリレート、２－プロピルヘプチル（メタ）アクリレート、

3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl (meth)acrylate, nonanyl (meth)acrylate,
３，５，５－トリメチル－１－ヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、ノナニル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 2-isopropyl-5-methylhexyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acrylate,
２－プロピルヘプチル（メタ）アクリレート、２－イソプロピル－５－メチルヘキシル（メタ）アクリレート、トリデシル（メタ）アクリレート、

heptadecyl (meth)acrylate, heneicosanyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate,
ヘプタデシル（メタ）アクリレート、ヘネイコサニル（メタ）アクリレート、イソボルニル（メタ）アクリレート、テトラヒドロフルフリル（メタ）アクリレート、

di(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (meth)acrylate, furfuryl (meth)acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl(meth)acrylate,
ジ（エチレングリコール）ジメチルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート、フルフリル（メタ）アクリレート、２－ブトキシエチル（メタ）アクリレート、

2-ethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 1-ethoxybutyl (meth)acrylate, tetrahydro-4H-pyranyl-2-(meth)acrylate,
２－エトキシエチル（メタ）アクリレート、１－エトキシブチル（メタ）アクリレート、テトラヒドロ－４Ｈ－ピラニル－２（メタ）アクリレート、

ethyltriglycol (meth)acrylate, butyldiglycol (meth)acrylate, poly(propylene glycol)dimethyl ether (meth)acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol)alkyl ether (meth)acrylate,
エチルトリグリコール（メタ）アクリレート、ブチルジグリコール（メタ）アクリレート、ポリ（プロピレングリコール）ジメチルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート及びポリ（エチレングリコール）アルキルエーテル（メタ）アクリレート、

(meth)acrylamide, 4-(meth)acryloylmorpholine, N-tert-butyl (meth)acrylamide,
（メタ）アクリルアミド、４－（メタ）アクリロイルモルホリン、Ｎ－ｔｅｒｔ－ブチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、

N,N-dimethyl (meth)acrylamide, N,N-diethyl (meth)acrylamide, N-(butoxymethyl) (meth)acrylamide,
Ｎ，Ｎ－ジメチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ，Ｎ－ジエチル（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ－（ブトキシメチル）（メタ）アクリルアミド、

N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl](meth)acrylamide, N-dodecyl (meth)acrylamide and N-isopropyl (meth)acrylamide.
Ｎ－［３－（ジメチルアミノ）プロピル］（メタ）アクリルアミド、Ｎ－ドデシル（メタ）アクリルアミド、及びＮ－イソプロピル（メタ）アクリルアミド。

機能：function, functionaly、冠詞

Translate the following: この装置は印刷用紙の枚数を数える機能を有する。

ChatGPT:

This device has a function to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

あなた:

How about the following: 1. This device has the function of counting the number of sheets of printing paper. 2. This device has the functionality to count the number of sheets of printing paper. 3. This device has a capability to count the number of sheets of printing paper. 4. This device has the capability for counting the number of sheets of printing paper. 5. This device is capable of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

ChatGPT:

All of your sentences are correct translations and convey the same basic idea, but they differ slightly in formality and nuance:

1. This device has the function of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly formal, emphasizing that the device possesses this specific function.

2. This device has the functionality to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly technical, using "functionality" to imply that counting is one of the device's built-in features.

3. This device has a capability to count the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Slightly less common phrasing but still correct, focusing on the device's ability.

4. This device has the capability for counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • Similar to sentence 3 but slightly more formal and precise in describing the ability.

5. This device is capable of counting the number of sheets of printing paper.

   • The most straightforward and commonly used phrasing, emphasizing the device's capability in a clear, concise manner.

All these sentences accurately translate the original Japanese, and the choice among them depends on the tone and style you prefer.

あなた:

Specifically, compare the translations 1 and 2. Discuss the difference between "function" and "functionality". Which is better when 機能 is introduced for the first time? Is it better to say "a function" or "a functionality" than "the function" or "the functionality" if the function or functionality has no antecedent basis?

