headlight, headlamp, 前照灯、前方を照射

Headlamp, Wikipedia

A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to illuminate（＊照射）the road ahead. Headlamps are also often called headlights, but in the most precise usage, headlamp is the term for the device itself and headlight is the term for the beam of light produced and distributed by the device.

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The earliest headlamps, fuelled by combustible gas such as acetylene gas or oil, operated from the late 1880s. Acetylene gas lamps were popular in 1900s because the flame is resistant to wind and rain. Thick concave mirrors combined with magnifying lenses projected（＊投射）the acetylene flame light.[4] A number of car manufacturers offered Prest-O-Lite calcium carbide acetylene gas generator cylinder with gas feed pipes for lights as standard equipment for 1904 cars.

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The Guide Lamp Company introduced "dipping" (low-beam) headlamps in 1915, but the 1917 Cadillac system allowed the light to be dipped using a lever inside the car rather than requiring the driver to stop and get out. The 1924 Bilux bulb was the first modern unit, having the light for both low (dipped) and high (main) beams of a headlamp emitting from（＊から照射、発光）a single bulb. 

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Modern headlamps are electrically operated, positioned in pairs, one or two on each side of the front of a vehicle. A headlamp system is required to produce a low and a high beam, which may be produced by multiple pairs of single-beam lamps or by a pair of dual-beam lamps, or a mix of single-beam and dual-beam lamps. High beams cast（＊投射、照射）most of their light straight ahead, maximizing seeing distance but producing too much glare for safe use when other vehicles are present on the road. Because there is no special control of upward light, high beams also cause backdazzle from fog, rain and snow due to the retroreflection of the water droplets. Low beams have stricter control of upward light, and direct（＊向ける）most of their light downward and either rightward (in right-traffic countries) or leftward (in left-traffic countries), to provide forward visibility without excessive glare or backdazzle.

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Low beam (dipped beam, passing beam, meeting beam) headlamps provide a distribution of light designed to provide forward and lateral illumination（＊前方を照射）, with limits on light directed towards the eyes of other road users to control glare. This beam is intended for use whenever other vehicles are present ahead, whether oncoming（＊対向）or being overtaken（＊追い越し）.

The international ECE Regulations for filament headlamps[29] and for high-intensity discharge headlamps[30] specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cutoff preventing significant amounts of light from being cast into the eyes（＊目に照射）of drivers of preceding or oncoming cars. Control of glare（＊グレア、眩しさ）is less strict in the North American SAE beam standard contained in FMVSS / CMVSS 108.[31]

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High beam (main beam, driving beam, full beam) headlamps provide a bright, center-weighted distribution of light with no particular control of light directed towards other road users' eyes. As such, they are only suitable for use when alone on the road, as the glare they produce will dazzle（＊眩ます、眩しい）other drivers.

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Because wrong-side-of-road headlamps blind（＊眩ます、眩しい）oncoming drivers and do not adequately light the driver's way, and blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, some countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic-handedness.[34][35] North American vehicle owners sometimes privately import and install Japanese-market (JDM) headlamps on their car in the mistaken belief that the beam performance will be better, when in fact such misapplication is quite hazardous and illegal.[36][37]

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There are two different beam pattern and headlamp construction standards in use in the world: The ECE standard, which is allowed or required in virtually all industrialized countries except the United States, and the SAE standard that is mandatory only in the US. Japan formerly had bespoke lighting regulations similar to the US standards, but for the left side of the road. However, Japan now adheres to the ECE standard. The differences between the SAE and ECE headlamp standards are primarily in the amount of glare permitted toward other drivers on low beam (SAE permits much more glare), the minimum amount of light required to be thrown straight down the road（＊道路に沿って真っすぐ照射）(SAE requires more), and the specific locations within the beam at which minimum and maximum light levels are specified.

着ぐるみの造形

「大魔神シリーズなどで着ぐるみの造形を手掛けたレジェンド」

「造形屋さんが監督なんてそうあることじゃない」

「まずは造形。軽くて動かしやすいかが問題です」

 

朝日新聞夕刊、2024年7月13日

 

shaping

production

fabrication

manufacture

making

design

ブレイキング・バッド2巡目視聴中：How do you mean?

「どういう意味ですか？」に対応する英語は通常、What do you mean?だと言われますが、How do you mean?も使われている。

この場面では普通に「どういう意味ですか？」と聞いている。

Breaking Bad Dialog Transcript, 178

ドラマに関連の記事（Quora）：

"Is it true that Breaking Bad wasn't big until it went on Netflix?"

"How do you mean “big?”"

 

前回記事：ドラマ　ホームランド：What do you mean? How do you mean?

 

Me:

What is the difference in meaning, nuance, intention, etc., between "What do you mean?" and "How do you mean?" Are they both commonly used among native speakers of English?

