US6,880,856(Vehicle body configurations)

US6,880,856(General Motors Corporation)

構成、形成、形状：
1) "1. For use in combination with a vehicle chassis, a vehicle body comprising: an enclosure configured to shelter a vehicle occupant"

2) "a chassis-attachment interface connected to the enclosure and configured for selective attachment to the chassis"

3) "Componentry for one vehicle body configuration is typically not compatible for use with other vehicle body configurations."

4) "Body designs need only conform to the simple attachment interface of the chassis, eliminating the need to redesign or reconfigure expensive components."

5) "Referring again to FIG. 4, the preferred embodiment of the rolling platform 10 is configured such that the lower body face 97 of a matable vehicle body 85 is positioned closely adjacent to the upper chassis face 96 for engagement with the rolling platform 10."

有する、構成する・される：
1) "The body may further comprise an enclosure connected to the floor for sheltering occupants within the body"

2) "Bodies are connected to the numerous mechanical, electrical, and structural components that, in combination with a body, comprise a fully functional vehicle."

3) "The structural frame 11 depicted in FIG. 1 comprises a series of interconnected structural elements including upper and lower side structural elements 12 and 14 that comprise a "sandwich"-like construction."

such that:
"wherein mechanical and electrical connection components of the body and chassis complement each other and are sufficiently aligned such that any conforming body may be mated to any conforming chassis without modification to either the chassis or body at the interface"

に対して：
"A vehicle comprising: a chassis, wherein the chassis includes a structural frame; a body attachment interface having body connection components, the body connection components including at least one load-bearing body-retention coupling mounted with respect to the structural frame and at least one control signal receiver; a suspension system mounted with respect to the structural frame; at least three wheels rotatably mounted with respect to the suspension system"

動作可能：
"a braking system operably connected to at least one wheel and to a control signal receiver"

公知：
1) "Prior art automobiles and light trucks"

2) "In the prior art, the connections between a body and componentry are numerous."

取り回し：
"long connectors such as wiring harnesses and cables must be routed throughout the body from componentry."

隣接：
"a driver interface is supported with respect to the floor adjacent the seat assembly to communicate vehicle control signals to a chassis from a driver."

延在：
"For added strength and rigidity a number of vertical and angled structural elements extend between elements 12, 14, 20 and 22. Similar to the elements 12, 14, 20 and 22, which extend along the left side of the rolling platform 10, a family of structural elements 26, 28, 30 and 32 extend along the right side thereof."

前方：
"Forward of the front axle area, a forward space is defined between element 44 and elements 50, 52."

後方：
"Rearward of the rear axle area 18, a rearward space is defined between element 54 and elements 60, 62."

取付：
1) "The structural frame 11 provides a rigid structure to which an energy conversion system 67, energy storage system 69, suspension system 71 with wheels 73, 75, 77, 79 (each wheel having a tire 80), steering system 81, and braking system 83 are mounted"

2) "the suspension system 71 is mounted to the structural frame 11"

すなわち、この場合：
1) "Alternatively, the structural frame may also be in the form of a "belly pan," wherein integrated rails and cross members are formed in sheets of metal or other suitable material, with other formations to accommodate various system components."

2) "The rolling platform comprises most of the durable hardware, meaning body pods require far less material and energy to produce than complete vehicles."

結合：
1) "connective elements that function to operably mate a vehicle body to the chassis 10. （合わせる）

2) "Such an arrangement may be employed to enable a particular body to be matable to multiple chassis each having a different predetermined spatial relationship among its body connection components."

固定：
"As shown in FIG. 4, the load-bearing body-retention couplings 89 are engageable with complementary attachment couplings 93 on a vehicle body 85 and function to physically fasten the vehicle body 85 to the chassis 10."

係合離脱、係脱：
"The load-bearing body-retention couplings 89 are preferably releasably engageable with complementary couplings"

上向き、下向き：
"Thus, the upper chassis face 96 is an imaginary surface that follows the upwardly facing and exposed contours of the chassis frame 11 and systems mounted therein. Matable vehicle bodies have a corresponding lower body face 97 that is an imaginary surface that follows the downwardly facing and exposed contours of the body 85, as shown in FIG. 4.

等：
1) "For example, the spatial relationship may be defined as follows: a first body connection component is spaced a distance Ax+By from a reference point; a second body connection component is spaced a distance Cx+Dy from the reference point; a third body connection component is spaced a distance Ex+Fy from the reference point; etc."

2) "The sensors 100 may include position sensors, velocity sensors, acceleration sensors, pressure sensors, force and torque sensors, flow meters, temperature sensors, etc."

3) "A vehicle driver inputs control signals in mechanical form by turning a wheel, depressing a pedal, pressing a button, or the like."

出力：
"A control unit typically includes a microprocessor, ROM and RAM and appropriate input and output circuits of a known type for receiving the various input signals and for outputting the various control commands to the actuators."

同様：
"FIG. 7, wherein like reference numbers refer to like components from FIG. 6"

車輪：
"The steer-by-wire system described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,341 includes a position sensor for sensing angular position of a road wheel, a hand-operated steering wheel for controlling direction of the road wheel"

命令：
"The steering control unit further commands the steering wheel actuator to provide feedback force actuation to the hand-operated steering wheel in response to the steering wheel control signal."

US5,711,704(Coin storage and dispensing apparatus)

US5711704(Aristocrat Leisure Industries Pty. Ltd. )

分詞：
"A coin dispensing apparatus having a cylindrical hopper, the axis of which extends vertically, the bottom of the hopper being closed by a base above which is arranged a rotatable coin disc having circumferentially spaced holes for the receipt of coins, the base being provided with a coin exit slot through which coins are delivered, the base being supported on a plinth containing a driving motor for rotating the coin dis."

の際、時：
"A device which on removal and replacement of the base from the plinth brings the coin disc automatically into engagement with the driving motor."

適合、構成：
"the base being removably secured to the plinth from which it is adapted to be readily removed together with the hopper and the coin disc"

ようになっている：
"A coin dispensing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the means securing the hopper to the base are such as to permit the hopper to be attached to the base with the coin exit pointing in any one of a plurality of different directions to suit installation in any particular apparatus."