ChatGPT:

The terms "function" and "functionality" are related but have subtle differences in usage and nuance. Let's compare them in the context of translations 1 and 2.

1. "Function" vs. "Functionality"

• "Function":

  • Refers to a specific task or role that something is designed to perform.
  • In the context of technology or devices, "function" usually denotes a distinct, individual feature or capability.
  • Example: "This device has the function of counting sheets."

• "Functionality":

  • Refers more broadly to the range of functions that a device or system can perform.
  • It often implies the practical use or overall capabilities of a device, sometimes used in a more technical context.
  • Example: "This device has the functionality to count sheets."

Which is Better When 機能 is Introduced for the First Time?

• Introducing 機能 as "Function":

  • Using "function" is more straightforward and direct, making it clear that you're talking about a specific feature or task that the device can perform.
  • It is the more common choice when introducing a specific ability of a device for the first time.

• Introducing 機能 as "Functionality":

  • "Functionality" might be more suitable if you want to emphasize the broader set of capabilities or the practical aspects of how the device performs its tasks.
  • It might come across as more technical or comprehensive, which could be appropriate depending on the context (e.g., technical documentation).

"A function" vs. "The function"

• "A function":

  • When you say "a function," you're introducing one of potentially many functions that the device has. It’s less specific and suggests that the function is one among several.
  • Example: "This device has a function to count sheets."

• "The function":

  • Using "the function" implies that this function is either the only one or the most important one being discussed. It’s more specific.
  • Example: "This device has the function of counting sheets."

• "A functionality" vs. "The functionality":

  • Similarly, "a functionality" introduces one capability among many, while "the functionality" suggests something specific or previously mentioned.

Conclusion:

• Translation 1 ("function") is more appropriate when you're introducing 機能 for the first time in a straightforward context. "The function" is fine if you want to emphasize that this is a specific, important feature of the device.
• Translation 2 ("functionality") can be used when you want to highlight the broader capabilities of the device, especially in a more technical or detailed context.

If the function has no antecedent basis (i.e., it hasn't been mentioned before), using "a function" or "a functionality" would generally be more appropriate because it introduces the concept without implying prior knowledge.

接合構造体

US11742896(JTEC ENERGY INC [US])
[0053] In one embodiment, after the second electrode is applied on top of the thin film electrolyte membrane 6 , 8 , the assembled structure may be folded or rolled to form a MEA 40 , 42 of a tubular configuration.
【００４６】
  一実施形態では、第２の電極が薄膜状電解質膜６、８の上部に塗布された後に、接合構造体は管状構成のＭＥＡ４０、４２を形成するように折り曲げられ又は巻かれてもよい。

US10297479(IBM [US])
[0027] FIG. 2 schematically depicts a stack structure comprising a bonding structure for temporarily bonding a device wafer to a handler wafer, according to an embodiment of the invention.
【００１８】
  図２は、本発明の実施形態による、デバイス・ウェハをハンドラ・ウェハに一時的に接合するための接合構造体を含む積層構造体を概略的に示す。

More specifically, FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of a stack structure 20 comprising a device wafer 21 , a handler wafer 22 , and a bonding structure 23 .
より具体的には、図２は、デバイス・ウェハ２１、ハンドラ・ウェハ２２、及び接合構造体２３を含む、積層構造体２０の略側面図である。

The bonding structure 23 comprises an adhesive layer 24 , and a release layer 25 . 
接合構造体２３は、接着剤層２４及び剥離層２５を含む。

FIG. 2 further illustrates a Mid-IR laser 14 that emits an IR laser beam at the handler wafer 22 to irradiate a portion of the release layer 25 , resulting in a laser-ablated region 16 .
図２はさらに、ＩＲレーザ・ビームをハンドラ・ウェハ２２に放射して剥離層２５の一部分を照射し、その結果、レーザ・アブレーション領域１６を生じさせる、Ｍｉｄ－ＩＲレーザ１４を示す。

US8810035(PANASONIC CORP [JP])
[0053] The semiconductor element 102 is, via the bonding material 104 , bonded to the substrate electrode 103 (hereafter simply written as the electrode 103 ) and forms the bonding structure body 105 ,
【００２４】
  半導体素子１０２は、接合材料１０４により、基板電極１０３（以後単に電極１０３と表記する）に接合され接合構造体１０５を形成し、

and that bonding structure body 105 is mounted to the substrate 101 .
その接合構造体１０５が基板１０１に実装されている。

rate:速度、割合、比率、パーセント

Translate the following: この部材の乾燥率80％における重さは10㎏である。

ChatGPT:

The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg.

