直径、線径：直径である、直径を有する

As the translation of ワイヤの線径は０．１ｍｍ以上０．２ｍｍ以下である, which of the following is better?

1. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

2. The wire has a diameter of 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

3. A diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

4. A wire diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

5. The wire diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The best option depends on clarity and naturalness in English. Here's an analysis of each option:

1. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This is clear, natural, and concise. It's the most straightforward way to express the idea without redundancy.

2. The wire has a diameter of 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This is also clear and correct but a bit longer than necessary. The phrase "has a diameter" adds extra words without adding much clarity compared to option 1.

3. A diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This sounds unnatural. "A diameter of the wire" implies that the wire has multiple diameters, which can be confusing unless the context specifically involves multiple measurements.

4. A wire diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This is redundant and awkward. "A wire diameter of the wire" is unnecessarily repetitive.

5. The wire diameter of the wire is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This is similarly redundant to option 4 and sounds awkward.

Best Option:

Option 1 ("The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less") is the best choice. It is concise, clear, and avoids redundancy.

 

Which is better or appropriate?

1. The wire has a diameter between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

2. The wire has a diameter of between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Between the two options, Option 1 is better:

1. The wire has a diameter between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

   • This is concise, grammatically correct, and natural in English.

2. The wire has a diameter of between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

   • While this is also grammatically correct, the inclusion of "of" before "between" is somewhat redundant and less fluid. It feels slightly awkward in comparison to Option 1.

Conclusion:

Option 1 is the more natural and appropriate choice.

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4o

 

今のところ、この会話は役に立ちましたか？

 

 

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GPT-4o. の Free プランの制限に達しました。

制限が 15:05 以降. にリセットされるまで、回答では別のモデルが使用されます。

Plus を入手する

 

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以上以下

Translate: ワイヤの線径は０．１ｍｍ以上０．２ｍｍ以下である。

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The translation of "ワイヤの線径は０．１ｍｍ以上０．２ｍｍ以下である。" is:

"The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less."

あなた:

Which of the following is the best or better?

1. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

2. The wire's diameter is between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

3. The wire's diameter is between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm inclusive.

4. The wire's diameter is from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

5. The wire's diameter is from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm inclusive.

6. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

7. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm inclusive.

8. The wire's diameter is 0.1-0.2 mm.

9. The wire's diameter is 0.1-0.2 mm inclusive.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The best choice depends on how precisely you want to communicate the inclusion of the boundary values (0.1 mm and 0.2 mm). Here's an analysis:

1. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm or greater and 0.2 mm or less.

   • This is clear and explicitly states the range, including both boundary values. It’s a bit wordy but accurate.

2. The wire's diameter is between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.

   • This is concise, but "between" can sometimes imply that the boundaries (0.1 mm and 0.2 mm) are not included, leading to ambiguity.

3. The wire's diameter is between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm inclusive.

   • This resolves the ambiguity of version 2 by clearly stating that both 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm are included. It is precise and still concise.

4. The wire's diameter is from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

   • Similar to version 2, this is concise but may be ambiguous regarding whether the boundaries are included.

5. The wire's diameter is from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm inclusive.

   • Like version 3, this makes it clear that both 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm are included. It's also concise and clear.

6. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm.

   • This is short and clear, but could be interpreted ambiguously regarding boundary inclusion.

7. The wire's diameter is 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm inclusive.

   • This resolves the ambiguity of version 6 by clearly stating that both boundaries are included.

8. The wire's diameter is 0.1-0.2 mm.

   • This is the most concise but can be ambiguous about boundary inclusion.

9. The wire's diameter is 0.1-0.2 mm inclusive.

   • This is concise while clarifying that both boundaries are included.

Best Options:

• Option 3 ("The wire's diameter is between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm inclusive") or Option 5 ("The wire's diameter is from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm inclusive")** are the best choices**, as they are both concise and clearly state that the boundary values are included.

• If conciseness is most important, Option 9 ("The wire's diameter is 0.1-0.2 mm inclusive") is also a strong choice, especially in contexts where brevity is valued.