配置、配設：
"A coin dispensing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein an elevator is arranged to receive coins merging from the exit slot, the elevator being constructed and arranged to raise coins to a higher level."

開口：
"These specifications describe a coin storage and dispensing apparatus comprising a cylindrical open topped coin hopper mounted on a hopper base and having a rotatable coin disc having a plurality of coin pockets in the bottom of the hopper"

備える、具備する：
"the hopper base being provided with a coin gutter for receiving coins from the coin pockets and a motor to drive the coin disc"

にある、から成る：
1) "The present invention consists in a coin dispensing apparatus having a cylindrical hopper an axis of which extends vertically"

2) "As is best seen in FIGS. 1 and 4 a coin storage and dispensing apparatus according to the invention consists of a cylindrical hopper 1 from the upper edge of which lifting handles 1A project."

有する、構成される：
"These specifications describe a coin storage and dispensing apparatus comprising a cylindrical open topped coin hopper mounted on a hopper base"

好ましい：
"It is preferred that means are provided whereby the spacing between the underside of the coin disc and the base may be adjusted to suit coins of different thicknesses."

断面：
1) "FIG. 6 is a cross-section on line A--A of FIG. 5"

2) "The drive member 10 is mounted on a square section shaft"（正方形断面）

嵌合（篏合；「篏」は漢字検定非対象、「嵌」は1級）：
"Lugs 18 formed on the underside of the base 2 fit into the key hole slots"

"The lugs 18 are provided on upper surfaces with leaf springs 19 which ensure a snug fit to the underside of the plinth 4."

倒置：
"Within the hopper bowl 1 is a rotatable coin disc 12 with holes 13 to receive coins from the bowl 1."

だけ、分：
"The coin 25 and the stack of coins above it are lowered by the thickness of one coin as they leave the exit plate 20."

のため、理由：
"By reason of the arrangement of the key hole slot 6 the hopper bowl and base may be assembled to the plinth"

対応：
"As is best seen in FIG. 5 the exit plate may be constructed as a removable quadrant to cater for coins of differing diameters."

US20070259613A1(Coin Dispensing Apparatus)

US20070259613A1

構成、有する、から成る:
1) "Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, the coin dispensing apparatus comprises a body member 1, a hopper 2, and a disc-like rotary member 3 mounted on the body member 1."

2) "The ejector device 11 is shown in more detail in FIG. 5 and comprises an arm 13 which includes integral lugs 14"

3) "When an instruction is received to pay out coins, a pay instruction 21, which may comprise an instruction to pay out a predetermined number of coins, is received by the controller 20"

方向：
"The rotary member 3 is rotated in the direction of arrow A by an electric motor 4"

使用：
"In use, coins fall into the hopper 2, for example from a coin acceptor, so that the hopper acts as a coin source and feeds coins into circular apertures 6 in the rotary member 3."

設ける：
"A coin outlet 10 is provided in the side wall 9."

回転：
"the device 11 can turn about axis B-B'"

により、利用して：
"movement of the ejector device 11 between the coin engaging and coin dispensing positions is detected using an optical emitter"

so that:
"the arm 13' interrupts the optical path 19 so that detector 18 detects no radiation from the emitter 17."

後で：
"As will be explained later, the ejector device 11 rotates back and forth for each coin ejection and so a coin count signal is developed by the detector 18."

通電：
1) "A controller 20 receives the count signal from the detector 18 and also controls energisation of the emitter 17."

2) "In use, the controller 20 energises the drive motor 4 so as to rotate member 3"

3) "The motor 4 is then de-energised in order to prevent overpayment."

動作：
"Operation of the device will now be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 7A-7E."

現在完了形：
"FIG. 7A shows a coin C which has passed through aperture 6' in the rotary member 3"

代名詞：
"The underside of the rotary member 3 has a hollowed out annular portion 3a of thickness corresponding to that of one coin."

接触：
"The coin C abuts a lug 3b that extends across the thickness of the receptacle onto the surface 8."（当接）

2) "Thus, as shown in FIG. 7B, the coin C engages the first and second members 11a, 11b"（係合）

図示：
"it is moved in the direction arrow E by the rotary member 3 (not shown in this Figure)."

本明細書において：
"As used herein, the term coin includes tokens and other coin-like items having an attributable monetary value."

マジすか！(Protecting devices from impact damage)

US8,330,305 (Amazon Technologies, Inc.)

（こちらは同じコンセプトの別メーカのパソコン）

四隅にゴムでも付けといたほうが・・・

展開：
"A method for protecting a portable device that includes an airbag deployable from a side of the portable device"

will:
"comprising: detecting that the portable device will impact a surface; prior to impact with the surface"

such that, so that:
1) "altering the orientation of the portable device such that the air bag first impacts the surface; and deploying the airbag prior to impact with the surface."

2) "The system of claim 10, wherein the reorientation element modifies the orientation of the portable device so that a side of the portable device that contains the deployable protection element first impacts the surface."

3) "For example, if the measured orientation, motion and time until impact are such that the device will impact on a side containing the protection element 120"

4) "However, if the data measurements indicate that the portable device 100 will impact the surface with a side that does not include a protection element 120, the protection system 106 may activate the reorientation element 118 at a specific time, based on the measurements, so that the portable device 100 is reoriented in a manner that a side with a protection element 120 will first impact the surface."

5) "The gas can be used to increase or decrease the rate of rotation of the portable device 700 so that at the point of impact with the surface, the portable device 700 is oriented so that a side with a protection element 120 first impacts the surface."

冠詞：
1) "The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a time to impact between the surface and the portable device."

2) "In some embodiments, the distance detector 108 periodically measures/determines a distance between the portable device 100 and the surface."

