I have recently watched an NHK TV program entitled something like "The Century of Moving Images", a documentary of the past 100 years or so in which various cultural, political, historical, and technological events were recorded in vast amounts of motion pictures.
One of the stories in the program focused on Wernher von Braun, the German scientist who developed the V1 rocket, the world's first ballistic missile, for the Nazis during WWII, and who later moved to the US to help Americans build and launch their own rockets. He was a Jew, and for that reason had to leave Germany eventualy. He said he worked for the Nazis because it gave him the oppotunities to study and develop rocket science, and he was "willing to sell his soul to the devils" if it helped him make his dream of space travel come true.
Dr. von Braun was the hero of the author of "Rocket Boys", a memoir by Homer Hickam, Jr., that I've just finished. It was the time of Cold War, and the successful launch of the Russian Sputnik was a big news not just for the US military and politicians, but for ordinary US citizens. One of them was the 11 year old Hickam, who would look up in the night sky, see the Sputnik moving "majestically" across the star-studded sky and be awe-struck. He begins to build his own model rockets, by himself at first. Several of his friends join him later, and they work hard for a national science fair.
A story of a boy's passion for rockets, it is also a story of growing-up of the boy in a small coal town somewhere in the US during the 50's and 60's. Hickam was small and nearsighted, and not the muscular, athletic type like his big brother. But he was adamantly true to his inner callings, resisting and fighting his father and his brother for a long time but gradually learning their, and the town's, own sadness and limitations.
I particularly liked the scene where, towards the end of the book, he lets his father, who has long dominated over his son and hated the boy's un-manly activities, push the launch button for a late-version, greatly improved model rocket, with more than a hundred onlookers gathered around. The rocket flies as high as ever, and Hickam, Sr., can't hide his elation, waving his hat, as if he became his younger, teenage self. Then, he sort of like comes to his senses, and looks at his son, mouth open. The son sees in his eyes something ... something he's probably never seen before.
The Japanese astronaut Dr. Takao Doi is introduced as a friend of the author's, and he plays a small but heart-warming role at the end. It was a very good read.
"The central three turns all 'link' four lines of flux: 28 mWb.
The two outer turns link just two lines of flux: 14 mWb." (Magnetism: quantities, units and relationships)
"Faraday’s Law is bilateral – that is, anapplied voltage produces a changing flux,likewise a changing flux induces a voltage acrossa coil linked to that flux such that the inducedvolts per turn equals the rate of flux change."
"The flux density in the core (which links both windings) is determined solely by voltseconds per turn applied to the primary(Faraday’s Law), independent of loadcurrent."
"Thus, this "leakage" flux links the outer winding but not the inner winding." (Magnetic Field Evaluation in Transformers and Inductors By Lloyd H. Dixon)
"A charge moving through a magnetic field experiences （受ける）a force f perpendicular to both the velocity u and flux density B." ("Magnetic Circuits and Transformers", slides)
"A typical attempt at defining inductance is based on the idea that the flux links the current once in a single loop circuit, and that it links the current N times in an N-turn coil." (Electromagnetic Induction, PDF)
"Both the victim and the murderer are from the same town?" p.34, "Nemesis", Catherine Coulter
"Both publications said the police had told her to take off her shirt." INYT, 26AUG2016, page 4
US7737055
"2. Discussion of Related Art
Integrated circuit devices such as microprocessors and memory devices are typically fabricated（作製）upon a semiconductor substrate, such as a full or partial wafer of semiconductor material (e.g., silicon, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, etc.), or other substrate including one or more layers of semiconductor material thereon, such as a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) type substrate (such as（例えば）, a silicon-on-glass (SOG), silicon-on-sapphire (SOS), silicon-on-ceramic (SOC), etc.（等）), or any（任意の）other suitable fabrication substrate. A large number of identical integrated circuit devices typically are fabricated on a single substrate, and the substrate is then diced, sawed, or cut, to physically separate individual semiconductor devices from one another.