トンネル磁気接合

US11255925(COMMISSARIAT ENERGIE ATOMIQUE [FR])
[0014] Tunnel magnetoresistance sensor C is taken to signify an element having an electrical resistance dependent on the external magnetic field and including at least one TMR or CMR tunnel magnetic junction.
【００１２】
  トンネル磁気抵抗センサＣは、外部磁場に依存する電気抵抗を有し、また、少なくとも１つのＴＭＲまたはＣＭＲトンネル磁気接合を含む素子を表すために使用されている。

In a TMR junction the passage of current takes place by tunnel effect through a thin insulator film placed between two ferromagnetic electrodes.
ＴＭＲ接合では、電流の流れは、２つの強磁性電極の間に置かれた薄い絶縁体膜を介したトンネル効果によって生じる。

The orientation of the magnetisation of one of the two electrodes depends on the external magnetic field. By measuring the variation in resistance at the terminals of the element C, it is possible to measure the external magnetic field.
これらの２つの電極のうちの一方の磁化の配向は外部磁場に依存する。素子Ｃの端子における抵抗の変化を測定することによって外部磁場を測定することができる。

External magnetic field or magnetic field is taken to signify the magnetic field that it is wished to measure.
外部磁場または磁場は、測定することが望まれる磁場を表すために使用されている。

US8514618(CROCUS TECHNOLOGY SA [FR])
[0001] The present invention concerns a magnetic random access memory (MRAM) cell comprising a tunnel magnetic junction and having improved switching efficiency, lower power consumption and improved dispersion of the switching field compared to conventional MRAM cells.
【０００１】
  本発明は、トンネル磁気接合を有し、従来のＭＲＡＭセルに比べて向上された切替効率とより低い電力消費と切替磁場の改善された分散とを呈する磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ（ＭＲＡＭ）セルに関する。

The present disclosure also concerns a MRAM device comprising a plurality of MRAM cells and a method for writing the MRAM cells.
また、本発明は、複数のＭＲＡＭセルを有するＭＲＡＭ装置及びこれらのＭＲＡＭセルに書き込むための方法に関する。

筆記体

川沿いの道を見る、整備されて車ばかり、「失敗だよ」、（以前老若男女、自転車が楽しそうに散歩していたころのほうがよかった）

高校の担任に質問、ものすごいスピードでドイツ語を筆記体で書き連ねて考えている、かなり真剣、普段宇宙人のような風貌だがこういうときはオーラを放ちカッコいい。

広い公園か校庭、高い、10mくらいの大型の、パイプを組み合わせたようなアスレチックに登る、下では人が遊んでいる、ピンポン玉が３回地面を跳ねて目の前に着地。

子供が「ありませんか～！？」「あったよ～！落とすよ～！」ポイ。子供取る、（礼も言わないのか）

梯子で降りるのが怖く、斜面になった部分から恐る恐る降りる。

駆動：drive, driving

Translate: このスライド装置は、駆動手段の駆動に基づいてスライド部材を移動させる。

ChatGPT:

The slide device moves the sliding member based on the driving of the driving means.

あなた:

What if the "driving" is replaced with "drive"? Would it change the meaning or nuance of the sentence?

ChatGPT:

Yes, replacing "driving" with "drive" slightly changes the nuance of the sentence. Here’s how:

1. "Driving" refers to the ongoing action of operating or controlling the mechanism. It emphasizes the continuous process of moving the slide mechanism.

   • Translation: "The slide device moves the sliding member based on the driving of the driving means."
   • Nuance: Focus on the action or process of driving.

2. "Drive" refers to the capability or function of the driving mechanism, not necessarily emphasizing the ongoing action.

   • Translation: "The slide device moves the sliding member based on the drive of the driving means."
   • Nuance: Focus on the mechanism’s capability or power to drive, rather than the process itself.

In summary, "driving" emphasizes the action, while "drive" emphasizes the mechanism's inherent function or power. Both are correct, but the emphasis shifts slightly.

複数の同名初出要素の羅列：冠詞

Which of the following sentences is most appropriate from the viewpoints of grammar, usage, convention, and so on?