3) "The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the determining that the impact may cause damage to the device comprises at least one of: determining"

4) "The computer-readable medium of claim 22, wherein the modifying an orientation of the device further comprises: activating the reorientation element such that the protection element first impacts the surface."（定冠詞）

5) "The method of claim 1, wherein altering the orientation is performed by a portable device reorientation element."（無冠詞）

構成：
1) "The method of claim 3, wherein altering the orientation comprises forcing a gas through a modifiable opening in the portable device." (=include)

2) "The protection structure 502 can comprise a portion of the portable device 500 such as a bezel, housing panel or other portion of the portable device 500."（「構成する」？「含む」？）

3) "As an example of using openings 702 as a reorientation element 118, openings 702 in portable device 700 may comprise a propulsion element to allow gas to be forced through the openings 702 in order to impart an additional force to alter the orientation of the portable device 700."

4) "A system for protecting a portable device, comprising: a device safety monitoring system configured to detect a risk of damage to the portable device from impacting a surface"

5) "A computer-readable storage medium whose contents include instructions that when executed configure one or more computing devices to perform a method"

6) "Regardless of configuration, the damage avoidance system 152 effectively operates in the same manner to determine whether a risk of damage to the portable device 150 exceeds a damage threshold and takes steps to reduce or eliminate that risk."

選択肢のand：
"The method of claim 3, wherein the portable device reorientation element is at least one of: a movable weight, a gyroscope, an actuator and a propulsion element." (one of A and B)

動作可能：
1) "a protection element operable to reduce the risk of damage to the portable device caused by the impact with the surface"

2) "Springs 504 are operable to push the protection structure outward from the device when the safety monitoring system 104 determines that a risk of damage exceeds a damage threshold."

代名詞：
1) "In today's world, portable devices have become ubiquitous and often indispensable to our work and personal life. A main convenience is that they are often small and light devices that are easy to hold in a hand, carry in a holster, purse or pocket or otherwise easily transportable."

2) "These characteristics of portable devices make them convenient for a user to take wherever they go."

起こる、晒される：
"Damage may occur when a cellular phone experiences an uncontrolled impact with a hard surface"

取り外し、取付可能：
"FIG. 1C is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portable device having the removably attachable damage avoidance system of FIG. 1B"

現在完了形：
"FIG. 2B illustrates an embodiment of the portable device of FIG. 2A where the airbag has been deployed"

本明細書では、ここで：
"As described herein,"

協働：
"a protection system having one or more protection elements that work in concert to reduce or prevent damage to the portable device upon impact with the surface"

関係代名詞：
"the safety monitoring system determines whether the risk of damage to the cellular phone, that will be caused by the impending impact, exceeds an acceptable threshold."（普通ここにカンマは入れないような気がする。入れる場合はwhichとか）

"実施形態例、実施態様例：
Several example implementations and contexts are provided hereinafter with reference to the following figures, as described below in more detail."

言うまでもなく（？）：
As will be appreciated, more or fewer monitoring elements may be included in the safety monitoring system 104.

近く：
"The contact detector 112 measures whether the portable device 100 is contacting or substantially proximate to another object (e.g., a user's hand, desk surface, pocket)."

For exampleとmay：
"For example, the surface type detector 114 may measure whether the surface is a solid surface (e.g., concrete, wood floor) or a softer surface (e.g., chair, pillow, hand)."（両方同時に使うのは変だとＮＣによく指摘されたものだが）

設計時：
"the portable device 100 underwent drop tests during design"

should:
"The time remaining until impact may be used by the protection system 106 to determine whether and/or when the reorientation element 118 and/or the protection element 120 should be activated such that the protection element 120 will first impact the surface."

演算：
"The processor 126 may be any number of devices that are commonly thought of as central processing units (CPUs) or any device that is capable of receiving an input, performing an operation on the input and producing an output."

反対：
"The back surface (not shown) of the portable device 100 is the side opposite the front surface 128."

実行、操作、動作：
"Steps 1202 and 1204 operate substantially as described above with respect to steps 1002 and 1004 of method 1000 to determine a risk of damage to the portable device 100 and to determine whether that risk exceeds a threshold."

"Conditional language such as, among others, "can," "could," "might" or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, are otherwise understood within the context as used in general to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment. In addition, the terms measures, measuring, ascertain, calculate, determine and determining（引用符は使っていない）are generally used interchangeably to convey that the described components, systems or methods operate to determine a particular result or condition."

US8447436(Handlebar control system)

US8447436 (Harley-Davidson Motor Company Group, LLC)

制御:
"Traditional motorcycle handlebar controls include high current switches connected between a power source and the device being controlled." (device, mechanism)

寸法:
"The wires used with the handlebar controls are sized to handle the current drawn by the device being controlled (e.g., a lamp)."

例えば、等：
1) "In one embodiment, the invention provides a handlebar control system for a machine (e.g., a motorcycle). The system includes a controller, a network interface (e.g., a controller network interface), a plurality of user actuated devices (e.g., a turn-signal switch) coupled to the controller"

2) "However, the invention is applicable to other machines that are operated via a handle-grip control such as heavy construction equipment, lawn and garden equipment, power tools, three-wheeled vehicles, air-craft (e.g., via a joystick control), etc."

3) "The instrument cluster 115 includes a tachometer, a speedometer, and a plurality of indicator lights (e.g., turn indicators, oil pressure, etc.)

可能：
"The invention is capable of other constructions and embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways."

文冒頭での引用符：
""Lamp," as used herein, refers to a light emitting device, such as an incandescent bulb, a light emitting diode, etc."（無冠詞）

走行：
"In the construction shown, the front-right turn-signal 145 includes a turn lamp 170 and a run lamp 175."

"In the construction shown, a run/stop switch connection 240 is provided between the right-handlebar controller 105 and the BCM 125."

電力を供給：
"The information (on/off, temperature) can be transmitted via a network bus 235 to the handlebar controllers 105 and 110 which then power the grip warmers 227."（「通電」？）

"Other loads that are powered by electronic switches 415 include grip warmers 227, an adjustable windshield, etc."

形容詞の名詞的用法（？）：
"In other constructions, the wiring is external to the handlebars or any combination of internal and external."

代名詞：
"For example, when a turn switch is engaged (e.g., indicating a driver's intention to turn), the microcontroller 405 receives an input from the switch indicating that it is engaged."