あなた:

In this case, what is the "drying rate"?

ChatGPT:

In this context, "drying rate" refers to the percentage of moisture that has been removed from the material compared to its original moisture content. A drying rate of 80% means that 80% of the original moisture content has been removed, leaving the material at 20% of its original moisture content. The given weight (10 kg) is the weight of the material after reaching this drying rate.

あなた:

Translate the following: この部材の乾燥速度は低い。

ChatGPT:

The drying speed of this material is slow.

あなた:

How about, "The rate of drying of this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

Yes, "The rate of drying of this material is low" is also a correct translation. It conveys the same meaning as "この部材の乾燥速度は低い."

あなた:

So, whether the word "rate" indicates percentage or speed depends solely on context? Is it possible to interpret the second translation "The rate of drying of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

Yes, the word "rate" can indicate either percentage or speed, depending on the context. However, in the sentence "The rate of drying of this material is low," it typically refers to the speed at which the material is drying, not the percentage of moisture removed.

It would be unusual to interpret "rate" in this sentence as meaning the percentage of moisture removed. If the intention was to describe the percentage, a phrase like "The percentage of moisture removed from this material is low" or "The drying percentage of this material is low" would be clearer.

In short, while "rate" can refer to both percentage and speed, the second translation almost always refers to speed in this context.

 

Me: Is it possible to interpret "The drying rate of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low"?

ChatGPT:

It is generally not correct to interpret "The drying rate of this material is low" as meaning "The percentage of moisture that has been removed from this material is low."

In common usage, "drying rate" typically refers to the speed at which the material is losing moisture over time, rather than the total percentage of moisture removed. If you wanted to convey that the percentage of moisture removed is low, it would be clearer to say something like "The percentage of moisture removed from this material is low" or "The material has a low degree of drying."

So, while the word "rate" can have multiple meanings, in this specific context, it is understood as referring to speed rather than percentage.

あなた:

You say "drying rate typically refers to speed". But in the case of "The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg", you say the "drying rate" is percentage. What is it that makes it possible for you to say one is speed and the other is percentage? Is it the sentence structure? Units used? Anything else?

ChatGPT:

Great question! The distinction between "drying rate" as speed and "drying rate" as percentage is determined by context, sentence structure, and the specific language or units used in the sentence.

1. Sentence Structure and Context:

• "The weight of this material at a drying rate of 80% is 10 kg":

  • Context: This sentence clearly mentions a specific percentage ("80%") and relates it to the weight of the material, which implies that "drying rate" refers to the amount of moisture removed—hence, a percentage.
  • Structure: The phrase "at a drying rate of 80%" signals a condition or state, indicating how much drying has occurred, not how fast it is happening.

• "The drying rate of this material is low":

  • Context: Here, "drying rate" is used in a general sense without any specific percentage or quantity attached to it, which suggests that it refers to the speed or pace at which drying occurs.
  • Structure: The adjective "low" typically describes the intensity or pace of an ongoing process, which points to speed rather than a completed amount or percentage.

2. Units Used:

• Percentage (80%): When you see a percentage, it often refers to the extent of a process, such as how much drying has occurred.
• No Specific Units (e.g., "low"): When the rate is described qualitatively (e.g., "low," "high"), it tends to refer to the speed or efficiency of the process.

3. Anything Else?

• Explicitness: When the rate is tied to an explicit measurement (like 80%), it is more likely about the completion or extent of drying. When described qualitatively, it is more about how fast or slow the drying process is progressing.