 

ChatGPT:

The phrases "What do you mean?" and "How do you mean?" have subtle differences in meaning, nuance, and usage.

"What do you mean?"

• Meaning: This question asks for clarification about the content or substance of what someone has said. It seeks to understand the exact meaning of a statement.
• Nuance: It is a straightforward request for more information or clarification. It can sometimes come across as direct or even slightly confrontational, depending on the context and tone.
• Usage: This phrase is very commonly used among native English speakers in both formal and informal settings.

"How do you mean?"

• Meaning: This question asks for clarification about the manner or method in which something was meant. It seeks to understand the speaker's perspective or the way they are framing their statement.
• Nuance: This phrase can come across as more open-ended and less direct. It implies a request for the speaker to elaborate on their thought process or the way they intended their message.
• Usage: This phrase is less commonly used than "What do you mean?" and is more likely to be heard in British English than in American English. It can sometimes be used to gently probe for more information without sounding as direct as "What do you mean?"

Examples:

• "What do you mean?"

  • Person A: "I think the project is doomed."
  • Person B: "What do you mean?"
  • Here, Person B is asking for a clear explanation of why Person A thinks the project is doomed.

• "How do you mean?"

  • Person A: "I think we should approach this problem differently."
  • Person B: "How do you mean?"
  • Here, Person B is asking for more details about the manner or approach that Person A has in mind.

In summary, while both phrases seek clarification, "What do you mean?" focuses on the content, and "How do you mean?" focuses on the manner or perspective. "What do you mean?" is more commonly used among native English speakers.

 

So Do I, So Am I

"Mom's always smiling. So do I." (A remark by a major leager when asked why he always has a smile on his face.)  

前文の進行形に揃えていない。

 

 

まとめて一枚：n-up

"N-Up: Prints 2 or more original images, reduced to fit onto one sheet of paper (see N-up copying)", Copying, Samsung

昇り順

ascending: increasing in size or value (Cambridge Dictionary); rising or increasing to higher levels, values, or degrees (Merriam-Webster)

ascending order of importance, price, height, date, etc.

ascending order from lowest to highest

 

演出

ドアミラーを別パーツとしてスケール感を演出

The side mirrors are provided as separate parts to enhance scale reality　みたいな？

eachの後複数

US2017322169(SCS FOREST PRODUCTS INC [US])
(2) A continuous mode where wood for various products is dried concurrently, albeit according to each product specifications（＊文法的にはeach product's specificationsだろう。それか形容詞としてeach-productか？）; in particular, such continuous wood drying includes the movement of the stacks of wood between drying chambers.

 

とは反対側の

US11302643(INTEL CORP [US])（既出）
may provide conductive pathways between the device layer(s) 1604 and additional conductive contacts (not shown) on the opposite side of the IC device 1600 from the conductive contacts 1636 .

デバイス層1604と、ICデバイス1600の、伝導性接点1636とは反対側の追加的な伝導性接点（図示せず）との間に伝導性経路を提供してもよい。

判断したとき、判断した場合、判断する：When determined (?)

US8645372(EVRI INC [US])
1. A method in a computing system for improving the relevance of search results retrieved from one or more keyword-based search engines, comprising:

receiving an indication of a designated entity having a name;

determining whether the name of the designated entity is likely to lead to relevancy errors when used in a keyword-based search by performing a test to determine if the name of the designated entity matches a word that is not an entity, the name of the designated entity is a substring of a different entity's name, the name of the designated entity matches a name of a different entity having a facet that is not shared by the designated entity, or the name of the designated entity matches a name of a different entity with a facet that is shared with the designated entity;

when determined that the name of the designated entity is likely to lead to relevancy errors, determining whether the name of the designated entity should be enhanced with an entity-specific enhancement, a facet-specific enhancement, or both types of enhancements, to formulate an enhanced query strategy, wherein the enhanced query strategy comprises a plurality of automatically generated queries that include disambiguation information, wherein an entity-specific enhancement includes a name of an entity, action, or property value related to the designated entity or related through a facet of the designated entity, and wherein a facet-specific enhancement includes one or more terms related to a facet; and

US9380440(AT & T IP I LP [US])
[0045] The system 300 can typically include a monitoring component 302 that can monitor a user's current location and/or identify a change in a user's location. The monitoring component can receive user related information, for example, a user's IP address, when a user's phone is relocated. In one example, the monitoring component 302 can monitor and identify when a user registers to the network (e.g. VoIP network). Specifically, the monitoring component 302 can determine an IP address utilized during registration. If the IP address has changed or is new, the monitoring component 302 can determine that the user has moved to a new location.

[0046] When determined that the user location has changed (e.g. by the monitoring component 302 ), a location determination component 304 can be employed to identify the new/changed location of the user. 

