アリ溝

US5359813
"Carriage traverse assembly 30 includes motor 32, coupling 34, and lead screw mechanism 36. Coupling 34 enables the motor to deliver rotational force to the lead screw mechanism 36, despite shaft misalignments, and the lead screw mechanism translates such force into linear motion which moves carriage 38 along base 28 in the direction of arrows A and B. Swivel table 40 is secured atop carriage 38, and moves in concert with the carriage. A cover 42 is secured to one side of carriage 38, and extends laterally to prevent debris from entering the narrow gap defined between carriage 38 and base 28; bearings and lubricating fluid fit within the narrow gap (not visible in FIG. 1) to insure smooth, and precise, movement of carriage 38. A second cover is secured to the opposite end of the carriage. 

Tailstock 44 is secured to swivel table 40 by a dovetail connection; tailstock 44 is movable laterally along swivel table 40, as indicated by the directional arrows A and B."

「このキャリッジ横断組立体３０は、モータ３０と、継ぎ手３４と、リードスクリュウ機構３６を含む。継ぎ手３４は、たとえ軸ズレがあってもモータの回転駆動力がリードスクリュウ機構３６に伝達可能にでき、またリードスクリュウ機構３６はこのような駆動力を直線運動に変換して、キャリッジ３８を矢印ＡとＢ方向にベース２８に沿うように移動する。スイベルテーブル４０は、キャリッジ３８の上に固定されており、キャリッジと協動して移動する。カバー４２はキャリッジ３８の側面に固定されて横方向に延設されており、キャリッジ３８とベース２８の間で規定される狭い隙間から研磨紛が内部に侵入することを防止して、（図１では見る事ができない）隙間と軸受けの間に潤滑液が浸透して、円滑で正確なキャリッジ３８の移動を保証する。このキャリッジの反対側には第２のカバーが固定される。

  テイルストック４４はスイベルテーブル４０に対してアリ溝結合され、このテイルストク４４はスイベルテーブル４０に沿うように横方向の矢印ＡとＢ方向に移動可能にされる。」

WO2015040617
"1. A trocar adapted for insertion through a fascia layer of an abdominal wall, comprising: 
a proximal end configured for handling by a user; 
a distal end configured for insertion into tissue; and 
a shaft extending in between said proximal end and distal end; 
wherein said shaft comprises a narrow portion proximal to said distal end, said narrow portion defining at least one recess shaped and sized to receive fascia tissue, said recess ending, at a distal end of said recess, with a generally proximally facing surface of said shaft configured directly below said narrow portion, said proximally facing surface and said narrow portion shaped and sized to stabilize said trocar in the abdominal wall by the fascia."

"37. The kit according to claim 36, wherein said recess is trapezoidal and defines a dovetail coupling between said anchor and said cannula."

「1. 腹壁の筋膜層を通る挿入のために適合されたトロカールであって、 
使用者による取り扱いのために構成された近位端と、 
組織への挿入のために構成された遠位端と、 
前記近位端と前記遠位端との間に延びるシャフトと 
を備え、 
ここにおいて、前記シャフトは、前記遠位端の近位に狭窄部分を備え、前記狭窄部分は、筋膜組織を受け入れるような形状および大きさにされた少なくとも１つの凹部を画定し、前記凹部は前記凹部の遠位端で終わり、前記シャフトの全体的に近位に向いた表面は前記狭窄部分の真下に構成され、前記近位に向いた表面および前記狭窄部分は、前記筋膜によって前記腹壁内で前記トロカールを安定させるような形状および大きさとされる、トロカール。」

「37. 前記凹部は台形であり、前記アンカーと前記カニューレとの間で結合するアリ溝を画定する、請求項３６に記載のキット。」

US9587745(JP)
"The cross-sectional shape of the buffer groove 11 may be, for example, in a semicircular shape as shown in FIG. 2B, a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 2C, or a dovetail groove shape as shown in FIG. 2D, but is not limited thereto."

「[0029] また、緩衝溝１１の断面形状は、特に限定されないが、例えば、図２（ｂ）に示すような半円状、同（ｃ）に示すような矩形、同（ｄ）に示すようなアリ溝状に形成される。」

絞り加工

WO2011128385
(Ab)
"A method and apparatus are disclosed which are suitable for use in the manufacture of two-piece metal containers. In particular, a press is disclosed which makes cup sections from metal sheet using a combination of drawing and stretching operations. The cups resulting from the press have the advantage of having a base thickness that is thinner relative to the ingoing gauge of the metal sheet."

「本発明は、ツーピース金属容器の製造での使用に適する方法及び装置を提供する。特に、絞り加工及び延伸加工工程の組み合わせを用いて、金属シートからカップセクションを作るプレス機が開示される。プレス機から得られるカップには、金属シートの到来標準寸法と比較して薄い基部を備えるという利点がある。」

WO2009154653
(Ab)
"Metal discs, preferably circular, are cut to a precise diameter and drawn to a preform with a channel and skirt for an aerosol valve mounting cup. The preform then undergoes further forming operations at the stations in a press system. 'Bumping' is carried out on the skirt edge at a station, to eliminate non- burr trimming of the cup edge, save material and obtain a carefully controlled skirt height and a substantially even skirt edge with minimized earring. The resultant cup terminating skirt edge is characterized by reformed metal. A further coaxing or pinch-cut operation may be performed on the cup skirt."

「好ましくは円形である金属ディスクが、正確な直径に切断され、エアロゾルバルブの装着カップのチャネルとスカートとを備えたプリフォームに絞り加工される。そして、このプリフォームは、プレス加工システムのステーションでさらなる形成動作を受ける。カップの縁のトリミングの必要性をなくし、材料を節約し、注意深く制御されたスカート高さと、イヤリングが最小のほぼ平坦なスカートの縁を得るために、所定のステーションでスカートの縁に「バンピング」が行われる。製造されたカップのスカートの終端縁は、変形された金属により特徴付けられる。さらなるコーキシング又はピンチカット動作が、このカップのスカートに行われることができる。」

愛国心は・・・

「愛国心はならず者の最後の拠り所」

"Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel." (Political views of Samuel Johnson, Wikipedia)

半減する

WO2010059568
"1. A combination, comprising: a multilayer optical film having a plurality of microlayers arranged into optical repeat units for reflecting light over an extended wavelength band, adjacent microlayers having refractive index differences that define a first and second in-plane axis（＊なぜ単数？同一名称複数部材の修飾、冠詞、初出）, such that the film has a reflectivity of at least 75% for all polarization states of normally incident light, the refractive index differences also being such that for p-polarized light incident on the film in a first plane of incidence that includes the first axis, the film has a reflectivity that decreases by at least half from an initial value at normal incidence to a value Rl at an incidence angle θoblique, but for p-polarized light incident on the film in a second plane that includes the second axis, the film has a reflectivity R2 > Rl at the incidence angle θoblique; and a polarizer having a pass axis and a block axis, the polarizer and the multilayer optical film being disposed to define an oblique transmission lobe; wherein the optical repeat units have an optical thickness distribution across a thickness of the multilayer optical film, the thickness distribution defining a thin side and a thick side of the multilayer optical film, thinner ones of the optical repeat units being disposed generally towards the thin side and thicker ones of the optical repeat units being disposed generally towards the thick side; and wherein the thin and thick sides of the multilayer optical films are oriented relative to the polarizer to enhance an azimuthal collimation Δφe of the transmission lobe."