1. The device has a first, a second, and a third lens.

2. The device has first, second, and third lenses.

3. The device has a first, a second, and a third lenses.

4. The device has a first, second, and third lens.

5. The device has a first, second, and third lenses.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The most appropriate sentence is:

1. The device has a first, a second, and a third lens.

Explanation:

• Sentence 1 is grammatically correct because it maintains parallel structure and uses the singular form "lens" appropriately for each item. Each lens is counted and introduced individually ("a first," "a second," "a third"), which fits with the singular noun "lens."

Why the other sentences are less appropriate:

• Sentence 2: "First, second, and third lenses" lacks articles and specificity, which can make the sentence feel less clear, especially if you're identifying each lens individually.
• Sentence 3: "A first, a second, and a third lenses" is incorrect because "lenses" is plural, but the structure introduces them as singular items.
• Sentence 4: "A first, second, and third lens" omits the articles "a" before "second" and "third," which disrupts parallelism.
• Sentence 5: Similar to sentence 3, "a first, second, and third lenses" is incorrect because "lenses" is plural, but the articles suggest singular items.

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4o

生産性の違和感：productivity?

「生産性」との日本語の使い方に違和感を感じることがあります。

例えば「この部材の生産性」。これは正しい用法なんでしょうか？

生産性は入力（資材や資源等）の量に対する出力（成果、生産物）の量の比のはずで、製造工場や機械やプロセス、方法、人等の「生産手段」の能率や効率を表すものなんでは？

上の例において、該部材の単位時間当たりの生産量を指すのであれば、何か別の言葉がありそうな。「生産率」？「生産容易性」？いや、やっぱり「生産性」で良いのか・・・？

 

「この部材の生産性」をthe productivity of this memberと直訳すると違和感を感じますが、別にオッケーなんでしょうか？

 

What is productivity?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Productivity refers to the measure of how efficiently resources, such as time, effort, and materials, are used to achieve a desired output or result. It often reflects the ratio of output to input within a given time frame. High productivity means achieving more results with fewer resources or effort, while low productivity indicates inefficiency or wasted resources.

In various contexts, productivity can be understood differently:

• Economic productivity: In economics, it's often defined as the output of goods and services per unit of input (e.g., labor, capital).
• Personal productivity: Refers to how effectively an individual manages their time and resources to complete tasks and achieve goals.
• Workplace productivity: Relates to how efficiently employees or teams complete tasks and projects in a professional setting.

Improving productivity is a key focus in many fields because it leads to better performance, higher profitability, and more efficient use of resources.

あなた:

Is it natural to talk about the "productivity" of a certain product? For example, when somebody says "the productivity of this component is high", what do they mean? Does it even make sense?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

While it is common to talk about productivity in relation to people, processes, or systems, applying the term to a product or component is less typical. However, if someone says "the productivity of this component is high," they might be using the term loosely or metaphorically to describe how effective or efficient the component is within a system.

In this case, "productivity" would likely refer to how well the component performs its intended function relative to its cost, energy consumption, or contribution to the overall system. For instance:

• In a mechanical context, it could refer to how efficiently a part performs its role, such as generating power or moving a machine.
• In a manufacturing context, it might mean how quickly or cost-effectively the component can be produced or assembled.

While not technically precise, this usage could make sense if the speaker is referring to how much the component "adds value" or "contributes" to the output of a larger system. However, a more precise way to describe this would be to talk about the efficiency, effectiveness, or performance of the component, rather than its "productivity."

あなた:

If the speaker is referring to how many of the components can be manufactured in a given time, what is a better word than "productivity"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

If the speaker is referring to how many components can be manufactured in a given time, a better word than "productivity" would be output, production rate, or throughput.

• Output: Refers to the quantity of components produced over a specific time period (e.g., "the output of this component is 500 units per hour").
• Production rate: Describes the speed at which components are manufactured (e.g., "the production rate is 200 units per day").
• Throughput: Measures the rate at which the components move through the production process (e.g., "the throughput of this assembly line is 1,000 units per shift").

All of these terms are more precise than "productivity" when describing the number of components produced within a certain timeframe.

あなた:

How about "yield"? Is it also a right word?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Yes, yield can be an appropriate word, but it has a more specific meaning in manufacturing and production contexts.