Semiconductor substrates are subjected to（受ける、曝す、される）a significant number of individual processes（プロセス、処理）during the fabrication of integrated circuitry thereon. These processes often include growth or deposition of material layers, ion doping or implanting, photolithography processes, etc. These processes may be preceded or followed by cleaning steps that involve（用いる、使用）, for example, scrubbing, spray cleaning, and other such processes. At the completion of（終わり、終了後）cleaning, the substrate may be further processed to remove the cleaning agents and contaminant materials from the surface of the substrate to prevent the formation of contaminating residue on the substrate surface. Often, the last step in a cleaning process includes a rinsing step using clean, de-ionized water followed by a drying process.
For example, it is known in the art to spin a fabrication substrate about a rotational axis extending through the center of the substrate and perpendicular to a major plane（主面）thereof, while directing a stream of clean de-ionized water onto a surface（＊不定冠詞）of the substrate. A substrate may be placed in a spin rinse drier (SRD) that includes a platform coupled to a drive motor. The drive motor may cause the platform to spin at a velocity of, for example, up to 4,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). A stream of water may be directed onto the surface of the substrate while it is spinning to rinse contaminants from the surface of the substrate.
Typically, a rinse liquid（リンス液）is applied to an entire surface（＊不定冠詞）of the substrate, including the center of rotation thereof, which is a point on the surface at which the axis about which the substrate is rotated intersects the surface of the substrate to which liquid is applied and removed（＊厳密には"and from which the liquid is removed"か？）. As the substrate spins, centrifugal forces（＊なぜに複数？）cause the liquid to fan out across the surface of the substrate, thereby forming a substantially continuous sheet or film of liquid covering the surface of the substrate. To dry the surface of the substrate, the substantially continuous sheet or film of liquid is removed from the surface of the substrate by interrupting the flow of liquid onto the surface of the substrate while continuing to spin the substrate. Centrifugal forces acting on the liquid cause it to slide off from (or otherwise be removed from) the surface of the substrate in a generally radially outward direction from the center of rotation toward the lateral edges of the substrate."
US6319410
"It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel supercritical extraction technique which is able to use less expensive containers for samples to be extracted than prior techniques."
US9015031
"To be independent of a particular type system, there is developed a technique which is able to handle a potentially unlimited number of types."
US6560618
"It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a technique which enables specifying, with each content request, parameter values that may be used to dynamically generate (and customize) archive file content."
US6392550
"The computer which receives the pressure pattern data from the sensor array utilizes a neural network processing technique which enables it to determine the probable driver alertness level based upon changes in the driver's posture over time."
US5724998
"In order to narrow the size range of tobacco dust particles that are used in the processes of the present invention, a technique which is capable of discriminating between various particle sizes may be employed."
US5280278
"It is an object of the present invention to provide a TFEL matrix display panel drive technique which allows for increasing the brightness of TFEL displays."
US5346815
"Monoclonal antibodies to NhaS may be prepared by using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture."
US8048669
"There is thus a need for （必要）a cell block preparation technique that is able to place cell fragments within a concentrated area within the cell block, without losing cells, such that a single section of the wax cell block shows a substantial proportion of all the cell fragments without dilution by fibrin or other carrier molecules. Also desirable is （必要、要望）a technique which avoids or eliminates mislabeling of a cell block, contamination of one cell block with another cell block, and which requires less embedding reagents and time than currently available techniques, and allows standardized preservation of biomolecules for diagnostic studies and research."
US7942311
"The vertical axis 302 is again an intensity scale, while the horizontal axis 304 is a time scale in seconds."
US6311138
"The oscilloscope is useful because it enables the visualization of the time varying character of signals, using a vertical axis representing level and horizontal axis representing time."
"FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the display 110. It comprises a signal plot region 116 in which the detected voltage of a sampled signal is conventionally plotted on a vertical axis against an horizontal time axis."