「  拡張された波長帯域にわたって光を反射するために光学的反復単位で配置された複数のマイクロ層を有する多層光学フィルムであって、隣接するマイクロ層は、前記フィルムが全ての偏光状態の垂直入射光において少なくとも７５％の反射率を有するように、第１面内軸及び第２面内軸を画定する屈折率差を有し、該屈折率差はまた、前記第１面内軸を含む第１入射面にて前記フィルムに入射するｐ偏光に関し、前記フィルムが垂直入射における初期値から斜角θの入射における値Ｒ１まで、少なくとも半減する反射率を有し、前記第２面内軸を含む第２面にてフィルムに入射するｐ偏光に関し、前記フィルムが斜角θの入射におけるＲ１よりも大きいＲ２の反射率を有するように構成される、多層光学フィルムと、

  透過軸及び遮蔽軸を有する偏光子であって、該偏光子及び前記多層光学フィルムが斜めの透過ローブを画定するように配される、偏光子と、を含む、組み合わせ体であって、

  前記光学的反復単位が前記多層光学フィルムの厚さ方向に光学的厚さ分布を有し、前記光学的厚さ分布は前記多層光学フィルムの薄い側及び厚い側を画定し、前記光学的反復単位のより薄いものが概して前記薄い側に向けて配され、前記光学的反復単位のより厚いものが概して前記厚い側に向けて配され、

  前記多層光学フィルムの前記薄い側及び前記厚い側が、前記透過ローブの方位コリメーションΔφｅを向上させるように前記偏光子に対して方向付けられる、組み合わせ体」

US5612908
(Ab)
"Image processing for multimedia workstations is a computationally intensive task requiring special purpose hardware to meet the high speed requirements associated with the task. One type of specialized hardware that meets the computation high speed requirements is the mesh connected computer. Such a computer becomes a massively parallel machine when an array of computers interconnected by a network are replicated in a machine. The nearest neighbor mesh computer consists of an NxN square array of Processor Elements(PEs) where each PE is connected to the North, South, East and West PEs only. Assuming a single wire interface between PEs, there are a total of 2N2 wires in the mesh structure. Under the assumtion of SIMD operation with uni-directional message and data transfers between the processing elements in the meah, for example all PES transferring data North, it is possible to reconfigure the array by placing the symmetric processing elements together and sharing the north-south wires with the east-west wires, thereby reducing the wiring complexity in half, i.e. N2 without affecting performance. The resulting diagonal folded mesh array processor, which is called Oracle, allows the matrix transformation operation to be accomplished in one cycle by simple interchange of the data elements in the dual symmetric processor elements. The use of Oracle for a parallel 2-D convolution mechanish for image processing and multimedia applications and for a finite difference method of solving differential equations is presented, concentrating on the computational aspects of the algorithm."

「最近隣メッシュ・コンピュータはＮｘＮ方形アレイのプロセッサ要素（ＰＥ）からなり、各ＰＥが東西南北のＰＥのみに接続されている。ＰＥの間に単線のインタフェースを想定した場合、メッシュ構造内には合計２Ｎ2本のワイヤが存在する。たとえば、すべてのＰＥが北へデータの転送を行うＳＩＭＤ操作を想定した場合、対称的な処理要素を重ね合わせ、北－南のワイヤと東－西のワイヤを共用し、これによって、配線をＮ2本に半減することによって、アレイを再構成することが可能である。これによって、マトリックス変形操作を２重対称処理要素内のデータ要素を交換するだけで１サイクルで行えるようになる。」

WO2015195531
"These CD8+ T cells were then cultured in the presence of immobilized anti-CD3 antibody, a treatment known to stimulate polyclonal T cell activation, and treated stimulated cultures with soluble versions of either synTac IGRP-PD-L1 or synTac TUM-PD- Ll to examine the antigen specificity of any suppressive effect. A version of synTac IGRP without PD-L1 served as an effector control for the MOD domain. Before seeding, cells were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), a fluorescent cytosolic dye whose intensity halves with each cell division, in order to monitor the extent of T cell activation- induced cellular proliferation. After a 5 day culture period, cells were harvested and examined using flow cytometry for viability and proliferation. Supernatants were also examined for the expression of the CD8+ T cell effector cytokines IFNy and TNFa using a multiplexed flow cytometric bead assay. All CD8+ T cell activation parameters examined were suppressed in an antigen-specific and effector (i.e. MOD) domain-dependent manner, shown in FIG. 8A- 8D. That is, IGRP-PD-L1 synTac was highly suppressive relative to either TUM-PD-L1 synTac or IGRP-(without PD-L1) indicating that the activity of synTac was dependent on both the peptide-MHC and MOD domains (FIG. 8D). SynTac was able to suppress IFNy secretion by approximately 100 fold and resulted in the death of the vast majority of cells, suggesting that synTac bearing PDL1 as a MOD domain is capable of functionally suppressing as well as eliminating targeted specificities. "

「これらのＣＤ８＋Ｔ細胞を次に、固定化抗ＣＤ３抗体の存在下で培養、すなわち、ポリクローナルＴ細胞活性化を刺激し、刺激された培養物は、可溶性型のｓｙｎＴａｃ ＩＧＲＰ−ＰＤ−Ｌ１またはｓｙｎＴａｃ ＴＵＭ−ＰＤ−Ｌ１のどちらかで処理し、任意の抑制効果の抗原特異性を調べた。ＰＤ−Ｌ１のないｓｙｎＴａｃ ＩＧＲＰ型は、ＭＯＤドメインに対するエフェクターの対照としての役割を果たした。播種の前に、Ｔ細胞活性化で誘導される細胞増殖の程度を観察するために、細胞をカルボキシフルオレセインスクシンイミジルエステル（ＣＦＳＥ）、すなわち、細胞分裂ごとにその強度が半減する蛍光細胞質染料で標識化した。５日間の培養後、細胞を採取し、フローサイトメトリーを用いて生存率と増殖を調べた。上清もまた、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ細胞エフェクターサイトカインのＩＦＮγ及びＴＮＦα発現について、多重化フローサイトメトリービーズアッセイを用いて調べた。調べたすべてのＣＤ８＋Ｔ細胞活性化パラメータは、図８Ａ〜８Ｄに示すように、抗原特異的かつエフェクター（すなわち、ＭＯＤ）ドメイン依存的に抑制された。すなわち、ＩＧＲＰ−ＰＤ−Ｌ１ ｓｙｎＴａｃは、ＴＵＭ−ＰＤ−Ｌ１ ｓｙｎＴａｃまたはＩＧＲＰ−（ＰＤ−Ｌ１なし）のどちらかと比較して非常に抑制的で、ｓｙｎＴａｃの活性はペプチド−ＭＨＣ及びＭＯＤドメインの両方に依存することが示された（図８Ｄ）。ｓｙｎＴａｃは、ＩＦＮγの分泌を約１００倍抑制することができ、大部分の細胞の死をもたらし、ＭＯＤドメインとしてＰＤＬ１を有するｓｙｎＴａｃは、標的化特異性の機能的な抑制及び排除が可能であることが示唆された。」