• Yield typically refers to the proportion of usable or defect-free units produced compared to the total number of units started or processed. It focuses on quality and efficiency rather than just quantity. For example, a high yield means that most components produced meet the required standards with minimal defects.

If you're talking about the number of components produced without focusing on defects, then "output," "production rate," or "throughput" would be more precise. If you're emphasizing the quality of the components and how many of them are usable, then "yield" is a good choice.

For example:

• "The yield of this production run was 95%, meaning only 5% of the components were defective."

ChatGPTが面倒なことになった

８月にPlusのサブスクリプションを開始し、登録完了のメールも受信しました。

しかし、実は登録日以降Plusのプランが使えたことは一度もなく、今まで書いた記事内容は無料プランでした（後記訂正：何度かはPlusだったかも）。

なぜかと言うに、私としては支払って登録完了したのだからログインすれば自動的にPlusプランになったのだろうとの願望思考で、プランの確認方法やbillingステータスなどの確認方法もよく分からず（というか、Plusプランでログインできてないのでそもそもbillingその他の確認場所が存在しない）、ChatGPT 以外の詐欺かもとか思いながら、まあ２回目の引き落としまで待ってみたら本日２回目の引き落としを確認。

しかしなぜPlusが使用できないのか不明で、カスタマサービスに問い合わせようにもチャットだけだというし、しかもそのチャットがなぜか使用できない。

Plusプランにログインできてないので、"My Plan"なる欄は表示されない。

上のように"chat widget"は開くが、不明ならアカウントにログインして新たに会話を始めろと言う。

しかしそうするとまた上の画面が出て、永遠にループする。

そもそも質問を入力する欄が無い。

まだ質問があればFAQを見ろという。そこには大量のFAQの羅列があるのみ。

２４時間受付ではないということ？海外との時差？

まったく不便で不親切なカスタマサポートです。

ネットで調べるとメールでの問い合わせアドレスは表立って表示されてないらしいが一応あるらしいのでそこへメールしました。

ChatGPT(OpenAI)ヘルプセンターへの問い合わせ方法と注意点を解説

いったい返事が来るのかどうか？

色々やってるうちにこんな画面も出てきて、そこに上記問い合わせのアドレスが記載されていました。

OpenAI社に限りませんが、まったくネット社会のカスタマサポートの不便さには腹が立ってきます。

門形

US2024204426(SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES [JP])
[0075] The rear holder 31 is made of insulating synthetic resin and, as shown in FIGS. 1 , 9 and 10 , in the form of a box open in the front-rear direction.
リアホルダ３１は、絶縁性の合成樹脂製であり、図１、図９、及び図１０に示すように、前後方向に開口する箱状をなしている。

The rear holder 31 is externally fit to a rear half of the connector housing 30 .
リアホルダ３１は、コネクタハウジング３０の後半部分に外嵌されるようになっている。

Lock receiving portions 38 are provided at positions near front end parts of both left and right side walls of the rear holder 31 .
リアホルダ３１の左右両側壁の前端部寄りの位置には、ロック受け部３８が設けられている。

The lock receiving portion 38 is substantially gate-shaped.
ロック受け部３８は、概ね門形状をなしている。

The lock receiving portion 38 is locked to the temporary locking portion 36 and the complete locking portion 37 of the connector housing 30 .
ロック受け部３８は、コネクタハウジング３０の仮係止ロック部３６及び本係止ロック部３７と係止するようになっている。

US2022322601(KUBOTA KK [JP])
[0035] The mower includes a roll-over protection frame 15 standing behind the driver's seat 3 in the shape of an arch.
【００１８】
  門形状である転倒保護フレーム１５は、運転座席３の後方から立設されている。

The roll-over protection frame 15 is provided with a bracket 16 . The bracket 16 is provided with a cradle 17 on which a control terminal CT is mountable. 
転倒保護フレーム１５にはブラケット１６が設けられ、このブラケット１６に、管理端末ＣＴを装着するためのクレードル１７が設けられている。

US2024145992(SUMITOMO WIRING SYSTEMS [JP])
The recess 32 has a groove shape that extends in the front-rear direction (X direction).
凹部３２は前後方向（Ｘ方向）に延びる溝状とされている。