大文字：
"a light switch 455 locking in either a LO position 460 or a HI position 465, and a momentary turn switch 470. A right-handlebar controller 472 includes a momentary start switch 475, a momentary run/off switch 480 having an OFF position 485 and a RUN position 490, and a turn switch 495.  The other switch configurations shown include additional switches/functions such as a momentary audio switch 500 (FIG. 4C) having a "+" 505 and a "-" 510 position, a momentary mode select switch 515 (FIG. 4C) having an UP 520 and a DOWN 525 position, a momentary cruise control switch 530 (FIG. 4B) having an ON 535 and an OFF 540 position, a complementary momentary set/resume switch 545 with a SET 550 position and a RESUME position 555"

取り回す：
"Use of a network bus reduces the quantity of wires that must be run throughout the motorcycle including the handlebar piping and the frame."

contemplate:
"In addition to handlebar controls, other controls are contemplated by the invention."（想定する）

US8,701,811(Battery cooling system and method)

US8701811(Honda Motor Co., Ltd.)

ある、位置、配置、存在：
"A vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine comprising: a battery compartment; a battery supplying electrical energy to the internal combustion engine and residing in said battery compartment"

therebetween:
"and a conduit extending between said frame and said battery compartment providing fluid communication therebetween"

cf.
1) conduit extending...and providing...
2) conduit extending..., the conduit providing...
3) conduit exteneing..., thus providing...
4) conduit that extends... and that provides...

複数の：
"The vehicle of claim 3, wherein said plurality of vents are formed in at least one sidewall adjacent a top wall of said battery housing."

comprise：
"The vehicle of claim 6, wherein said wall having a vent comprises a top wall."

"The vehicle of claim 12, wherein said remote source of air comprises air from an exterior of the vehicle received through a vehicle frame."（=include）

"The vehicle of claim 12 wherein said battery box comprises a parallel-piped shape and said vent is oriented transverse to the an elongated axis thereof."(=has)

configured to:
"A method of cooling a battery of a vehicle having an engine compartment housing an internal combustion engine comprising: providing a battery box within said engine compartment configured to house the battery"（構成されている）

"a battery box configured to receive the battery"（バッテリーを収納するよう構成された）

cf. a battery box receiving the battery（バッテリーを収納した）

のうちの１つ：
1) "wherein during operation of the vehicle external air is provided to said battery box via said frame rail, and air is encouraged to exit said battery box by at least one of natural convection and a pressure differential."(one of A and B)

2) "To enhance the ability of the battery box to draw air from the vehicle frame it is envisioned to create one of a lower temperature air zone or a lower pressure air zone adjacent to an outlet vent or vents in the battery box. (one of A or B)

取り付け、搭載:
"Vehicle frames typically have one or more parallel chassis rails or other frame members which provide structural support for the vehicle. The components of various vehicle systems are mounted to the vehicle frame. For example, components such as an engine, mechanical system components, electrical system components, hydraulic system components, a fuel tank, etc. can be mounted to the vehicle frame."

2) "For example, vehicles with liquid cooled engines, such as internal combustion engines, generally mount the engine cooling heat exchanger (radiator) at the front of the engine compartment, just behind the bumper and grille, so as to take advantage of the ram air effect at high vehicle speeds."

envision:
1) "Accordingly, it is envisioned that the hollow frame members can serve as a source of external air."（想定）

2) "Alternatively, it is envisioned that composite materials or a combination of composite and metallic materials may be utilized."（想定）

feasible:
"To maximize the effective draw of the high velocity air on the battery box 8, it is feasible to provide a battery box having a parallel-piped shape with the vents and corresponding elevated projections oriented transverse to the axis of elongation"（考えられる）

comtemplate (consider; think about doing):
1) "Rather, the disclosure contemplates the battery disposed within a space or compartment in the vehicle into which air flow can be directed.

2) "the present disclosure contemplates use of the high velocity air generated by the fan and/or fan shroud (those terms having interchangeable meaning herein) to create a low pressure zone adjacent the battery box"

wherein,where:
"For example, the common c-rail frame member, wherein a flat piece of steel is rolled to form a c-shaped beam, can provide a source of airflow."（すなわち）

2) "Perhaps an improved source of airflow can be achieved if a boxed frame is employed, wherein two c-rail frame members are welded together or a flat sheet of metal is bent into four sidewalls and welded at the open intersection."（すなわち、この場合）

3) "Interior high-pressure metal forming technology may be employed where the material doubles at the connection surfaces of the hollow sections which are interconnected in a positive-locking manner."（この場合）

4) "The compartment can be fully enclosed, such as the battery box, or partially enclosed wherein fewer than six walls are provided."（この場合）

5) "The temperature of a car's engine is controlled by circulating engine coolant that picks up heat generated from engine combustion and transports it directly to a car's radiator where it is cooled and then returns to the car's engine."（そこで）

作製、作る：
"Extruded tubes can be made from steel or light metal such as aluminum."

参照番号挟み：
"Both the front 16 and back end 17 openings of the side frames 12 are sealed with filters 18 and 19, respectively."

このように：
"An air intake duct 20 is connected to the front end part of the front side sill 14. Air intake duct 20 includes conduit 22 connected to the battery box 8. In this manner, during operation of the vehicle, air is forced into the side frames 12 through the openings 16 and travels to the battery box 8 through the air intake duct 20 and conduit 22."

関係代名詞の並列：
"In commercial practice, the fan is generally mounted to a support shroud that both physically secures the fan to the vehicle, and which also surrounds the fan to confine and direct the air efficiently through the radiator."

隣接：
1) "Since this zone is typically adjacent the elevated temperature surfaces of the internal combustion engine, this area is often one of the highest temperature areas within the engine compartment."

2) "According to a common construction, radiator 30 is provided adjacent a front grill body 42 in the vehicle body"

3) "Accordingly, by providing battery box vents 48 adjacent to this relatively cool region of engine compartment 10, a preferential flow of warm air contained with the battery box 8 to the relatively cooler engine compartment region occurs"

配設：
"Referring now to FIG. 2, an engine compartment 10 is depicted within which an internal combustion engine 28 is disposed."