巻装

US2013134841(JP)
"1. A motor for electric power steering, comprising: 
a motor main body for outputting an assist torque to a steering wheel of a vehicle;
a resolver provided to one end portion of a shaft of the motor main body, for detecting a rotational position of a rotor provided to another end portion of the shaft;
a controller provided between the resolver and the motor main body so as to be shielded from the resolver, for controlling supply of a current from a battery mounted in the vehicle to the motor main body so as to control driving of the motor main body; and
terminals for electrically connecting the resolver and the controller, for transmitting an output voltage from the resolver to the controller,
the resolver including a stator core having teeth, an insulator covering the stator core, and coils wound around the teeth through the insulator,
wherein the motor for electric power steering includes sealing means provided between the housing for separating the controller and the resolver from each other and the insulator opposed to the housing so as to surround a fixing portion for fixing base end portions of the terminals electrically connected to distal end portions of conductors of the coils, for preventing a foreign substance from entering interior of the controller."

「  車両のハンドルに対して補助トルクを出力するモータ本体と、

  このモータ本体のシャフトの一端部に設けられ、シャフトの他端部に設けられた回転子の回転位置を検出するレゾルバと、

  このレゾルバと前記モータ本体との間にレゾルバに対して遮蔽されて設けられ前記車両に搭載されたバッテリからの電流をモータ本体に供給するのを制御してモータ本体の駆動を制御する制御装置と、

  前記レゾルバと前記制御装置とを電気的に接続し、レゾルバからの出力電圧を制御装置に送るターミナルとを備え、

  前記レゾルバは、ティースを有するステータコアと、このステータコアを覆ったインシュレータと、ティースにインシュレータを介して巻装されたコイルとを有する電動パワーステアリング用モータにおいて、

  前記制御装置と前記レゾルバとを区画したハウジングと、このハウジングに対向した前記インシュレータとの間であって、前記コイルの導線の先端部と電気的に接続された前記ターミナルの基端部を固定する固定部の周囲を囲って設けられ、異物が前記制御装置の内部に侵入するのを防止するシール手段を有することを特徴とする電動パワーステアリング用モータ」

流れる磁束

WO2016039746
"1. A permanent magnet synchronous motor comprising:
a stator with a stator winding;
a rotor with a rotor core rotatable relative to the stator, the rotor being radially inwardly or outwardly disposed relative to the stator with an air gap therebetween; and
a magnetic structure with at least one permanent magnet mounted to the rotor core, the magnetic structure producing a magnetic flux that flows between different magnetic poles of the magnetic structure through a main magnetic flux path that passes through the stator winding of the stator via the air gap and a leakage magnetic flux path that is located within the rotor core about an end portion of the permanent magnet near the air gap,
the stator, the rotor and the magnetic structure being further configured to satisfy the following expressions:
Vs ><Rg + Rs>Vm
Rr η =<Rg + RS>> 0.2
Rb + Rg + Rs
where Vs represents magnetomotive force of the stator winding, Vm represents
magnetomotive force of the magnetic structure, Rg represents magnetic resistance of the air gap, Rs represents magnetic resistance of the stator along the main magnetic flux path, Rr represents magnetic resistance of the rotor core along the main magnetic flux path, Rb represents magnetic resistance of the rotor core along the leakage magnetic flux path, and η represents a ratio of a leakage magnetic flux of the magnetic flux that flows through the leakage magnetic flux path relative to a total magnetic flux of the magnetic flux that is produced by the magnetic structure."

「1. 永久磁石同期モータであって、 
固定子巻線を備えた固定子と、 
前記固定子に対して回転可能な回転子コアを備え、前記固定子との間に空隙をもって該固定子に対し径方向内側又は径方向外側に配置される回転子と、 
前記回転子コアに取り付けられた少なくとも１つの永久磁石を備えた磁気構造体と、 
を備え、 
前記磁気構造体は、主磁束経路を通って該磁気構造体の異なる磁極の間を流れる磁束を生成し、 
前記主磁束経路は、前記空隙及び漏洩磁束経路を経由して前記固定子の前記固定子巻線を通過し、 
前記漏洩磁束経路は、前記回転子コア内における前記永久磁石の前記空隙寄りの端部周辺に位置され、 
さらに、前記固定子、前記回転子、及び前記磁気構造体は、以下の式 
（ただし、Ｖｓは前記固定子巻線の起磁力を表し、Ｖｍは前記磁気構造体の起磁力を表し、Ｒｇは前記空隙の磁気抵抗を表し、Ｒｓは前記主磁束経路に沿う前記固定子の磁気抵抗を表し、Ｒｒは前記主磁束経路に沿う前記回転子コアの磁気抵抗を表し、Ｒｂは前記漏洩磁束経路に沿う前記回転子コアの磁気抵抗を表し、ηは、前記磁気構造体によって生成される全磁束に対する、前記漏洩磁束経路を通って流れる磁束としての漏洩磁束の比を表す）、 
を満たすように構成される、 
永久磁石同期モータ。」

WO9717698
(Ab)
"A rotary actuator which carries magnetic read/write heads (14) into engagement with a magnetic recording medium has a rotor which includes an arm (16), a pivot assembly (18) and return path members (30, 32) extending from the pivot assembly (18). The stator includes a permanent magnet (26), a magnetic member (28) and magnetic coils (22, 24) on the magnetic member (28). When the magnetic coils (22, 24) are energized, flux flowing through the magnetic member (28) and the return path members (30, 32) aids or detracts from the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet (26)."

「磁気読取り／書込みヘッド１４を磁気記録媒体と接触させる回転アクチュエータが、アーム１６と、ピボット組立体１８と、帰磁路部材３０、３２とを含む回転子を有している。固定子は、永久磁石２６と、磁性部材２８と、磁性部材２８に配置された磁気コイル２２、２４とを含んでいる。磁気コイル２２、２４が励磁されると、磁性部材２８と帰磁路部材３０、３２とを流れる磁束が、永久磁石２６による磁束を補助するか、弱めるかする。」

US5164869
"Each of the coils 18 and 20 are provided with two electrical leads 48, 50 and 52, 54 respectively, and the sense of winding of the coils 18, 20 on legs 16l and 16r magnetic yoke 16 is opposite. By connecting WRITE control circuits 56 across electrical leads 48 and 54 and connecting electrical leads 50 and 52 together, a WRITE current I produces a flux in the direction of arrow 58 in leg 16l of magnetic yoke 16 and produces a flux in the direction of arrow 60 in leg 16r of magnetic yoke 16. This flux provides a substantial magnetomotive potential difference between first pole 12 and second pole 14 which provides an efficient WRITE process. In the WRITE process, to the first order, no WRITE flux flows through the flux guide 24 due to the symmetry of the magnetic yoke 16, so there is minimal disturbance of the read head by the WRITE process. Equivalent operation can be obtained by connecting the two coils together internally as shown in FIG. 9 in which conductor 47 is deposited to connect coils 18 and 20."