In other words, the lever holding wall 31 bulges outward in a substantially gate shape from the inner holding wall 21 in the longitudinal direction thereof.
換言すると、レバー保持壁３１は、その長手方向において、インナ保持壁２１から外側に向けて略門形状に張り出した形態とされている。

US2024164034(SES IMAGOTAG GMBH [AT])
[0043] In addition to the mentioned embodiments, further multi-step embodiments of the portions are also possible, so that, for example, meander-shaped contact bands are created.
【００４４】
  前記の実施構成の外に、これらの区画の別の複数段の構成も可能であり、その結果、例えば、雷門形状（＊雷紋、雷文、ラーメン鉢の模様）の接点ベルトが得られる。

US2020341372(SUSS MICROTEC LITHOGRAPHY GMBH [DE])
[0095] The first sealing lip 34 is an annular sealing lip 34 and the second sealing lip 38 is a portal-shaped sealing lip 38 .
【００８９】
  第１のシーリングリップ３４は環状のシーリングリップ３４であり、第２のシーリングリップ３８は門形状のシーリングリップ３８である。

“Portal-shaped” means within the scope of this disclosure that the contour of the sealing lip 38 has the contour of a rectangle with a semi-circle added to it.
「門形状」は、本発明の範囲内で、シーリングリップ３８の輪郭が半円が追加された長方形の輪郭を有することを意味する。

US2010277554(PELIKAN HARDCOPY PRODUCTION AG [CH])
[0019] The fluid passageway 22 between the two chambers 17 and 18 , which passageway is formed at the base end of a partition wall 20 between the two afore-mentioned chambers,
【００１７】
  両室１７および１８間の流体流路２２は、前述の両室間の隔壁２０の底面側端部に形成されており、

is arranged to have capillary-increasing means on the side facing the capillary volume 15 ,
毛管体部１５に面した側に毛管作用増強手段（capillary-increasing means）が配置され、

those means being in the form of a rib 32 surrounding the passageway 22 like a gateway (see FIGS. 2 and 3). 
この毛管作用増強手段は流路２２を門形状に囲むリブ３２の形態である（図２および３参照）。

＊gate: a structure like a door (Collins);  an opening in a wall or fence (Merriam-Webster)

セル内モビリティ

WO2018017840(CONVIDA WIRELESS LLC [US])
[00220] In legacy LTE at intra-cell mobility, RRC will still quite frequently reconfigure LI beam measurements and LI beam reporting configurations when different TRPs are to be considered.
[0153] レガシーＬＴＥにおいては、セル内モビリティでは、異なるＴＲＰを考慮すべき場合には、ＲＲＣは、依然として、非常に頻繁にＬ１ビーム測定およびＬ１ビーム報告の構成を再構成するであろう。

Given the smaller beam coverage area and the more frequent beam switching,
より狭いビームカバレッジエリアと、より頻繁なビームスイッチングを仮定すると、

legacy RRC based handover method would not be able to meet the KPI requirements of latency,
ＲＲＣベースのレガシーハンドオーバ法では、ＲＲＣ再構成は、オーバーヘッドの観点からは高コストであり、しかも比較的低速であるため、

user experienced data rate and energy efficiency for various NR use cases (eMBB, URLLC, mMTC), because RRC reconfigurations are costly from overhead point of view and are also relatively slow.
様々なＮＲユースケース（ｅＭＢＢ、ＵＲＬＬＣ、ｍＭＴＣ）に対する遅延、ユーザの経験するデータレート、およびエネルギー効率のＫＰＩ要件を満足できないであろう。

時間、時刻

What is the difference between 時間 and 時刻?