"In the illustrated example, the derived parameter is the time for which（～する時間（の長さ））the data of the primary measurement either exceeds a threshold TH, illustrating width jitter. As a result, whereas the vertical axis in the primary measurement display portion 122 is voltage, the vertical axis in the derived parameter display portion 122 is time or signal width."
US8549647
"FIG. 3 is a process plot which illustrates how the Bayesian Inference Engine iterates to a final belief for a malware sample. The vertical axis of the plot 290 represents the malware belief, P(M), as it fluctuates within its range of 0 to 1 based on the analysis of the various observables. The horizontal axis of the plot 300 represents the observables analyzed by the invention."
US6314204
"The independent variable x is plotted along the horizontal axis 550, and the probability distribution p(x) is plotted along the vertical axis 552."
US7428713
"The X-Y plot 220 has a vertical axis 222 representing the structural responses and a horizontal axis 224 representing design variable X."
US8863293
"The vertical axis shows the calculated entropy, while the horizontal axis shows which step of the attack is being considered."
US5028830
"The hub 4 may take any of the conventional forms of hub structure suitable for placement in a winding machine to have the magnetic strip, ribbon or tape material wound thereon and is configured, as shall be seen below, to have a central aperture therethrough to accept the central structure of the spider to be employed herein. It should be noted, however, that under these circumstances the central hub of the spider will be similarly apertured（開口）so that the same accepts the shaft of the motor in which the rotor being formed is to be mounted. Alternatively, the hub 4 could be configured（構成）to be mounted upon the motor shaft per se（自体）and under these circumstances would（この場合は；＊仮定法）cooperate with the spokes of the spider, as shall be seen below, to form an integral central hub portion thereof. Thus, the hub 4 would typically be configured of（構成）copper, aluminum or the like which may be suitably machined（加工）into appropriate form. However, as the principal function of the hub is to merely have a roll of magnetic material disposed thereon, other materials are readily available therefor including magnetic or non-magnetic materials, as well as various forms of plastic or graphite materials and the like（等）."
US6581495
"The front offset mass 170 is essentially configured of（構成、成る）a solid half circle 165 from the center section 150 to the front journal 180. The front offset mass 170 has additional mass 160 on the outside edge of the solid half circle 165 from the front journal 180 to a point 132 short of（至らない、手前）the center section 150. Further, the front offset mass 170 has a stiffening rib section 175 from the center section 150 to the front journal 180. The rib section 175 is typically situated on the flat face (shown clearer in the rear offset mass 120) of the front solid half circle 165, and is centered and parallel with respect to a center line (not shown) of the balance shaft 100."
US6623006
"The housing is enclosed by means of（により）a front panel 50 which is rotatable about a vertical axis defined as a line passing through an upper pivot pin 58 and a lower pivot pin 56, respectively projecting（突出、突起）above and below an outwardly extending upper and lower tab 57. Each of the pivot pins 56, 58 reside within（埋設）bores 61 located on outwardly projecting tabs 60, 62. Thus, the front panel 50 can rotate in an arc defined by the letter A shown in FIG. 1. The front panel includes an upper window 52 defined by an opening which exposes the video display 20 preferably configured of（構成、成る）an LCD."
US6886392
"The test apparatus 10 is configured of（構成）test materials, lubricants and spherical bearings in oscillating rotary motion. In order to impart oscillating rotary motion to the bearing illustrated as specimen 36, the specimen 36 is connected to shaft 48 such as by being keyed onto（鍵止め？）the shaft 48 or otherwise connected to the shaft 48. The shaft 48 may be a Schmidt coupling 50 or be a series of connected shafts to allow for misalignment, wear and/or compression of the test specimen 36."
US8818739
"While described above in the exemplary contest of microcontrollers, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate（当業者に明らか）that any suitable processor can be used. A typical processor is configured of（構成）logic circuitry and responds to and executes instructions. The term “module” is used herein to denote a functional operation that may be embodied（実現、実施）either as a stand-alone component or as an integrated configuration of a plurality of sub-ordinate components."