「[0020] コイル１８と２０のそれぞれには２つの通電導線４８，５０および５２，５４がついており、磁気ヨーク１６の脚１６ｌと１６ｒ上のコイル１８と２０の巻き方は反対である。書込み制御回路５６を通電導線４８および５４と接続し、また通電導線５０と５２を接続することにより、書込み電流は磁気ヨーク１６の脚１６ｌ内に矢印５８の方向に磁束を生成し、また磁気ヨーク１６の脚１６ｒ内には矢印６０の方向に磁束を生成する。この磁束は第１極１２と第２極１４の間に実質的起磁力電位差を発生しそれにより効果的書込みプロセスが行なわれる。この書込みプロセスでは、磁気ヨーク１６の対称性により磁束ガイド２４中には書込み磁束は流れない。したがって書込みプロセスによる読取りヘッドの乱れは最少となる。同じ動作は図９に示すようにコイル１８と２０を接続するために導線４７を置き、内部で二つのコイルを接続することにより実施できる。」

ブラシレスモータ２

US7495363
"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

DC motors are known in the art. Various control system implementations in a variety of architectures typically depend on a DC motor as the prime motive force. For example, a DC motor may serve to rotate or translate a panel, structure, or related device.

Designers continually face the challenge of packaging and power density with respect to DC motors. Designers typically must strive to put as much power for as low cost in as small volume as possible. In almost every control system product, a cost Pareto analysis will reveal that the most costly single component is the motor, just as it is the prime constraint to achieving a certain level of performance. In the past twenty years, motor drive electronics have been reduced dramatically in terms of size and price to enable unprecedented capability for a given package size. However, there have been no significant improvements in DC motor technologies. Many current actuation systems face an immediate need（＊必要）for small, high power, low cost motors, and face with price targets that present day technologies may not meet.

For example, brushless DC (BLDC) motors require more touch labor（＊手作業）to produce as they become smaller. This is primarily because of the difficulty of winding many turns of fine wire in the slots of the stator. The best winding fill that can be produced goes towards 50% or less as the slots become smaller. Also, the motor constant (torque/root-watt) gets smaller and smaller, becoming unacceptable at some point. The performance in actuation systems also suffers as the motor gets smaller because of the reduction in bandwidth resulting from the relationship of torque diminishing faster than inertia. Thus, for the smallest actuation systems, the BLDC motors become too expensive, too sluggish, or both.

As a result, in the realm of small actuation systems, brush motors have become the motor of choice. This has been primarily on the basis of motor rotor diameter versus motor overall diameter. The performance is better than equal size BLDC motors, but frequently is not good enough. The smallest brush motors are likewise very expensive for the same reasons, and also suffer from brush noise and lack of reliability. The brushes and commutator bars pose potential problems during long storage and over-demanding environments.

In view of the aforementioned shortcomings associated with motor design for small actuation systems, there is a strong need（＊必要）in the art for a motor suitable for use in small actuation systems without sacrificing cost and/or performance. Moreover, there is a strong need in the art for a method of making such a motor.

...

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a motor which is suitable for use in small actuation systems without sacrificing cost and/or performance, as will become more apparent based on the following detailed description. Generally speaking, the present invention is a motor, and preferably a multi-phase brushless DC motor, produced with a small number stator windings within each slot. In a preferred embodiment, there is only a single turn winding within a given slot. As will be appreciated, the single turn stator windings allow the conductor (e.g., copper) fill of the stator slots to be maximized. The resulting motor is operated by what may be viewed as an exceptionally low voltage, high current inverter.

The motor of the present invention offers many advantages over conventional designs. For example, the maximized fill of the stator slots allows for a reduction in stator cross section, thus allowing for a larger rotor diameter for a given overall diameter. Moreover, the interconnection of the single turn or few turn windings can be performed by automated processes such as wire bonding as used in the hybrid electronics industry as discussed below.

The low voltage, high current inverter (servo-amplifier) drives the motor and operates preferably in a different voltage/current regime than the inverters used with conventional motors. Specifically, the present invention incorporates an inverter which utilizes high current power switches, such as those recently developed for use in desktop computing as is explained in more detail below.

The motor of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference labels are used to refer to like elements throughout.

Referring initially to FIG. 1, a, maximum conductor motor 10 and inverter 12 are shown in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In the exemplary embodiment, the motor 10 is a three-phase brushless DC motor, although it will be appreciated that the motor 10 could instead include some other number of phases without necessarily departing from the scope of the invention（＊発明の範囲）. Also, the motor 10 may include brushes and/or be an AC motor without necessarily departing from the scope of the invention.

The inverter 12 includes a controller 14 and a switching network 16. The switching network 16 includes a DC source such as a voltage/current supply 18together with a plurality of switches SW1 thru SW6. The voltage/current supply 18 and switches SW1-SW6 are configured to provide three-phase power (Phases A, B and C) to the motor 10 as will be readily understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. The windings of the motor 10 may be connected in a delta or wye configuration, for example.

The controller 14 is configured as is conventional（＊従来、慣用、通常）to provide switching control signals to the switches SW1-SW6 such that the switches are turned on/off（＊オンオフ）at appropriate times（＊タイミング）to apply three-phase power voltages to the motor 10. In the exemplary embodiment, the motor 10 includes one or more rotor position sensors (not shown) such as a Hall effect device or the like（＊等）, which provide position feedback signal(s) to the controller 14. Based on such feedback signal(s), the controller 14 turns on/off the switches SW1-SW6 in known fashion（＊公知）in order to apply the appropriate phase voltages from the voltage/current supply 18 to the motor 10.

As will be explained in further detail below in connection with FIGS. 2-6, the motor 10 includes a stator having slots which, unlike conventional motors, preferably includes only a single turn（＊巻き数）of any given phase winding. By making the winding in each slot a single turn, the motor 10 may be manufactured without labor intensive hand winding, etc. In the smallest motors 10, such approach is believed to enable levels of performance not currently possible with conventional motor design. Even if each slot 10 includes a small number of turns, e.g., 10 or less, the present invention still provides advantage in reduced fabor, etc.