ChatGPT:

「時間」と「時刻」はどちらも時間に関連する言葉ですが、使い方や意味に違いがあります。

1. 時間 (じかん):
   • 意味: ある出来事や状態が続く長さや、一定の期間を指します。時間は、長さや経過を表現するときに使います。
   • 使用例:
     • 「授業は2時間あります。」（期間の長さ）
     • 「自由な時間がたくさんあります。」（時間の余裕）
2. 時刻 (じこく):
   • 意味: 特定の瞬間や時間点を指します。例えば、時計で示される具体的な時間（例：3時、午後6時）です。
   • 使用例:
     • 「出発の時刻は何時ですか？」（特定の瞬間）
     • 「今は何時刻ですか？」（今の時間を尋ねる）

違いのまとめ:

• 時間は「時間の流れ」や「長さ」を表し、抽象的な概念を含むことがあります。
• 時刻は「特定の瞬間の時間」を表し、具体的な数字や時点と結びついています。

例文での違い:

• 「バスは出発の時刻が決まっている。」（具体的な出発時点）
• 「ここで過ごした時間はとても楽しかった。」（過ごした時間の長さや流れ）

このように、時間は広く「時間」に関する概念全体を示し、時刻は時計や特定の時間点に関連する言葉です。

あなた:

How should I differentiate 時間 and 時刻 when translating them into English?

ChatGPT:

When translating 時間 and 時刻 into English, it's important to consider their contextual meanings to choose the most appropriate English equivalents. Here’s how you can differentiate them:

1. 時間 (じかん):

• English translation: "time" or "duration"
• Usage: Refers to the concept of time in general, or the length/duration of a period.
• Translation examples:
  • 「授業は2時間あります。」→ "The class lasts for two hours." (Duration)
  • 「自由な時間がたくさんあります。」→ "I have a lot of free time." (General time availability)

2. 時刻 (じこく):

• English translation: "time" or "specific time"
• Usage: Refers to a specific point in time, usually associated with clock times or scheduled events.
• Translation examples:
  • 「出発の時刻は何時ですか？」→ "What time is the departure?" (Specific time)
  • 「今の時刻を教えてください。」→ "Please tell me the current time." (Exact time)

Key distinctions in translation:

• 時間: When referring to a length of time or an abstract/general sense of time, translate it as "time" or "duration."
  • Examples:
    • 「2時間かかる」→ "It takes two hours."
    • 「時間が足りない」→ "There isn’t enough time."
• 時刻: When referring to a specific clock time or a fixed point in time, translate it as "time" or sometimes "the time of."
  • Examples:
    • 「電車の時刻」→ "The train schedule" or "The time of the train."
    • 「時刻表」→ "timetable" (specifically for transportation).

In summary:

• Use "time" or "duration" for 時間 when talking about the length or flow of time.
• Use "specific time", "the time", or simply "time" for 時刻 when referring to a specific moment or clock time.

あなた:

Translate: サーバは、所定の時間が経過すると、タイマーの時刻を再設定する。

ChatGPT:

"The server resets the timer's time after the specified time has elapsed."

透過する

Translate: 光源からの出射光はレンズを透過する。

ChatGPT:

"The emitted light from the light source passes through the lens."

あなた:

How about "transmits through" instead of "passes through"?

ChatGPT:

"The emitted light from the light source transmits through the lens."

あなた:

Is "transmits through" OK from the viewpoints of grammar, usage, convention, etc.?

ChatGPT:

"Transmits through" is grammatically correct, but it is less commonly used in this context. "Passes through" is the more conventional choice when describing light or other waves moving through a medium like a lens.

In physics and optics, "transmit" often refers to the process of allowing light or energy to pass, but it's typically used without "through." For example, "The lens transmits light" would be more common than "The lens transmits through light."

If you want to emphasize the action of light moving through the lens, "passes through" would be clearer and more idiomatic. If you prefer to use "transmits," it might be better to say, "The lens transmits the emitted light from the light source."

セル切り替え

EP4087158(MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC R&D CT EUROPE BV [NL])
[0176] From the perspective of user equipment UE0, UE1 which are in the coverage zone of satellite SAT1 before the gateway switch (at time T1),
【０１７７】
  ゲートウェイ切り替え前（時刻Ｔ１）の衛星ＳＡＴ１のカバレッジゾーンにいるユーザ機器ＵＥ０、ＵＥ１の視点より、

a cell switch occurs since source

cells C1' and C3' managed by source base stations BS1' and BS3' are respectively switched off
ソース基地局ＢＳ１’及びＢＳ３’により管理されるソースセルＣ１’及びＣ３’がそれぞれスイッチオフされ、

and replaced by cells C1 and C3 managed by base stations BS1 and BS3. 
さらに、基地局ＢＳ１及びＢＳ３によって管理されるセルＣ１及びＣ３に置き換えられる