離れ、離間：
"This relatively cool zone exists remote from internal combustion engine 28"

締めの定型：
"The exemplary embodiment has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the exemplary embodiment be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof"

US5,630,981(Method for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography)

US5630981(3D Systems, Inc.)

可能：
"1. A method of producing a three-dimensional object from a medium capable of solidification when subjected to prescribed synergistic stimulation"

により、を使用して：
"using data representing said object, generated using a CAD system, for forming successive cross-sectional layers of structure of said object at a surface of said medium"

先行：
1) "coating over each precedingly formed cross-sectional layer of structure of said object with a layer of said medium and adhering each successive cross-sectional layer of structure to a preceding cross-sectional layer of structure to produce said object."

2) "forming successive layers of medium adjacent to any previously formed cross-sectional layers of structure"

過去形：
1) "providing data representing the three-dimensional object to be formed which was generated on CAD system"（クレーム；whichはdataに係る）

2) "In this way, the solid material that was initially formed at the working surface is moved away from that surface and new liquid flows into the working surface position."

3) "If the design has to be modified, it can be easily done through the computer, and then another part can be made to verify that the change was correct." 

whereby:
1) "This invention relates generally to improvements in methods and apparatus for forming three-dimensional objects from a fluid medium and, more particularly, to stereolithography involving the application of lithographic techniques to production of three-dimensional objects, whereby such objects can be formed rapidly, reliably, accurately and economically."

2) "forming and adhering successive cross-sectional layers of structure to any previously formed cross-sectional layers of structure by exposing said medium to said synergistic stimulation in response to said data, whereby a plurality of adhered cross-sectional layers of structure form the three-dimensional object."

通常、通例：
"It is common practice in the production of plastic parts and the like to first design such a part and then painstakingly produce a prototype of the part, all involving considerable time, effort and expense. "

量産型の：
"Most production plastic parts are injection molded."

機械加工：
"While other processes are available for the production of plastic parts, including direct machine work"

短期の：
"vacuum-forming and direct forming, such methods are typically only cost effective for short run production, and the parts produced are usually inferior in quality to molded parts.

選択的に焦点を合わせる：
"a fluid medium which is selectively cured by beams of radiation brought to selective focus at prescribed intersection points within the three-dimensional volume of the fluid medium."

典型的：
"Typical of such three-dimensional systems are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,041,476, 4,078,229, 4,238,840 and 4,288,861."

wherein, where（そこで、この場合、その際）：
1) "In this regard, the various approaches described in the prior art include the use of a pair of electromagnetic radiation beams directed to intersect at specified coordinates, wherein the various beams may be of the same or differing wavelengths, or where beams are used sequentially to intersect the same points rather than simultaneously, but in all cases only the beam intersection points are stimulated to sufficient energy levels to accomplish the necessary curing process for forming a three-dimensional object within the volume of the fluid medium."（長い。悪文？）

2) "Computer generated graphics displayed on a plotter or a cathode ray tube are also forms of lithography, where the image is a picture of a computer coded object."

3) "A typical example of CAD is in the area of electronic printed circuit design, where a computer and plotter draw the design of a printed circuit board, given the design parameters as computer data input.

4) "A typical example of CAM is a numerically controlled milling machine, where a computer and a milling machine produce metal parts, given the proper programming instructions."

5) "Similarly, the stereolithography process may be utilized as an "add on" process where the elevator platform 29 will be used to pick up and locate another part for supplementary stereolithographic processing."

必要性、需要：
1) "Yet there continues to be a long existing need in the design and production arts for the capability of rapidly and reliably moving from the design stage to the prototype stage and to ultimate production, particularly moving directly from computer designs for such plastic parts to virtually immediate prototypes and the facility for large scale production on an economical and automatic basis."

2) "Accordingly, those concerned with the development and production of three-dimensional plastic objects and the like have long recognized the desirability for further improvement in"

満たす：
"The present invention clearly fulfills all of these needs."

分詞、being：
"Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides a new and improved system for generating a three-dimensional object by forming successive, adjacent, cross-sectional laminae of that object at the surface of a fluid medium capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation, the successive laminae being automatically integrated as they are formed to define the desired three-dimensional object."

例示：
"In a presently preferred embodiment, by way of example and not necessarily by way of limitation,"

照射、照らす：
1) "A programmed movable spot beam of UV light shining on a surface or layer of UV curable liquid is used to form a solid cross-section of the object at the surface of the liquid.

2) "impinging radiation other than ultraviolet light"（ぶつける、当てる）

～だけ、分：
"The object is then moved, in a programmed manner, away from the liquid surface by the thickness of one layer"

toの繰り返し：
"Complex forms are more easily created by using the functions of a computer to help generate the programmed commands and to then send the program signals to the stereolithographic object forming subsystem.

等：
1) "Of course, it will be appreciated that other forms of appropriate synergistic stimulation for a curable fluid medium, such as particle bombardment (electron beams and the like)"

2) "a suitable platform to which the first lamina is secured is moved away from the working surface in a programmed manner by any appropriate actuator, typically all under the control of a micro-computer or the like"

代名詞：
1) "Thereafter, an appropriate form of synergistic stimulation, such as a spot of UV light or the like, is applied as a graphic pattern at the specified working surface of the fluid medium to form thin, solid, individual layers at that surface"

2) "Ultimate production rates and parts costs should be similar to current injection molding costs for short run production, with even lower labor costs than those associated with injection molding."

3) "by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed at a selected surface of a fluid medium, e.g., a UV curable liquid or the like, capable of altering its physical state in response to appropriate synergistic stimulation"

ながら、同時に：
1) "Superposition of successive adjacent layers on each other is automatically accomplished, as they are formed, to integrate the layers and define the desired three-dimensional object."

2) "Step 14 in FIG. 2 calls for superimposing successive adjacent layers or laminae on each other as they are formed"

上述の：
"The aforedescribed technique is more specifically outlined in the flowchart of FIG. 2"

call for:
"Step 10 in FIG. 1 calls for the generation of individual solid laminae representing cross-sections of a three-dimensional object to be formed."