US9535565(MICROSOFT CORP [US])
7. A method according to claim 6, further comprising: when determined that the space cannot accommodate resizing, according to whether a manual adjustment to a window size has been made and/or according to minimum window sizes, resizing the two or more currently displayed windows to accommodate insertion of the target window next to the edge.

 

ネイティブ例もありますが、When it is determined thatや、Upon determining thatの方が一般的では？

能動態で機能や動作を説明

基板を収容する容器

1) Container in which substrate is contained/housed/accommodated.（現在収容されている状態のニュアンスが強い；現在なのか未来なのか曖昧）

2) Container that contains/houses/accommodates substrate.（containはともかく、収容する機能、動作のニュアンスが強い）

when, if

when：そうなる前提、タイミング

if：そうなるかどうか不明、可能性

装着される：時期、タイミング、現在、未来

US2021387410(XEROX CORP [US])（＊既出）
[0036] A side cross-sectional view of the extruder 108 is shown in FIG. 2A. The extruder 108 includes a housing 264 in which an inlet 216 is formed for connection to an outlet of the heater 208 so the extruder can receive thermoplastic material.
【００３６】
    押出機１０８の側断面図が図２Ａに示されている。押出機１０８は、押出機が熱可塑性材料を受容することができるように、入口２１６をヒータ２０８の出口に接続するために形成されるハウジング２６４を含む。

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Heaters 298 are mounted to the exterior of the housing 264 to maintain the thermoplastic material in the bore within a predetermined temperature range that keeps the thermoplastic material flowable.
ヒータ２９８は、ボア内の熱可塑性材料を、熱可塑性材料を流動可能に維持する所定の温度範囲内に維持するために、ハウジング２６４の外側に装着される。

（＊現在装着されている）

 

US9943310(ETHICON ENDO SURGERY INC [US])（＊既出）
[0420] In general, a conventional circular stapler or fastening device consists of an elongated shaft that includes a proximal actuating mechanism and a distal stapling mechanism that is mounted to the shaft.
【０３１５】
  一般に、従来の円形ステープラー又は締結装置は、近位の作動機構と、シャフトに装着された遠位のステープル留め機構とを含む細長いシャフトからなる。

The distal stapling mechanism typically consists of a fixed stapling cartridge that contains a plurality of staples that are arranged in a concentric circular array. 
遠位のステープリング機構は、典型的に、同心円状のアレイ状に配置された複数のステープルを収容する固定型ステープリングカートリッジからなる。

A round cutting knife is also concentrically mounted in the cartridge such that it is interior to the staples.
丸い刃物がまた、その刃物がステープルの内部にあるように、同心状にカートリッジ内に装着される（＊現在装着されている）。

 

＊Rotating Blade System, Endoscopic Circular Stapler, Touchstone

 

US8281974(TYCO HEALTHCARE [US])
[0044] The distal end of pusher back 100 includes a pusher 134 ( FIG. 1E). Pusher 134 includes a multiplicity of distally extending fingers 136 dimensioned to be slidably received within slots (not shown) formed in staple guide 104 to eject staples (not shown) therefrom. Cylindrical knife 102 is retained within the central throughbore of pusher back 100 to fixedly secure knife 102 in relation to pusher 134 . Knife 102 may be retained within pusher back 100 using adhesives, crimping, pins, friction, etc. The distal end of knife 102 includes a circular cutting edge.

US2020325353(APPLIED MATERIALS INC [US])（＊既出）
Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) processes are commonly used for planarization of substrates during fabrication of semiconductor devices.
【０００２】
  化学機械研磨（ＣＭＰ）プロセスは、半導体デバイスの製造中に、基板を平坦化するために一般的に用いられている。

During CMP processing, a substrate is mounted on a carrier head with the device surface placed against a rotating polishing pad.
ＣＭＰ処理中、基板は、デバイスの表面が回転する研磨パッドに接触した状態で、キャリアヘッドに装着される。

EP2846721(SPINAL SIMPLICITY LLC [US])（＊既出）
[0089] Figure 21a is a perspective view of another bone plate assembly 800a fastened to a bone 50 in the dynamic or closed position in accordance with the subject technology.
【００４７】
  図２１ａは、本発明に従い、動的すなわち閉位置において、骨５０に装着された別の骨プレートアセンブリ８００ａの斜視図である。

The bone plate assembly 800a has outer plates 802a that mount to the bone 50.
骨プレートアセンブリ８００ａは、骨５０に装着される（＊使用時に装着される（ようになっている））外側プレート８０２ａを有する。

US10937332(BOEING CO [US])（＊既出）
[0040] The frame body 304 in the illustrated embodiment is coupled to support arms 308 that are connected to and extend from a control unit 310 .
【００３２】
  図示の実施形態におけるフレーム本体304は、制御ユニット310に接続されて（＊現在）制御ユニット310から延伸する支持アーム308に結合される（現在）。