ため、セル切り替えが発生する。

US10383040(ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M [SE])
 That is, this enables an initial radio coverage search, corresponding to a cell search, without having to receive the further access information compilation first.
つまり、これは、さらなるアクセス情報コンパイレーションを最初に受信する必要なく、セル検索に対応する初期無線カバレッジ検索を行えるようにする。

Switching from one radio coverage area to another, i.e. corresponding to a cell switch or handover,
次いで、１つの無線カバレッジエリアから別の無線カバレッジエリアに切り替える、つまりセル切り替えまたはハンドオーバに対応することは、

may then be performed faster when the further access information compilation has been received, compared to if

the further access information compilation would contain all information and therefore would always have to be waiting before it would be possible to continue.
さらなるアクセス情報コンパイレーションがすべての情報を含むので、継続が可能になるまで常に待機する必要がある

場合に比べて、さらなるアクセス情報コンパイレーションが受信された場合に高速に実行され得る。

消炎

US11761383(TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTIONS CORP [JP])
[0209] Here, the torch flame has been extinguished at the time of determination at Step S 24 , and thus, the flame detected by the flame detection part 75 is the main flame.
【０２０４】
  ここで、ステップＳ２４の判定時において、トーチ火炎は消炎しているため、火炎検知部７５によって検知される火炎は、主火炎である。

The flame detection part 75 continuously detects the torch flame or the main flame, and thus, as illustrated in FIG. 5 , the signal from the flame detection part 75 becomes an On signal at and after the time t 2 .
なお、火炎検知部７５では、トーチ火炎または主火炎を連続して検知しているため、図５に示すように、時間ｔ２以降、火炎検知部７５からの信号はＯｎ信号となる。

US11156181(SOUTHWEST RES INST [US])
[0003] Hydrogen fueling offers many benefits for internal combustion engines.
【０００３】
  水素燃料は、内燃機関に多くの利益をもたらす。

The ignition energy of hydrogen is an order of magnitude lower than that of gasoline.
水素の着火エネルギーはガソリンより１桁低い。

This low ignition energy makes hydrogen easy to ignite, even under extremely dilute conditions such as with recirculated exhaust or lean combustion.
この低い着火エネルギーにより、再循環排気や希薄燃焼のような極めて希薄な条件下でも水素は容易に着火する。

The flame speed of hydrogen is about four to five times faster than that of gasoline, which improves efficiency through improved combustion phasing relative to piston motion.
水素の火炎速度は、ガソリンの火炎速度の約４倍～５倍と速く、ピストン運動に対する燃焼位相の改善により効率が向上する。

Hydrogen has a small quenching distance (about three times less than gasoline), reducing unburned fuel emissions and improving combustion efficiency (although it does increase heat transfer losses from the combustion chamber).
水素の消炎距離は短く（ガソリンの約３分の１）、未燃焼の燃料の排出量を減らし、燃焼効率を向上させる（但し、燃焼室からの熱伝導損失を増加させる）。

Finally, hydrogen has a high research octane number (RON), which makes it resistant to end-gas autoignition and subsequent knock.
最後に、水素は、リサーチ法オクタン価（ＲＯＮ）が高く、このためエンドガスの自己着火とその後のノックに対して耐性を有する。

立体構造

WO2022266580(WOLFSPEED INC [US])
Alternately, sublimation systems may be designed and implemented in custom configurations, where necessary or appropriate.
或いは、昇華系は、必要な又は適当なところで、通例の立体構造において設計され実行されうる。

Accordingly, the embodiments described herein are not limited to a particular subset of sublimation systems, or any particular system configuration.
したがって、本明細書に記載されている実施例は、昇華系の特定のサブセット、又は任意の特定な系の立体構造に限定されない。

Rather, many different types and configurations of sublimation systems may be used to grow crystalline SiC material in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
そうではなく、昇華系の多くの異なる型及び立体構造が、本明細書に開示されている実施例に従って、結晶性ＳｉＣ材料を成長させるために使用されうる。