US6199652
"18. The wheel assembly of claim 16, wherein the gearbox housing comprises first and second gearbox halves and an annular seal disposed therebetween and configured from（構成）sealing lubricant within the gearbox housing radially inside the seal, wherein the gearbox halves are securable（固定可能）to each other by fasteners extending through each gearbox half only radially outside the annular seal.
US8342052
"FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of the neutral lock lever 150 associated with the shifter apparatus 100, in accordance with preferred embodiment. The neutral lock lever 150 includes a retention pin 520, a shaft 550, a shaft seal 530, and a spring-loaded detent ball 540. The retention pin 520 may be configured from（構成）a material such as, for example, plastic depending upon design considerations. The shaft seal 530 may be configured from a material such as, for example, rubber, again depending upon design considerations. It can be appreciated that other types of materials may be utilized in place of the suggested material. The shaft 550 can be pivotally mounted to one end of the neutral lock lever 150 for moving the shaft 550 between a locked（係止）position and an unlocked position."
US8818932
(Abstract)
"A method for creating（作成、作る）a predictive model is disclosed herein, including the steps of determining trends and patterns in electronic data, using at least a first machine language algorithm, refining the determination of the algorithm, searching for social models that describe the identified trends and patterns using at least a second machine language algorithm, verifying causal links, constructing（構築）at least one model about human node behavior and interactions, utilizing the social models to do at least one of the following: validate hypotheses, predict future behavior, and examine hypothetical scenarios, automatically updating predictions when new data is introduced, using probabilistic techniques to learn hierarchical structure in unstructured text, continuously updating a set of themes, examining grammatical rules of each component of text, matching（一致、適合）grammatical constituents to semantic roles, and reorganizing data into clusters of entities with common attributes."
"A Bayesian network (BN), or directed graphical model, specifies a joint probability distribution（確率分布）over a collection of random variables（確率変数）as a graph encoding conditional independence relationship and a set of local distributions encoding probability information. Each node in the graph represents a random variable that is conditionally independent of its non-descendants given its parents. The local distributions at each node specify a set of probability distributions for the associated random variable, one for each combination of values for the node's parents. The local distributions implicitly encode a joint distribution over configurations of the random variables that satisfy the independence assumptions implied by the graph. In Bayesian learning, a prior distribution is defined over graph structures and local distributions, and the cases are used to infer a posterior distribution. The common approach is to assign a prior probability q(G) to each graph and independent Dirichlet distributions g(θ|G) for each of the local conditional distributions θ."
US8478629
"Referring back to FIG. 4, if a “performance measure” has violated a control limit, then the method proceeds to step 410. If a “risk event” has violated a control limit, then the method proceeds to step 420."
US9255988
"Referring again to FIG. 2, in block 35, a determination is made, by the processor, as to whether the cluster is stationary based on the classification identified in block 33. If the cluster is determined as stationary, the routine proceeds to block 36; otherwise, the routine proceeds to block 37."
US7981032
"In this case, the instruction is detected in step S205 and flow proceeds to step S206, in which the alarm is temporarily disabled for a specified period."
US7389347
"Referring now to FIG. 4, a flow diagram illustrates an active probing process, according to an embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, FIG. 4 describes（（図面が）説明する）an overall active probing process 400.
In step 402, the detection probes set and the localization probes set are selected. Next, in step 404, active diagnosis is started. Probes from detection probes set are run according to a schedule in order to detect problems (step 406). If a problem is detected (step 408), a problem localization process starts (410). Results of problem localization are reported and the process returns to step 406 to run scheduled detection probes set."
US7167587
"The program commences at step 202 and proceeds to step 204. In step 204, the process reads the stored training data for each class. The program then proceeds to step 206, where it waits for the input of an input pattern 18. Upon receipt of（受け取ると）an input pattern 18, the program proceeds to step 208, where a timer is set to govern the processing time used for the input pattern."
"The process then advances to step 220, where the computes a confidence value for its represented class best resembling the input pattern, reflecting the a posteriori probability that the selected class is the class associated with the input pattern."