このように：
"The surface of the UV curable liquid 22 is maintained at a constant level in the container 21, and the spot of UV light 27, or other suitable form of reactive stimulation, of sufficient intensity to cure the liquid and convert it to a solid material is moved across the working surface 23 in a programmed manner. As the liquid 22 cures and solid material forms, the elevator platform 29 that was initially just below surface 23 is moved down from the surface in a programmed manner by any suitable actuator. In this way, the solid material that was initially formed is taken below surface 23 and new liquid 22 flows across the surface 23."

must, should:
"The curable liquid 22, e.g., UV curable liquid, must have several important properties. A) It must cure fast enough with the available UV light source to allow practical object formation times. B) It must be adhesive, so that successive layers will adhere to each other. C) Its viscosity must be low enough so that fresh liquid material will quickly flow across the surface when the elevator moves the object. D) It should absorb UV so that the film formed will be reasonably thin. E) It must be reasonably soluble in some solvent in the liquid state, and reasonably insoluble in that same solvent in the solid state, so that the object can be washed free of the UV cure liquid and partially cured liquid after the object has been formed. F) It should be as non-toxic and non-irritating as possible."

ように：
"The source 26 is arranged so it can be programmed to be turned off and on"

最後の定型：
"It will be apparent from the foregoing that, while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims."

接着

Adhesive (Wiki)
"An adhesive is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation.^[1] The term "adhesive" may be used interchangeably with glue, cement, mucilage, or paste.^[2] "

Adhesive bonding
"Adhesive bonding is used to fasten two surfaces together, usually producing a smooth bond..."

What is the difference between a glue and an adhesive?
"The difference between glue and adhesive is merely technical, if not trivial..."

Answers
Adhesive:
"A material capable of fastening two other materials together by means of surface attachment..."

US8465469
"The metal tube [25] may have a pattern of apertures [55] through which the hollow core [20] and the polymeric outer jacket [30] are adhered to each other."

"Metal tube 25 may also have a pattern of apertures 55, through which hollow core 20 and outer jacket 30 may be adhered to each other, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. For example, outer jacket 30 may be formed about metal tube 25 by the process of thermoplastic extrusion, which includes forcing jacket material into apertures 55 and into melt-bonding contact with hollow core 20. Alternatively, outer jacket 30 may be compression molded around metal tube 25 by the use of shrink tubing, which can be removed afterwards."

US5630981(3D Systems, Inc.)
1) "The elevator platform 29 is typically fabricated of either glass or aluminum, but any material to which the cured plastic material will adhere is suitable."

2) "a plurality of adhered cross-sectional layers of structure form the three-dimensional object."

3) "The object is then moved, in a programmed manner, away from the liquid surface by the thickness of one layer, and the next cross-section is then formed and adhered to the immediately preceding layer defining the object."

US7355153(Nuzzolillo)
"The liner unit has a plurality of disposable liners in a stack and which are adhered to each other to be peeled off each other."

US7,000,288(Hose and wand assembly)

US7000288 (Dyson Limited)

～のように：
"A hose and wand assembly for a domestic appliance includes a flexible hose portion, a rigid wand portion and a handgrip portion. The hose terminates in a curved end portion which couples to the wand in such a manner that the hose is able to swivel about the longitudinal axis of the wand."

連通：
"The end portion has an outlet which communicates with the interior of the wand."

可能：
1) "The support is capable of pivotal movement about the longitudinal axis of the rigid wand portion."

2) "A hose and wand assembly, comprising a flexible hose portion connectable to a body of an appliance, a rigid wand portion attachable to or including a tool for use with the appliance"

3) "the rigid wand portion being manoeuverable, in use, by means of the handgrip portion"

4) "The hose and wand assembly according to claim 1, wherein the flexible hose portion is able to rotate with respect to the rigid wand portion through a limited angular distance."

分詞being:
"wherein the end portion has a support on the outer wall thereof, the support being located upstream of the outlet, extending over a span between the end portion and the rigid wand portion at a second location and being capable of rotational movement about the longitudinal axis of the rigid wand portion."

クレームでの関係代名詞：
"The hose and wand assembly according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the handgrip portion comprises a gripping portion which is located in the vicinity of the coupling between the flexible hose portion and the rigid wand portion."（which isは無い方がベター？）

～の側：
"The hose and wand assembly according to claim 8, wherein the gripping portion is located on the side of the coupling which is remote from the rigid wand portion."

から構成される:
1) "Cylinder vacuum cleaners generally comprise a main body containing separating apparatus for separating dirt and dust from an airflow."（クレーム以外でのcompriseの使用はincludeによく直された）

2) "The hose and wand assembly 20 comprises a flexible hose portion 22 which is connected at its proximal end and in a known manner to the main body 12 via a connecting socket (not shown)."

から成る：
"The wand portion 34 consists of two telescopically-slidable portions so that the overall length of the wand portion 34 can be adjusted to suit the needs of the user of the vacuum cleaner 10."（これもよくincludeに直された）

隣接：
"A handgrip portion is commonly located at the end of the rigid wand portion remote from the cleaning tool and adjacent the flexible hose." (adjacent to？）

塵埃を含んだ：
"By means of the gripping portion, the cleaning tool is manoeuvered over the surface to be cleaned so as to introduce dirt-laden air to the main body."

接触：
"ground-engaging cleaning head mounted on the body."

～により、手段：
1) "However, many upright vacuum cleaners are convertible into cylinder cleaners by way of a hose and wand assembly which can optionally be brought into operation in place of the ground-engaging cleaning head."

2) "For example, the floor tool 36 can be connected to the wand portion 34 by means of an interference fit, interconnecting bayonet fittings, snap-fit connections, a screw threaded collar and sleeve, or by any other suitable means"

3) "It will be appreciated that the means by which the portions of the wand portion are telescopically moveable, and the means by which the floor tool 36 and/or the accessory tools 32 are connected to the wand portion 34, are immaterial to the present invention"

配設：
1) "a fan driven by the motor and arranged to develop suction within the separating apparatus 18"

2) "The end of the wand portion 34 remote from the hose portion 22 is adapted and arranged to receive a floor tool 36 in any known manner."