WO2018147915(JANSSEN BIOTECH INC [US])
To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies can be optionally prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
この目的を達成するために、所望により、ヒト化抗体を、親配列及びヒト化配列の３次元モデルを使用した、親配列及び様々な概念的ヒト化産物の分析プロセスによって調製することが可能である。

Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
３次元免疫グロブリンモデルが一般的に利用可能であり、当業者によく知られている。

Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences.
選択された候補の免疫グロブリン配列について、可能性の高い３次元立体構造を図示及び表示するコンピュータプログラムが利用可能である。

US2023413807(UPKARA INC [US])
Sugars like trehalose may offer protection to desiccation tolerant organisms in several different ways.
【００５７】
  トレハロースのような糖は、いくつかの異なる方法で乾燥耐性生物を保護し得る。

A trehalose molecule may effectively replace a hydrogen-bounded water molecule from the surface of a folded protein without changing its conformational geometry and folding

due to the unique placement of the hydroxyl groups on a trehalose molecule. 
トレハロース分子上のヒドロキシル基の独特な配置により、

トレハロース分子は、立体構造や折り畳みを変えることなく、折り畳みタンパク質の表面にある水素結合水分子を効果的に置き換えることができる。

US11104113(BOEING CO [US])
[0034] Elongate charge of composite material 80 (such as FEC 81 and/or SEC 82 ) may have any appropriate material and/or conformational construction.
【００１４】
  複合材料からなる細長い装入物８０（ＦＥＣ８１及び／又はＳＥＣ８２など）は、任意の適切な材料及び／又は立体構造を有してもよい。

For example, in some embodiments, FEC 81 and/or SEC 82 may include a corresponding plurality of plies of composite material,
例えば、いくつかの実施形態において、ＦＥＣ８１及び／又はＳＥＣ８２は、対応する複数の複合材料層を含んでもよく、

which may include, be, and/or be defined by a plurality of fibers and a resin material.
この複合材料は、複数の繊維と樹脂材料とを含むか、複数の繊維及び樹脂材料であるか、及び／又は複数の繊維と樹脂材料とにより画定されてもよい。

 

What is 立体構造 in English?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

The term 立体構造 (りったいこうぞう, rittaikōzō) in English translates to "three-dimensional structure" or "spatial structure." It is often used in scientific contexts, such as chemistry or biology, to describe the 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule or the physical form of an object.

あなた:

Give me several example translations of 立体構造 using words other than "3D", "three-dimensional", or "spatial" for 立体.

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Here are several alternative translations of 立体構造 without using "3D," "three-dimensional," or "spatial" for 立体:

1. Solid structure
2. Geometric structure
3. Volumetric structure
4. Formed structure
5. Tangible structure
6. Structural configuration

These translations capture different nuances of the term, depending on the context in which it's used.

あなた:

How about "stereoscopic structure"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Yes, "stereoscopic structure" is a valid translation of 立体構造 and can be used in certain contexts. The term "stereoscopic" emphasizes depth perception and the visual aspect of a three-dimensional arrangement, making it particularly appropriate when referring to visual or optical 3D representations, like images or models with depth. It might be less common in scientific contexts like chemistry but still appropriate for visual applications.

あなた:

How about "stereostructure"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

Yes, "stereostructure" is also a valid translation of 立体構造 and is commonly used in scientific fields, particularly in chemistry and molecular biology. It refers specifically to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule, often highlighting how this arrangement affects the molecule's properties and functions. This term is precise and widely used when discussing stereochemistry or molecular geometry.

あなた:

How about "conformational structure"?

ChatGPT:

ChatGPT

"Conformational structure" is a more specific term that could work as a translation of 立体構造 in certain contexts, particularly in chemistry or biochemistry. It refers to the different shapes or conformations that a molecule can adopt due to rotation around single bonds, without breaking any bonds.

While "conformational structure" emphasizes the different possible arrangements (conformations) of a molecule, it doesn't fully encompass the broader meaning of 立体構造, which generally refers to any 3D or spatial structure. It is more specific to situations where the focus is on the flexibility and dynamic shapes of molecules, rather than the static overall 3D arrangement.