In the preferred embodiment, since each slot in the motor stator includes only a single turn winding of a given phase, the resulting torque constant, back emf, inductance and resistance of the motor 10 will be very low as will be discussed herein. Consequently, the switching network 16 of the inverter 12 must be capable of high current, low voltage electronic switching. The present invention draws from recent developments in the desktop computer market. Specifically, power switches have been developed that can handle the high currents and rapid switching called for by the motor 10. For example, the switches SW1-SW6may be any of a variety of commercially available power switches such as DirectFET™ power MOSFETs from International Rectifier, or similar devices from Vishay Company. Such switches make the high current, low voltage switching of the inverter 12 both feasible and inexpensive.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the motor 10 is shown in relevant part in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The motor 10 includes a stator assembly 20 made up of（＊から成る）a stator 22 and windings (generally designated（＊参照番号）24). In addition, the motor 10 includes a rotor 26 shown in phantom（＊透視線、仮想線、破線）. The rotor 26 is of conventional construction. Thus, further detail as to the rotor 26 has been omitted for sake of brevity（＊省略）.

The stator 22 is conventional in that（＊通常、従来通り）it includes a plurality of teeth 28 and a plurality of slots 30 defined between respectively adjacent teeth 28. The stator 22 is further conventional in that it may be made up of a stack of laminations（＊積層）, etc. In another embodiment, as discussed below, for example, the stator 22 may be a conventional slotless stator. The particular makeup（＊構成）of the stator 22 itself also is not germane to the invention, and thus further detail has been omitted for sake of brevity.

In the exemplary embodiment, each slot 30 includes two copper bars 24.1 and 24.2, respectively. The copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 are positioned side-by-side（＊並列）within the slot 30 and each represent an electrical conductor. Although the bars 24.1 and 24.2 are preferably copper in the exemplary embodiment, other electrically conductive materials may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.

The copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 represent winding segments and run the length of（＊端から端まで、長さに亘って）the respective slot 30. Moreover, the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 are sized such that when positioned side-by-side in the respective slot 30, the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 fill substantially all of the cross-section of the slot 30 (i.e., in the plane shown in FIG. 2). The copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 each include an electrically insulating sheath 32 which serves to insulate the copper bars from one another while minimizing the non-electrically conducting fill within the cross-section of each slot 30. The sheath 32 may be made of（＊で形成、成る）a layer of varnish, rubber, high-temperature plastic, etc., as will be appreciated.

In accordance with the invention, the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 in each of the slots 30 are interconnected in a predetermined manner at their respective ends. More specifically, the respective ends of the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 are exposed at the top and bottom of the stator stack 22. The copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 are interconnected with each other such that each copper bar represents a single turn belonging to one of the windings (i.e., the A-phase winding, the B-phase winding or the C-phase winding). The manner in which the windings of the different phases are distributed throughout the slots 30 is conventional in accordance with multi-phase motor winding techniques. The present invention is not intended to be limited（＊非限定）to any particular distribution pattern of the different phases as will be appreciated. The present invention is different from conventional winding techniques in the sense that instead of many turns for a given winding being present in a slot, each copper bar within a slot 30 forms only a single turn for a respective winding.

Thus, for example, FIG. 2 illustrates how a given slot 30 includes copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 designated as being a single turn for the A-phase winding and the B-phase winding, respectively. Although shown in FIG. 2 only for two turns each belonging to the A-phase winding, respective turns for the respective windings are electrically connected by an interconnect 38. Each interconnect 38 may be, for example, a wire（＊電線、ワイヤ）which is wire bonded to the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 at respective ends using conventional wire bonding techniques as shown more clearly in FIG. 3. Alternatively, for example, each interconnect 38 may be a conductive bar soldered or welded at respective ends to the copper bars 24.1and 24.2 as shown in FIG. 4.

As will be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art, other techniques may be used for forming each interconnect without departing from the intended scope of the invention. For example, the interconnects 38 may be formed using electrodeposition, electrical connectors, soldering, welding, cold forming, stereolithography, etc. The present invention is not necessarily limited to a particular manner for forming the interconnects 38 unless otherwise specified.

Referring to FIG. 5, the interconnects 38 may be used to form the appropriate phase winding interconnections between the copper bar ends on both the top and bottom of the stator assembly 20. In addition, or in the alternative, the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 may be formed and bent as represented（＊示す）in FIG. 6 in order to form a pair of connected turns. For example, the copper bar 24.2 in FIG. 6 is shaped in somewhat of a U-shape（＊Ｕ形）. The sides of the U are inserted into corresponding slots 30 to represent a single turn of a given winding within the slots. The base of the U forms an electrical interconnect between the turns.

FIG. 6A shows another embodiment analogous to the embodiment of FIG. 5, with the exception that（＊例外、以外、除いて）the interconnects 38 are formed by particular wiring patterns included in/on a printed wiring board (PWB). The ends of the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 can be mounted to the respective wiring pattern in/on the PWB(s) using conventional surface mounting techniques, as will be appreciated.

For ease of illustration, it will be appreciated that the drawings herein show only but a few of the interconnections between the turns. However, even with all of the appropriate connections between the copper bars 24.1 and 24.2 for the respective phases, it will be appreciated that the labor associated with making such connections is much less than that required for forming conventional multi-turn windings, particularly with smaller sized motors.

Although the above embodiments have been described primarily in the context of there being only a single turn of a winding in a given slot, it will be appreciated that a larger number of windings could be utilized in a given slot. However, it will be necessary to then provide additional interconnects 38 to interconnect the multiple windings as will be appreciated. Thus, the present invention is preferably limited to a smaller number of turns (i.e., ten or less), within a given slot.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart representing a method for making the stator assembly 20according to an embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 of the present invention. In step S50, the stator 22 is formed of a lamination stack with teeth 28 and slots 30. The stator 22 may be formed using conventional stator forming techniques, and thus further detail, is omitted.

In step S52, the winding segments (e.g., copper bars 24.1 and 24.2) for the slots 30 are formed. In one embodiment, the segments are extruded using an electrically conductive material and cut to length. The insulating sheath 32 can be formed separately or as part of the extrusion process. In another embodiment, the segments may be cast in the appropriate shape and length. Although extrusion or casting represent preferred manners for forming the segments, any method may be used without departing from the scope of the invention."

ブラシレスモータ

US7737598
"DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following figures. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting（＊非限定）. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.

As shown in the FIG. 1 a motor 10 generally includes a rotor 15 disposed within a stator 20. The rotor 15 is mounted on（＊取付、取り付け）a shaft 30 that extends axially to provide support points and to provide a convenient shaft power take off（＊取出し）point. Generally, two or more bearings 35 engage（＊係合）the rotor shaft 30 and support the rotor 15 such that it rotates about a rotational axis 40. The stator 20 is generally fitted into（＊嵌入、内に配設）a housing 45. The stator 20 defines a substantially cylindrical aperture, or bore 55 as it is commonly referred to in the motor art, that is centered on（＊心合わせ、心出し）the rotational axis 40. When the rotor 15 is in its operating position relative to the stator 20 a small air gap is established（＊形成）between the rotor and the stator. The air gap allows for relatively free rotation of the rotor 15 within the stator 20.