設計：
"filters designed and located so as to protect the fan and motor"

主電源：
"an electric cable for connection to a mains supply and an on/off control switch"

作る、製造：
"The hose portion 22 is manufactured from a durable plastics material using any known, standard construction."

有利：
"It is highly advantageous if the floor tool 36 is connectable to the wand portion 34 by means which will also allow the accessory tools 32 to be connected to the wand portion 34 as and when desired."

代名詞：
"A handgrip portion 38 is attached to the end of the wand portion 34 adjacent its connection with the hose portion 22." （itはwand portion 34）

「34と22との接続部分に隣接して、38が34に取り付けられている。」

代名詞は嫌われますが、この場合代名詞を使わないとすれば？
1) 38 is attached to ... 34 adjacent the part  (portion, area, location, etc.) where (at which?) 34 is connected with 22

2) 38 is attached to ... 34 adjacent to where 34 is connected with 22

3) 38 is attached to ... 34 adjacent to the connection (coupling, joint, etc.) between 34 and 22とか？

US6,311,730(Communications conduit installation)

US6311730

softenable:
heat-softenable polymer

配合:
These or other thermoplastics may be specially compounded to have lower than usual softening temperatures

Ｃ形：
folded transversely (across the diameter) into a "C"

作業現場で：
At the job site, hot air or stream is passed through the liner

好適には：
Preferably, a thermoplastic having some degree of shape memory is selected so that the unfolding of the liner to its circular cross-section shape is facilitated.

等：
1) a plug, mandrel, or like device may be pulled through the still soft liner to ensure that it has unfolded properly and makes good contact with the interior pipe wall.

2) Flexible thermoset liners contain a fibrous structure containing any convenient fiber type, such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, textile fibers, and the like.

種類：
Thermoset liners are of several types.

～時：
either at the time of manufacture, just prior to insertion into the pipe, or following insertion

回外、外反、裏返し：
the liners may be introduced into the pipeline by "eversion", wherein newly introduced liner is inserted into previously introduced liner and everted in the pipe.

構成：
The liner may also, due to is inherently greater flexibility than softened rigid liner, be inserted into the pipe in a flattened state or in other configurations.

用いる：
Fiber optic cables, in particular, are now being resorted to or contemplated for use in providing broadband digital communication paths.

提案された方法によれば：
One method which has been suggested to provide for cables located within a liquid or gas transport pipeline is to

設置、配設：
a robot which mounts `J" hooks in the topmost portion of the pipeline

開示：
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,472, a dual leakage containment system is disclosed wherein into the original pipeline are inserted two concentric liners with spacings in-between.

低下：
Thus, fluid carrying capacity is diminished.

上述のように：
As indicated previously, it is generally undesirable to have cables, particularly at connection or splice points, to be in contact with liquid environments due to signal loss and to extraction of stabilizers from the cable insulation, which may result in premature failure. 

望まれる、望ましい：
It would be desirable to provide the ability to employ the presently existing, huge pipeline infrastructure for telecommunications use without necessarily abandoning the original function of the pipeline, and without exposure of the telecommunications cables to adverse environments

副詞のbetween:
The present invention is directed to a cost-effective method of pipeline relining wherein a flexible, "curable" liner [1] containing a major fluid transport passage and one or more totally enclosed communications cable conduits [5] which are not in fluid communication with the liner [1] interior or with any interstice between, is introduced into a pipeline [21] designed and/or used for the transport of fluids, and to pipeline liners suitable for such method.
（between [5] and [1]）


therebetween:
However, the use of two concentric liners, particularly those having a space therebetween, is not only double expensive（この場合betweenでも良いのかな？）

such, such a:
and to pipeline liners suitable for such method
（以前ＮＣに違いを聞いたら、"such method"は正に上述のmethodそのもので、such a methodと言うと「そんな（それに類する）method」だとの説明。しかし、日本語原稿で「そのような方法」とある場合、単純にsuch a methodでいいのか？ＮＣでは確かsuch a methodにすると、such methodか、the methodに直されることが多かったような気がします。）

参考になりそうなENGLISH GODDIES様サイト。

詳細な説明冒頭の複数形：
The conduit-providing pipe reliners of the present invention are flexible pipeline liners

どんな～でもよい：
The liner material may be of any type useful in pipeline relining, e.g., the thermoplastic and thermoset liners previously discussed.

コポリマー、ターポリマー、またはさらに高次（？）のポリマー：
co-, ter- and higher polymers containing repeating moieties derived from monomers which are copolymerizable with the olefin monomers,

例えば：
and halogenated thermoplastics formed from halogen-containing monomers, examples being polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyvinyl chloride, particularly the latter.

長時間：
The thermoplastics may also contain crosslinkable monomer-derived units which can be used to crosslink the thermoplastic following extended exposure to heat.

限りは～でもよい：
The thermoplastics may contain a portion of already crosslinked tri- or higher functional units ("mers") so long as the ability of the pipe to be rendered flexible at reasonable temperatures is retained.

マスターバッチ

マスターバッチ

軟化：
flexibilize

共押出：
coextrusion

配合：
compound, compounding efficiency

elongation-at-break

pre- and post-consumer recycled plastics

ブレンド：
blend

相溶化：
compatibilize

ペレット化：
pelletize

生ずる:
small amounts of fumes may evolve from the resin

静電気：
static buidup
address static at the source
dissipate static charge
anti-stat resin, anti-stat performance

difficult-to-disperse ingredients

小売り：
at retail

外側

車両構造
Advanced multistage front airbags that adjust airbag output to crash severity

Supplemental side-curtain front and rear airbags⁺ offer side protection for all of the outboard occupants

Honyaku Mailing List

翻訳者の意見交換フォーラム

US6,473,337 (Memory device having memory cells with magnetic tunnel junction)

US6473337(Hewlett-Packard Company)

積層：
1) the isolation diodes and transistors are typically active silicon-based elements, which are most readily formed on a silicon crystal substrate. Isolation elements of this type may preclude stacking of multiple layers of fuse OTP arrays, decreasing possible device capacity. Silicon-based isolation elements such as micro-crystalline and amorphous diodes and transistors may enable stacking, but increase complexity and cost of fabrication.