Summary:

• Percentage Context: Indicates how much moisture has been removed (extent).
• Speed Context: Indicates how fast the drying is occurring.

So, yes, it's the sentence structure, context, and the use of units (like percentage) that guide the interpretation of "drying rate" as either speed or percentage.

並べて配置

Translate the following: 本発明の電源装置においては、第１の部材と第２の部材が間隔を空けて並べて配置されている。

ChatGPT:

The translation of the sentence is:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are arranged side by side with a space between them."

あなた:

Give me another example not using "side by side".

ChatGPT:

Here's an alternative translation:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are arranged with a gap between them."

あなた:

Does the second translation still appropriately convey the meaning of the Japanese phrase "並べて"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The second translation, which uses "arranged with a gap between them," slightly omits the nuance of "並べて" (narabete), which implies that the items are placed in a deliberate order or sequence, often side by side or in a line. The phrase "並べて" specifically suggests an organized or orderly arrangement.

So, while the second translation is close, it doesn't fully capture the orderly or aligned aspect implied by "並べて." A more accurate alternative might be:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are arranged in parallel with a gap between them."

This maintains the idea of an organized or orderly arrangement without explicitly using "side by side."

 

Me: Since "in parallel" is typically translated as 並列に,（＊質問作成の途中で誤ってEnterキーを押してしまった）

ChatGPT:

You're correct that "in parallel" is typically translated as "並列に" (heiretsu ni) in Japanese. Given that, using "in parallel" might introduce a technical nuance that isn't present in the original Japanese phrase.

A better alternative, while still avoiding "side by side," could be:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are arranged with a space between them in an aligned manner."

This preserves the orderly arrangement implied by "並べて" without using "side by side" or "in parallel."

 

Me: How about, "In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are disposed next to each other with a space between them"?

ChatGPT:

That translation works well. It accurately conveys the meaning of "並べて" by using "next to each other," which implies an orderly arrangement, and it also preserves the idea of a gap between the members. Here's the final version:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are disposed next to each other with a space between them."

This translation is clear, concise, and faithful to the original Japanese meaning.

あなた:

How about, "In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are disposed adjacent to each other with a space between them"?

ChatGPT:

The phrase "adjacent to each other" generally means that the two members are next to each other with little or no space between them, so adding "with a space between them" might seem contradictory. However, if you want to emphasize that the members are near each other but not touching, it would be more precise to omit "adjacent" or clarify the spacing.

A refined version could be:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are disposed near each other with a space between them."

This maintains the idea that the members are placed close to one another while also clearly indicating that there is a space between them.

あなた:

How about, "In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are aligned with each other with a space between them"?

ChatGPT:

This version effectively conveys the orderly arrangement implied by "並べて" and clearly indicates that there is a space between the two members. The use of "aligned with each other" captures the idea of an orderly, parallel arrangement without explicitly using "side by side."

So, the translation:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are aligned with each other with a space between them."

is accurate and conveys the intended meaning well.

あなた:

How about, "In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are aligned next to each other with a space between them"?

ChatGPT:

This version works well and combines the concepts of alignment and proximity, while also clearly stating that there is a space between the members. It effectively captures the meaning of "並べて" by indicating that the members are orderly placed next to each other.

So the translation:

"In the power supply device of the present invention, the first member and the second member are aligned next to each other with a space between them."

is accurate and effectively conveys the original Japanese meaning.

 

良好な

Me: Translate the following: この発明は正確な角度維持性能と良好な操作性を有するステアリング装置を提供する。

ChatGPT:

The sentence can be translated as:

"This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and good operability."

あなた:

Instead of "good", how about the following for the translation of 良好な? 1. favorable 2. excellent 3. preferable 4. suitable 5. fine 6. satisfactory 7. agreeable

ChatGPT:

Here’s how each of those options would fit in the translation:

1. Favorable: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and favorable operability."
2. Excellent: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and excellent operability."
3. Preferable: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and preferable operability."
4. Suitable: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and suitable operability."
5. Fine: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and fine operability."
6. Satisfactory: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and satisfactory operability."
7. Agreeable: "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and agreeable operability."