US6336108
"The calculate mixed score process then determines if there are more variables in the selected set for processing (step 1010). If there are more variables to be processed, processing continues to step 1006."
Backlight, Wikipedia
"Most LED backlights for LCDs are edge-lit（エッジライト型）, i.e. several LEDs are placed at the edges of a lightguide, which distributes the light behind the LC panel. Advantages of this technique are the very thin flat-panel construction and low cost. A more expensive version is called full-array or direct（直下型）LED and consists of many LEDs placed behind the LC panel (an array of LEDs), such that large panels can be evenly illuminated. This arrangement allows for local dimming to obtain darker black pixels depending on the image displayed."
US20100254423
"[0014] In a further embodiment, the semiconductor laser is designed to be a top emitting diode laser and the phototransistor is embedded in the layer sequence forming an n type reflector arranged opposite the main emitting side of the top emitting （頂面発光型）diode laser."
US20150170582(JP)
"Namely, the LED 17 is a top-surface-emitting type LED."
US20100148198
"One unique aspect of this type of top-emitting LED chip (also referred to herein as an Illumitex® LED chip) is that the side emission can be negligible. For example, there might be about 6%, 3%, 1%, or 0.1% or less side emission in some embodiments of a top-emitting LED chip."
透光性の訳としてtranslucentがよくネット辞書に出てきますが、translucentの意味には 1) transparent, 2) admitting and diffusing light...partly transparent（半透明）とがあるようで(Merriam-Webster Unabridged)、どうも安易に使っていいものか迷います。light transmitting, light transmissive等の方が良いのかという気もします。
US5933134
"Conventionally, users interface with（インターフェースする）the desktop and operating system of their computer system using a "mouse". A mouse is a special hardware input device connected by a wire（有線、電線）or infrared signal to the computer system. Typically, the mouse has one or more push buttons on its top（上部）and a roller on its bottom（底部）designed to roll along a surface next to the computer system. When the user moves the mouse's roller on the surface, a mouse pointer positioned on the computer system's display tracks（追従）the movement of the mouse's roller. When the user has positioned the pointer at a desirable location, such as over an object, the user clicks or multiple clicks（複数クリック）, depending on how the mouse is programmed, one of the mouse push buttons to invoke（起動、呼び出す）or open the object."
"FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart containing detailed logic for implementing the preferred embodiments. At（で）302, touchscreen 200 detects sound/heat/pressure, etc., from a handprint (or object), or alternatively, a portion of a handprint. At 306, the OS reads the handprint and calculates the measurements previously described and illustrated in FIG. 2. At 310, the OS searches user files in a database for the handprint measurements. At 312, if the OS locates（見つける、特定）any existing handprint measurements within a default tolerance of 10% (which can later be changed by the user, described herein), at 320, the OS reads all information in that user file and, at 322, draws（描く、描画）a virtual pointing device on the touchscreen under the user's hand (or portion of the hand) based on pre-defined characteristics found in the user file. Additionally, in the future, if any objects and/or text have been selected by the virtual pointing device, they will be drawn in a position relative to their previous location to the virtual pointing device (described herein). At 333, the OS requests（要求）a confirmation that the user match is correct. If the user continues to use the virtual pointing device, then the OS interprets this use as a confirmation. The OS displays a user id label next to the virtual pointing device or, alternatively, may display the virtual pointing device as a specific color shading. Otherwise, if the wrong user has been assumed, control returns to 310, where the OS searches the database for another possible match."
"If the entire hand has been lifted off the touchscreen, at 811, the OS continues to display the virtual pointing device on the touchscreen in its current location for a period of time (e.g., 5 seconds), but in an obvious hibernated state, meaning the fingerprint and palmprint areas will be viewed as translucent（半透明）areas on the touchscreen."
"Returning to 328, if all fingers were not detected as being raised while the palm remained in contact with the touchscreen, at 342, control（制御）is directed to FIG. 8."