As should be appreciated, the control unit 310 is mounted either directly or indirectly (e.g., via a movable member) to the cabin shell 108 , such as to the aircraft frame.
認識すべきように、制御ユニット310は、キャビンシェル108に対して、例えば航空機フレームに対して直接的に或いは（可動部材を介して）間接的に装着される（＊未来；使用時のはず）。

1. A vehicle simulator system comprising:

a visual projector including（＊現在）a visual system optics;

a virtual heads up display (VHUD) projector mounted within（＊現在）the visual system optics of the visual projector;

a projection screen configured to project（＊未来）images generated by the visual projector and the VHUD projector; and

a VHUD eye reference frame mounted at eye level to（＊未来のはず；「装着されている」ではなく「装着される」；クレームされているのはシミュレータシステム自体で、キャビンシェルは含まないはず）a cabin shell of（＊「の」は「用」か？）the vehicle simulator system, the VHUD eye reference frame comprising a wire frame with an empty space therein to allow viewing of the projected images, wherein the wire frame is attached via a mounting structure to the cabin shell such that the wire frame is movable.

5. The vehicle simulator system of claim 1, wherein the wire frame is coupled to support arms that extend from a control unit, wherein the control unit is mounted to the cabin shell, and wherein the mounting structure includes the control unit.

される、されている：未来、現在

「この回路は基板に実装される」

1) This circuit is mounted on a substrate.（未来でも現在でも使える？「される」と「されている」両方の意味に解釈可能？）

2) This circuit is to be mounted on a substrate.

3) This circuit will be mounted on a substrate.

4) This circuit is for mounting on a substrate.

 

「この回路は基板に実装されている」

5) This circuit is mounted on a substrate

 

using, by using, with

Using：理由、手段かどうか不明瞭；単なるwhile、付帯状況かも知れない

By using：理由、手段であることが明瞭

With：手段

 

１．By using 、 Using、 With の使い分け – 混乱しやすい英語の用法、Writing Buzz

by using:　道具や手段、特定、特別なツールや方法

using:　特別でないツールや方法

with:　カジュアル

 

２．【英語論文の書き方】第4回「～を用いて」の表現：by と with の違い、ワールド翻訳サービス

by： 抽象的手段（動作・行為、方法・手法）

by using： 強調や他との対比など，何らかの理由がある場合

with： 具体的手段（道具，物質・物体，材料）

 

３．Word Choice: “Using” vs “By Using”, Proofed

using：直接の手段かどうか不明確；whileの意味かも知れない

by using：直接の手段であることが明確

a. I made money using my phone. （ケータイ自体を使っただけではなく、ケータイを介して色々宣伝したり売り買いしたり；whileかも）

b. I made money by using my phone. (ケータイを使うという行為（だけ；by）でお金ができた；普通当てはまらない)  

c. I managed to not get lost using the directions you sent me. (因果関係が曖昧；道案内を利用してる最中に迷わなかった、だけかも知れない；whileかも) 

d. I managed to not get lost by using the directions you sent me. (因果関係が明瞭；道案内のお蔭で迷わなかった；because of, by reason of）

e. Using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions. （使用と合意の因果関係曖昧；whileかも）

f. By using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions. （使用すなわち合意；because of, by reason of）

 

４．What is difference between "using" and "by using"? English Language & Usage

a. On-screen keyboards allow people with mobility impairments to type data using a joystick or a pointing device.（ジョイスティックを使うのは人；allow people to do ... using；人が使ってタイプする）

b1. On-screen keyboards allow people with mobility impairments to type data by using a joystick or a pointing device.（キーボードがジョイスティックを使うことにより、人がタイプすることを可能にする；keyboards allow ... by using）

b2. By using a joystick or a pointing device, an on-screen keyboard allows people with mobility impairments to type data.（キーボードがジョイスティックを使うことが明確；keyboards allow ... by using）

c. I got rich playing football.（whileかも知れない）

d. I got rich by playing football.（手段、理由）

"However, in today's popular culture, they basically mean the same thing"

 

５．このシステムは特別なモデルを使って数を生成する。

a. This system generates a number by using a special model.

b. This system generates a number using a special model.

どちらでも良いんでしょうが、「特別なモデル」なんだからaの方が良い？

 

６．このシステムは四則演算を使って数を生成する。

a. This system generates a number by using the four basic arithmetic operators.

b. This system generates a number using the four basic arithmetic operators.

これも多分どちらでも良いんでしょう。しかしbの場合、文章、文脈によってはusingの主語が直前の名詞に係ると解釈される可能性もあるような気がします（上記４aのように）。