Among these options:

• "Excellent" emphasizes a high standard of operability, which may be closest in meaning to "良好な" when describing something of high quality.
• "Satisfactory" and "Fine" are more moderate and imply that the operability meets acceptable standards, but without suggesting exceptional quality.
• "Favorable" and "Preferable" could be suitable if you want to highlight that the operability is advantageous or desirable.
• "Suitable" and "Agreeable" convey appropriateness but don't necessarily imply a high level of quality.

For a translation that maintains the original nuance of 良好な, "excellent" or "satisfactory" might be the best fits, depending on whether you want to emphasize a higher or adequate standard of operability.

あなた:

Isn't "excellent" a bit too strong? It sounds like indicating a very high level, far higher than the level indicated by 良好な, which to me sounds more like "above average" as well as "good" and "satisfactory". What do you think?

ChatGPT:

You're correct that "excellent" can indeed imply a very high level of quality, which might exceed the nuance intended by "良好な." "良好な" often suggests something that is above average or satisfactory, but not necessarily at the level of excellence.

Given this, "satisfactory" or "good" would be more appropriate translations that better capture the intended meaning. If you're looking for something that implies solid quality without going as far as "excellent," "satisfactory," "good," or even "favorable" might be the best choices. They all imply that the operability is better than average and meets the necessary standards, without suggesting an exceptional or top-tier level.

So, a more balanced translation might be:

• "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and satisfactory operability."
• "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and good operability."
• "This invention provides a steering device with precise angle maintenance performance and favorable operability."

全体なのか部分なのか？

Translate the following: この部材は、TiおよびAlを含む金属成分を有する。

 

ChatGPT:

The sentence can be translated as:

"This component has metal constituents that include Ti and Al."

 

あなた:

How about, "This member has a metal component including Ti and Al"?

ChatGPT:

The translation "This member has a metal component including Ti and Al" is grammatically correct and conveys the meaning that the member (or part) includes a metal component made of or containing titanium (Ti) and aluminum (Al).

However, the use of "a metal component" implies that the member contains a specific part or element that is metal and includes these two metals. If the original Japanese sentence is meant to express that the member's overall metal makeup includes Ti and Al as part of its composition, you might still prefer the translation "This member has metal constituents that include Ti and Al" to emphasize the broader composition.

Both translations are correct, but the choice depends on whether you want to highlight a specific metal part or the overall metal composition.

 

角度を定義する：冠詞

Translate the following: 第1の平面に対する第2の平面の角度を第1角度と定義するとき、第1角度は90度以上である。

ChatGPT:

The sentence can be translated as:

"When defining the angle between the second plane and the first plane as the first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more."

あなた:

Why did you say "defining the angle" instead of "defining an angle"? How do they differ from each other in meaning?

 

ChatGPT:

The choice between "defining the angle" and "defining an angle" depends on the context and the specificity of the angle being referred to.

1. Defining the angle: This phrase suggests that there is a specific angle being discussed, one that has already been identified or that is unique in this context. It implies that the angle in question is clearly defined and is the only one relevant in the given situation.

2. Defining an angle: This phrase implies that the angle being defined is one of potentially many angles. It suggests that there might be multiple angles to consider, and this is just one of them.

In the original sentence you provided:

• "Defining the angle" is appropriate because it refers to a specific angle between the two planes that has been singled out for definition, known as "the first angle."
• "Defining an angle" would suggest that this is just one possible angle among others, which doesn't fit as well with the context where a particular angle (the first angle) is being focused on.

So, "the angle" aligns with the idea of defining a specific, unique angle that is the subject of the sentence.

 

Me: Translate the following: 第1の平面に対する第2の平面の傾斜角度を第1角度と定義するとき、第1角度は90度以上である。

ChatGPT:

The sentence can be translated as:

"When defining the angle of inclination of the second plane relative to the first plane as the first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more."

あなた:

How about, "When defining an inclination angle of the second plane relative to the first plane as the first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more."