US6633310
"Elements of a graphical user interface that are switchably（切換え、切替、切り替え）translucent（半透明）and opaque（不透明）are disclosed. In one embodiment, such an element is initially set to a default, first mode in which the element is translucent when the pointer is not positioned over the element. When the pointer has been moved such that it is positioned over the element, the element becomes opaque. Various heuristics are also disclosed that are applicable to the opaque-to-translucent and the translucent-to-opaque transformations. For example, when the pointer is moved over the element, there may be a delay prior to the element becoming opaque. As another example, when the pointer remains over the element for a predetermined amount of time, the element may revert back（戻る）to translucency from opacity."
US9182789
"Electronic devices may include transparent（透明）structures. The transparent structures may include structures formed from glass, plastic, ceramics, or other materials that transmit visible light. In some situations, the transparent structures may have a clear appearance. In other situations, the transparent structures may have a milky or cloudy appearance (i.e., the structures may be considered to be translucent（半透明）). These structures are collectively referred to herein as transparent structures."
US8231612
"FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for photoaltering a material in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an ophthalmic laser system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a relationship（示すグラフ）between pulse energy（＊無冠詞）, focal point spatial separation（＊無冠詞）, and an associated minimum sub-surface depth（＊不定冠詞）, for（に対して）a pulsed laser beam in accordance with one embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a raster scan pattern of a pulsed laser beam in accordance with one embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view（断面図）of a material（＊不定冠詞）illustrating focal point depths（＊複数）in accordance with one embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a top view of a surface layer formed in agarose gel（＊無冠詞）by a pulsed laser beam in accordance with one embodiment; and
FIG. 7 is sectional view of the agarose gel shown in FIG. 6 along line A-A."
US8587472
"Therefore, the prior technique limits the sensitivity of detection and leaves room for improvement where the entire waveform is translated to a useful output."
US6178468
"While "plug and play" functionality is an extremely useful and convenient feature, the current state of the art leaves room for improvement in several areas. A first problem is a functional timing problem. Device manufacturers release new devices all the time. Operating system releases tend to be relatively infrequent, however. Thus, it is very difficult, if not impossible, for device manufacturers to anticipate their new product development implementation programs in order to include installation files for those new products in significantly earlier operating system releases."
US9124719
"However, there is still room for improvement in the way a mobile communication device indicates the network to which it is currently connected."
US20080055409
"Prior surveillance camera systems leave something to be desired in accommodating such variations in data transmission and protocols associated with each transmission system."
US4909476
"This approach can stand improvement because if a mistake is made in piercing one orifice the entire disk may be ruined necessitating calibrating an entire new disk."
US9393789
"In recent years, the number of electric vehicles manufactured and sold to consumers has increased dramatically."
US9175977
"In recent years, GPS-based navigation systems have grown in popularity and are now widely available in a variety of forms, including different types of vehicle-installed units as well as hand-held portable units."
US8338286
"In recent years, the electronics industry has been transitioning to lead-free solders for environmental and safety reasons."
US20070047219
"[0003] Recent years have seen tremendous growth in the number and variety of display devices available to the public. Computers (whether desktop, laptop, or notebook), personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, and thin LCD TVs are but a few examples. Although some of these devices can use ordinary ambient light to view the display, most include a light panel referred to as a backlight to make the display visible.
[0004] Many such backlights fall into the categories of "edge-lit"（エッジライト型）or "direct-lit"（直下型）. These categories differ in the placement of the light sources relative to the output area of the backlight, where the output area defines the viewable area of the display device. In edge-lit backlights, a light source is disposed along an outer border of the backlight construction, outside the zone corresponding to the output area. The light source typically emits light into a light guide, which has length and width dimensions on the order of （程度の）the output area and from which light is extracted（取り出す）to illuminate the output area. In direct-lit backlights, an array of light sources is disposed directly behind the output area, and a diffuser is placed in front of the light sources to provide a more uniform light output. Some direct-lit backlights also incorporate（内蔵）an edge-mounted light, and are thus capable of both direct-lit and edge-lit operation."