2) Conventional anti-fuse memory cells typically include a metal-dielectric-metal stack

作製、作る：
1) Mask ROM memories are programmed at the time of fabrication

2) wherein the insulators are made from dielectric materials

実現：
 As in most manufacturing processes, cost savings are realized with increased volume.

必要性：
A need therefore exists for a low-cost memory device having memory cells capable of high density arrangement. A need also exists for a memory device that does not require excessive processing power.

交差：
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a memory array 100 having dual tunnel junction memory cells 130. In the memory array 100, word lines 110 extend in horizontal rows, and bit lines 120 extend in vertical columns. The word lines 110 cross the bit lines 120 at memory cells 130. Each memory cell 130 can store a binary state of either "1" or "0."

either:
The memory cell of claim 1, wherein the second tunnel junction comprises: two conductors, one conductor disposed on either side of the insulator.
１）こういうeitherもＮＣで嫌われたような気がしますが、理由が分かりません。eachでＯＫ？
２）two conductors of which としていない。 

書き込む：
method of writing to a memory array

～のうちの１つ：
applying one of a write voltage or a write current to a selected memory cell （one of A and Bじゃない・・・）

代名詞：
Nonvolatile memory devices are desirable because they do not require power to retain data.（こういうtheyも何か指摘されたような気がしますが、代名詞は100％不可という訳ではなくて、誤解を生ずる余地が無ければ代名詞でもＯＫってことなんでしょうねえ・・・？それともやっぱり主語を繰り返すべき？）

冠詞：
EPROM memory utilizes Fowler-Nordheim tunneling to transfer charge from a substrate to a floating gate in the memory cell. EPROM memories require a large write voltage, and the write speed in EPROM devices is limited by tunneling current density. （EPROM、最初は無冠詞単数、次は無冠詞複数、memoryとdeviceも取り混ぜて縦横無尽、融通無碍、さすが原住民！）

field programming：現場でのプログラミング
field book, field assay, field circumstance

有する:
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a memory array having dual tunnel junction memory cells（クレームじゃなくてもhavingか・・・）

US6,266,218(Magnetic sensors having antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled layers)

US6266218(IBM)

作られている、構成される、成る、有する：
1) The longitudinal bias structure is built up of a top ferromagnetic bias layer ..., a bottom ferromagnetic bias layer ..., and an exchange-coupling layer disposed between the top and bottom bias layers.

2) The longitudinal bias structure of claim 8, wherein said exchange-coupling layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of Ru, Cr, Rh, Cu.

3) wherein at least one of said top ferromagnetic bias layer and said bottom ferromagnetic bias layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Co, Fe, Ni and alloys of Co, Fe and Ni. （から構成される）

4) wherein said bottom ferromagnetic bias layer comprises a portion of said free layer（を構成する）

5) Exchange-coupling layer 16 is made of a non-magnetic material, e.g., a transition metal or an alloy containing a transition metal capable of inducing anti-parallel coupling between top layer 12 and bottom layer 14.

作製する：
known techniques for fabricating magnetoresistive readback sensors（fabricateは捏造の意味があるからmanufactureによく直されたが、実例は多い）

（図面）ページに向かう（から出る）方向：
FIG. 1A shows a typical GMR readback sensor according to the prior art. The sensor has a high coercivity ferromagnetic pinned layer 4 with a fixed magnetic moment pointing unto the page and a low coercivity ferromagnetic free layer 5 with a movable magnetic moment, which can rotate from pointing into the page to pointing out of the page.

生じる：
When free layer 5 is allowed to have more than one magnetic domain, then it experiences Barkhausen jumps and other domain reorientation phenomena during magnetic reversal as when responding to external magnetic fields encoding data in a magnetic recording disk. This problem is also known in the art and is highly undesirable as it produces noise and worsens the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the sensor.

方策、方式、手段：
In order to provide the longitudinal biasing field and prevent Barkhausen noise several schemes have been employed.

参照：
For more details on this longitudinal biasing scheme the reader is referred to U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,440 to Fontana et al.

must, should, require:
In order to increase the data density, the thickness of the free layer must be decreased. For a data density of about 3 Gb/in.sup.2, the free layer should have a magnetic moment equivalent to that of about 70 Angstroms of Ni.sub.80 Fe.sub.20 alloy; for a data density of about 40 Gb/in.sup.2, the free layer should have a thickness equivalent to about 45 Angstroms of Ni.sub.80 Fe.sub.20 alloy.Reducing the thickness (and therefore M.sub.r T.sub.free) of the free layer requires a corresponding reduction in the M.sub.r T.sub.bias of the hard bias layers. Specifically, the proportionality constant between the free layer M.sub.r T.sub.free and hard bias M.sub.r T.sub.bias (i.e. 1.7) should be roughly preserved, although the exact value depends on specific geometric considerations. （英訳時に同様に使えるかどうか・・・？）

問題：
problems are encountered when one attempts to ...

代名詞：
The M.sub.r T.sub.bias value of the hard bias layer can be reduced by decreasing its thickness. However, this is undesirable because it reduces the coercivity of the hard bias layer, making it susceptible to external fields and its own demagnetizing fields and thus making it less effective at suppressing Barkhausen noise.

必要性：
Finally, there exists a need in the art of micromagnetic sensors for a longitudinal biasing structure that is capable of providing longitudinal biasing of extremely thin ferromagnetic films. Such a longitudinal biasing structure would facilitate the use of magnetic readback sensors in data storage devices having extremely high data densities.

作用：
when there is no applied magnetic field acting on structure 10

自動詞：
Because the magnetizations of bias layers 12, 14 are anti-parallel they subtract and thus reduce an overall or net magnetic moment of structure 10. （双方の磁化は減算され）