The frame 45, if employed, supports the stator 20. One frame 45, better illustrated in FIG. 11, includes a plurality of empty spaces 46 near the corners. The empty spaces 46 provide cooling passages for cooling air or another cooling fluid. In preferred constructions, the frame 45 includes a plastic material that is injection molded or otherwise formed. In other constructions, an extruded aluminum frame is employed. In still other constructions, other materials and other manufacturing methods may be employed to manufacture the frame 45.

The motor 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is a brushless permanent magnet (PM) motor. As such, the rotor 15 includes a ferromagnetic core and permanent magnets that define two or more magnetic poles. The stator 20 includes one or more phase windings (shown in FIGS. 2-3) that can be selectively energized（＊通電）to produce a magnetic field. The permanent magnets of the rotor 15 interact with the magnetic field of the stator 20 to produce electromagnetic torque and rotor rotation. As one of ordinary skill will realize, the invention is also suited for other types of motors, in addition to the brushless permanent magnet motors illustrated herein. As such, the invention should not be limited to only these types of motors. Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention can also be applied to many types of generators. The figures depict a motor 10 configuration having the rotor 15 placed interior to（＊内側、内部）the stator 20. However, the invention is also applicable to motor configurations, typically referred to as “inside-out motors,” where the rotor is exterior to（＊外側、外部）the stator. In addition, the figures and description presented herein are directed to a stator 20and/or a motor 10. However, many of the features described and illustrated could be applied to wound rotors. Thus, while the figures and description refer to a brushless motor 10 and/or a stator 20, other applications are possible."

ウォーム減速

US8863888(JP)
"1. An electric power steering device
電動パワーステアリング装置
comprising:
a steering column including a steering shaft in the steering column, the steering column transmitting steering torque;
操舵トルクが伝達されるステアリングシャフトを内装するステアリングコラムと、 

an electric motor for transmitting a steering assist force via a worm speed reduction mechanism in a speed reduction gear box to the steering shaft;
前記ステアリングシャフトに減速ギヤボックス内のウォーム減速機構を介して操舵補助力を伝達する電動モータと、 

a control unit for driving the electric motor;
当該電動モータを駆動制御する制御ユニットと、 
and
a motor mounting part provided in the speed reduction gear box, the electric motor being mounted on the motor mounting part, a motor shaft of the electric motor being joined to a worm meshed with a worm wheel of the worm speed reduction mechanism,
前記減速ギヤボックスに設けられ、前記ウォーム減速機構のウォームホイールに噛み合っているウォームにモータ軸を連結した前記電動モータを装着するモータ装着部と、を備え、 

wherein the electric motor includes a motor case formed in a cylindrical shape and having an open end to include a motor rotation part in the motor case, and a substantially disc-shaped flange member linked to the motor case so as to cover the open end of the motor case,
前記電動モータは、一端が開口した筒状に形成されモータ回転部を内蔵しているモータケースと、このモータケースの一端の開口部を閉塞するように結合した略円板形状のフランジ部材と、を備え、 

the flange member is provided with two mounting flanges and at least one first abutting flange at uneven interval in a circumferential direction of the flange member, the two mounting flanges being outwardly swollen and fixed to the motor mounting part, and the first abutting flange being outwardly swollen between the two mounting flanges and abutting to the motor mounting part,
前記フランジ部材は、当該フランジ部材の周方向の不等配の位置に、外方に膨出して前記モータ装着部に固定される２箇所の取付けフランジと、これら２箇所の取付けフランジの間において外方に膨出して前記モータ装着部に当接する少なくとも１箇所の第１当接フランジと、を設け 、 

圧入

GB2524819
"1. Speed sensing apparatus for a vehicle transmission, said apparatus comprising a tone wheel of a rotating output element of the transmission, said tone wheel having a plurality of equispaced substantially radial arms, and an inductive pick-up comprising one of a drain plug, a fill plug or a level plug of a transmission casing.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said tone wheel is annular and adapted for press-fitting onto said output element on the rotational axis thereof.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said output element is an externally toothed drive member.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said drive member is a sprocket.

5. The apparatus of claim 3 or claim 4 wherein said output element comprises an annular shoulder for receiving said tone wheel.

6. The apparatus of any preceding claim wherein said tone wheel has a continuous inner rim extending substantially orthogonally to a radius thereof."

「1. 車両のトランスミッションのための速度検出装置であって、 
速度検出装置は、トランスミッションの回転出力部品のトーンホイールと、誘導性ピックアップとを備え、 
トーンホイールは、実質的に等間隔で配置された複数の半径アームを有し、 
誘導性ピックアップは、ドレインプラグ、フィルプラグ、またはレベルプラグを含むことを特徴とする速度検出装置。 

2. トーンホイールは、環状形状を有し、回転出力部品の回転軸上で回転出力部品に圧入されるように構成されたことを特徴とする請求項１に記載の速度検出装置。 

3. 回転出力部品は、外向きに形成された歯を有する駆動部品であることを特徴とする請求項２に記載の速度検出装置。 

4. 駆動部品はスプロケットであることを特徴とする請求項３に記載の速度検出装置。 

5. 回転出力部品は、トーンホイールを受容する環状ショルダ部を有することを特徴とする請求項３または４に記載の速度検出装置。 

6. トーンホイールは、その半径に対して実質的に直交する方向に延びる連続的な内側リムを有することを特徴とする請求項１〜５のいずれか１に記載の速度検出装置。」

US2015192019
"1. A rotor train torsional mode frequency tuning apparatus, comprising:
a rotor train comprising first and second shafts and a coupling operably disposed between the first and second shafts,
the rotor train having a torsional mode frequency, and
the apparatus further comprising:
a coupling element disposed at the coupling and being configured to adjust the torsional mode frequency of the rotor train by a change in at least one of inertia and/or torsional stiffness in the rotor train.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the coupling element comprises a re-configurable mass.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the coupling element comprises a re-positionable mass.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a stationary element disposed proximate to the coupling element; and
a portable mass supportively disposable on the stationary element or the coupling element.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the coupling element is at least one of mechanically coupled to the coupling, press fit onto the coupling and integrally formed with the coupling and wherein the portable mass comprises an annular plate."