ChatGPT:

The translation "When defining an inclination angle of the second plane relative to the first plane as the first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more." is grammatically correct and can be used. However, it slightly changes the nuance:

• Using "an inclination angle" implies that there could be multiple inclination angles to consider, and the sentence is defining one of them as the first angle.
• Using "the inclination angle" implies that there is a specific, singular inclination angle being referred to in this context.

Both translations are correct, but the choice between "an" and "the" depends on whether you want to emphasize that this is a specific angle or one of potentially many.

 

Me: How about, "When defining the angle of inclination of the second plane relative to the first plane as a first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more."

ChatGPT:

The sentence "When defining the angle of inclination of the second plane relative to the first plane as a first angle, the first angle is 90 degrees or more." is also grammatically correct but introduces a subtle difference in meaning:

• Using "a first angle" suggests that this angle is one of possibly several angles that could be defined as a "first angle." It leaves open the possibility that there might be other "first angles" in different contexts.

• On the other hand, "the first angle" implies that this is the primary or only "first angle" under consideration.

If you're referring to a specific and unique angle in a given context, "the first angle" is more precise. If there's a context where multiple angles could be defined as "first angles," then "a first angle" might be more appropriate.

の下流側

US9983114(CUMMINS INC [US])
[0005] One embodiment relates to a method for estimating a loading of an air filter. The method includes receiving upstream mass air flow data indicative of a mass air flow on an upstream side of an air filter (i.e., the “dirty side of the filter”), receiving downstream air pressure data indicative of an air pressure on a downstream side of the air filter (i.e., the “clean side of the filter”), and receiving downstream temperature data indicative of a temperature on the downstream side of the air filter. The method also includes determining a differential pressure (ΔP) across the air filter indicative of a loading of the air filter based on the upstream mass air flow data, the downstream air pressure data, and the downstream temperature data.

US2023104205(STAMFORD DEVICES LTD [IE])
[0203] In FIGS. 20 and 21 (a ), only the piezo, washer and O-rings are hatched where cut-away. The nebulizer 650 has an aerosol generator 651 , a reservoir 652 , and an aerosol outlet 653 . A piezoelectric vibration generator 656 is on a downstream side of a support washer 655 , and power to the piezo is provided by a spring contact assembly 657 . In this case the throat has a diameter of 9 mm. In order, from upstream to downstream, the nebulizer comprises:

US10849478(OMACHRON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INC [CA])
3. The surface cleaning apparatus of claim 1, wherein the agitation motor is on a downstream side of the pre-motor filter.

US8365899(FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO [US])
[0035] FIG. 8B is a side elevation view of the hitch guard member of FIG. 8A showing an upper bridge portion including an upper surface thereof that is elongated on the downstream side and which extends obliquely to the depending leg portions;

US9746091(CRANE NUCLEAR INC [US])
1. An exercisable check valve comprising:

a valve body having an inlet, an outlet, and a flow passage between and fluidly connecting said inlet and said outlet;

a valve closure member received in said flow passage, said valve closure member being movable between at least an open position in which fluid may flow through said flow passage and a closed position in which said valve closure member cooperates with said valve body such that fluid flow through said flow passage is interrupted;

a support member positioned on a downstream side of said valve closure member; and

a piston assembly for selectively moving the valve closure member between the open position and the closed position, the piston assembly comprising:

a piston bore defined in the support member and positioned within said flow passage,

a piston coupled to said valve closure member, said piston being movable between at least a first position and a second position and being at least partially received in and movable relative to said piston bore, wherein movement of said piston to said second position causes said valve closure member to move to said closed position, and

at least one fluid delivery test channel fluidly connecting an exterior of said valve body to an interior of said piston bore;

wherein said piston comprises a shaft having a first shaft end extending into and terminating within said piston bore.

/////////

11. The check valve of claim 1, wherein:

said support member is a downstream support member positioned on the downstream side of said valve closure member and said piston bore is defined in said downstream support member; and

the check valve further comprises

a biasing element adapted for normally biasing said valve closure member to said open configuration, and

an upstream support member positioned on an upstream side of said valve closure member in said flow passage, wherein said biasing element is coupled to said upstream support member.