「1. 第１のシャフト（１０５）および第２のシャフト（１０８）と、 
前記第１のシャフト（１０５）と前記第２のシャフト（１０８）との間に動作可能に配置された軸継手（１０９）と、 
前記軸継手（１０９）に配置された連結要素（２）であって、前記第１のシャフト（１０５）および前記第２のシャフト（１０８）ならびに前記軸継手（１０９）を含むロータトレイン（１１０）における慣性および／またはねじり剛性の少なくとも一方の変更によって前記ロータトレイン（１１０）の振動数を調節するように構成されている連結要素（２）と 
を備える、ロータトレインのねじれモードの振動数調整装置（１）。 

2. 前記連結要素（２）が、再構成可能な質量（４０）を備える、請求項１に記載の、ロータトレインのねじれモードの振動数調整装置（１）。 

3. 前記連結要素（２）が、再配置可能な質量（４、１８、２８、３６）を備える、請求項１に記載の、ロータトレインのねじれモードの振動数調整装置（１）。 

4. 前記連結要素（２）の近傍に配置された固定要素（３）と、前記固定要素（３）または前記連結要素（２）に支持配置可能な可搬質量（４）とをさらに備える、請求項１に記載の、ロータトレインのねじれモードの振動数調整装置（１）。 

5. 前記連結要素（２）が、前記軸継手（１０９）に機械的に連結されること、前記軸継手（１０９）上に圧入されること、および前記軸継手（１０９）と一体的に形成されることの少なくともいずれかが行われており、前記可搬質量（４）が、環状板（１８、２８、３６）を備える、請求項４に記載の、ロータトレインのねじれモードの振動数調整装置（１）。」

US2014322006
"5. The exhaust-gas turbocharger as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shaft sleeve (8) is pressed on the shaft (4) by a press fit."

「 前記シャフトスリーブ（８）が圧入嵌めによって前記シャフト（４）にプレスされる請求項１～３のいずれか一項に記載の排気ガスターボチャージャ。」

US2008217865
"11. The shaft seal of claim 10 wherein said outer diameter has a plurality of circumferentially extending ribs spaced from one another by an annular channel, said ribs being sized for partial compression and said annular channel remaining between said ribs upon being press fit into the bore."

「 前記外径は環状チャネルによって互いに離されている、複数の円周方向に延在するリブを有し、前記リブは部分圧縮のために寸法決めされ、前記環状チャネルはボアに圧入されても、前記リブ間に残る、請求項１０に記載のシャフトシール。」

磁束が通る

US2014110508
"Referring to FIG. 1, in the solenoid actuator 1, the coil 3 produces a magnetomotive force (MMF) of NI where N is the number of turns and I is the current. Magnetomotive force is related to the magnetic flux φ=B·A (where B is the magnetic field and A is the area) through the magnetic circuit by the reluctance, R, namely R=MMF/φ. The magnetic field B in the gap 7 which has gap size, t, varies when t changes since the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit changes.

[0124]
The total reluctance, R_tot, of the magnetic circuit is R_tot=R_steel+R_gap where R_steel is the total reluctance of the soft magnetic parts of the circuit 4, 5 (which may be formed from steel or another soft magnetic material) and R_gap≈(t/Aμ₀). The magnetic field in the gap 7 is B≈(NI/A)/R_tot≈NI/A)/(R_steel+(t/Aμ₀))."

「図１を参照して、ソレノイド・アクチュエータ１では、コイル３は、ＮＩの起磁力（ＭＭＦ）を発生し、ここでＮは巻数、Ｉは電流である。起磁力は、リラクタンス（reluctance）Ｒで磁気回路を通る磁束（magnetic flux）φ＝Ｂ・Ａに関連しており（ここでＢは磁界、Ａは面積である）、すなわちＲ＝ＭＭＦ／φである。ギャップサイズｔを有するギャップ７内での磁界Ｂは、ｔが変更されたときに変化する。なぜなら、磁気回路における全体のリラクタンスが変わるからである。 

[0082] 磁気回路の全リラクタンスＲｔｏｔは、Ｒｔｏｔ＝Ｒｓｔｅｅｌ＋Ｒｇａｐであり、ここでＲｓｔｅｅｌは、回路４、５の柔軟磁気部品（これはスチールあるいは他の柔軟磁気材料から形成可能である）における全リラクタンスであり、Ｒｇａｐ≒（ｔ／Ａμ０）である。ギャップ７での磁界はＢ≒（ＮＩ／Ａ）／Ｒｔｏｔ≒（ＮＩ／Ａ）／（Ｒｓｔｅｅｌ＋（ｔ／Ａμ０））である。 」

"[0129] First, behaviour of the solenoid actuator 11 under the influence of the permanent magnets 18, without the influence of the coils or mechanical springs, is considered: 

[0130] The flux out of the permanent magnets 18 into the armature 5 φ m=B pm·A pm, where B pm is the field from the permanent magnets 18 and A pm is the area though which flux passes from the permanent magnets 18. The total flux from the magnets 18 remains constant and the flux scales similarly to the field since the area does not change in this application and the thickness of the permanent magnets 18 is typically greater than the actuator travel. Thus, the total reluctance seen by the permanent magnets 18 does not increase significantly between the armature being located in the centre of the gap to be being located at either end. 

[0131] Flux passes through two gaps 7, 17 which lie above and below the armature 5 respectively. The flux (and therefore field) is shared between the two gaps 7, 17 in proportion to their gap size. The gap size of the lower gap 7 is t (where t=t max corresponds to the upper gap 17 having zero width and the lower gap 7 having width t max)."

「第１に、永久磁石１８の影響下でのソレノイド・アクチュエータ１１の振る舞いが、コイルあるいは機械ばねの影響を除外して、次のように考察される： 

[0088] 永久磁石１８から出てアーマチュア５に入る磁束はφｍ＝Ｂｐｍ・Ａｐｍであり、ここでＢｐｍは永久磁石１８からの磁界であり、Ａｐｍは永久磁石１８からの磁束が通る面積である。磁石１８からの全磁束は一定を保ち、磁束は磁界と同様に変化する。なぜなら、この応用において面積は変化せず、永久磁石１８の厚さは、典型的にはアクチュエータの行程（travel）よりも厚い。したがって、永久磁石１８から見た全体のリラクタンスは、アーマチュアがギャップの中央に配置された状態からいずれかの端に配置された状態の間では顕著には増加しない。 

[0089] 磁束は、アーマチュア５の上方及び下方にそれぞれある二つのギャップ７、１７を通る。磁束（及びしたがって磁界）は、二つのギャップ７、１７の間で、それらのギャップサイズに比例して共有される。下方ギャップ７のギャップサイズはｔである（ここでｔ＝ｔｍａｘであり、これは、ゼロの幅を有する上方ギャップ１７とｔｍａｘの幅を持つ下方ギャップ７に対応する）。」

の4分の１

WO2013142398
"10. The corona igniter of claim 6, wherein insulator has a length between said insulator upper end and said insulator nose end, and said intermediate part and said recess extend along not greater than one quarter of said length."

「10. 絶縁体は前記絶縁体上端と前記絶縁体突出端との間の長さを有し、前記中間部および前記凹部は前記長さの４分の１以下に沿って延在する、請求項６に記載のコロナ点火器。」

WO2013071031
"9. The disposable wearable absorbent article according to any of the preceding claims whereby the overall cap height is less than or equal to one fourth of the overall thickness of the female fastening material." 

「前記全体キャップ高は、前記雌型締結材料の前記全体厚さの４分の１以下である、請求項１～８のいずれか一項に記載の使い捨て着用可能吸収性物品。」

WO2011062775
"16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said refractory material further comprises; 
(i) at least 20 wt% of a first grain mode based upon the total weight of said refractory material, said first grain mode having a D50 grain size in the range of from 5 to 2000 μιη; and 
(ii) at least 1 wt% of second grain mode based upon the total weight of said refractory material, said second grain mode having a D50 grain size in the range of from 0.01 μιη up to not greater than one-fourth the D50 grain size of said first grain mode."

「前記耐火性材料が、

（ｉ）５～２０００μｍの範囲のＤ５０グレインサイズを有する第１のグレインモードであって、前記耐火性材料の総質量に対して、少なくとも２０質量％の第１のグレインモードと、

（ｉｉ）０．０１μｍから、前記第１のグレインモードのＤ５０グレインサイズの４分の１以下までの範囲のＤ５０グレインサイズを有する第２のグレインモードであって、前記耐火性材料の総質量に対して少なくとも１質量％の第２のグレインモードと

をさらに含む、請求項１に記載の装置」

オンオフ

WO2015047579
"Digital processor 22 controls the coil current setpoint and pulse frequency of the drive signal supplied through H-bridge 30 to coils 18 A, 18B. The frequency of the drive is controlled by digital processor 22 through clock logic 44, which produces clock signals CH and CL. Clock signal CH turns transistors 32 and 38 of H-bridge 30 on and off. Clock signal CL turns transistors 34 and 36 of H-bridge on and off. When transistors 32 and 38 are turned on by clock signal CH and transistors 34 and 36 are turned off by clock signals CL, current flows from node 56 of H-bridge 30 through transistor 32 to node 52, through coils 18A, 18B in the first direction to node 54, through transistor 38 to node 58 of H-bridge 30, and through sense resistor 50 to ground. When clock signal CL turns transistors 34 and 36 on and clock signal CH turns transistors 32 and 38 off, current flows from node 56 of H-bridge 30 through transistor 34 to node 54, through coils 18A, 18B in a second direction to node 54, and through transistor 36, node 58 and sense resistor 50 to ground."

「[0022] デジタルプロセッサ２２は、Ｈブリッジ回路３０を介して２つのフィールドコイル１８Ａ及び１８Ｂに供給される駆動信号のコイル電流設定値とパルス周波数とを制御する。駆動信号の周波数は、クロックロジック回路４４を介し、デジタルプロセッサ２２によって制御され、クロックロジック回路４４は、クロック信号ＣＨ及びクロック信号ＣＬを発生する。クロック信号ＣＨは、Ｈブリッジ回路３０の電界効果トランジスタ３２及び電界効果トランジスタ３８をオンオフさせる。クロック信号ＣＬは、Ｈブリッジ回路３０の電界効果トランジスタ３４及び電界効果トランジスタ３６をオンオフさせる。クロック信号ＣＨによって電界効果トランジスタ３２及び電界効果トランジスタ３８がオンし、クロック信号ＣＬによって電界効果トランジスタ３４及び電界効果トランジスタ３６がオフしているとき、電流は、Ｈブリッジ回路３０のノード５６から電界効果トランジスタ３２を介してノード５２へと流れた後、２つのフィールドコイル１８Ａ及び１８Ｂを介してノード５４へと第１の方向に流れ、更に電界効果トランジスタ３８を介してＨブリッジ回路３０のノード５８へと流れ、検出用抵抗５０を介して接地点に流れる。クロック信号ＣＬによって電界効果トランジスタ３４及び電界効果トランジスタ３６がオンし、クロック信号ＣＨによって電界効果トランジスタ３２及び電界効果トランジスタ３８がオフしているとき、電流は、Ｈブリッジ回路３０のノード５６から電界効果トランジスタ３４を介してノード５４へと流れた後、２つのフィールドコイル１８Ａ及び１８Ｂを介してノード５２へと第２の方向に流れ、更に電界効果トランジスタ３６を介してＨブリッジ回路３０のノード５８へと流れ、検出用抵抗５０を介して接地点に流れる。」

WO2015191680
"Embodiments of the controller logic thus offer the ability to operate the switch exclusively or primarily in the reactive transfer mode when the load requires a current that is small relative to the oscillation current required by the electronic transformer and thereby motivate better electronic transformer performance by increasing the current drawn from the electronic transformer without substantially increasing power dissipated in the load. Similarly, the controller logic may operate the switch to produce more real transfer of energy from the inductor to the load when the load requires a current that is closer to or exceeds the oscillation current. In this mode of operation, the switching of the inductor again promotes increased current drawn from the transformer and the corresponding improvement in electronic transformer performance, but uses the energy stored in the inductor to provide real power required by the load. The controller logic may support a single pulse mode of operation in which the controller logic turns the switch on once per half-cycle or half-period of the transformer output. The controller logic may also support a multi-pulse mode in which the controller logic cycles the switch off and on multiple times during a transformer output half-period."

「[0016] したがって、コントローラロジックの実施形態により、負荷が電子変圧器に必要な発振電流と比べて小さい電流を必要とする場合に、スイッチを排他的に又は主として無効伝達モードで動作させ、これにより、負荷に散逸された電力を実質的に増加することなく電子変圧器から引き出される電流を増加することにより、電子変圧器のより良いパフォーマンスを促進することができる。同様に、コントローラロジックは、負荷が発振電流により近いか又はこれを超える電流を必要とする場合に、インダクタから負荷へより多くの有効エネルギー伝達が生じるようにスイッチを動作させる。この動作モードにおいて、インダクタの切り替えによっても変圧器から引き出される電流の増大、及びこれに応じた電子変圧器のパフォーマンスの向上が促進されるが、インダクタに蓄積されたエネルギーが負荷に必要な有効電力を供給するのに使用される。コントローラロジックは、コントローラロジックが変圧器出力の半サイクル又は半周期に１回スイッチをオンにする単一パルス動作モードをサポートする。コントローラロジックはまた、コントローラロジックが変圧器出力の半周期中に複数回スイッチのオンオフを繰り返すマルチパルスモードをサポートすることもできる」

WO2015048189
"8. The method of claim 1 wherein setting the lighting fixture includes turning light sources on or off to achieve the desired illumination target and spread."

「8. 照明フィクスチャを設定するステップには、光源のオンオフを切り換えて所望の照明ターゲット及びスプレッドを実現するステップが更に含まれる請求項１に記載の方法。」

US2014297033
"8. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one laser braze/weld process parameter is one of laser power, laser on/off; wire feed speed, wire feed on/off; dual wire feed speed, dual wire feed on/off; gas flow, gas flow on/off; gas speed, gas pressure, gas temperature, wire temperature, wire preheat, and wire preheat on/off."

「8. 前記少なくとも１つのレーザブレーズ或いはレーザ溶接のプロセスパラメータが、レーザ出力、レーザのオンオフ、ワイヤ送給速度、ワイヤ送給のオンオフ、二重ワイヤ送給速度、二重ワイヤ送給のオンオフ、ガス流、ガス流のオンオフ、ガス速度、ガス圧力、ガス温度、ワイヤ温度、ワイヤの予熱温度、及びワイヤ予熱のオンオフのうちのいずれか１つである、請求項６に記載の適応制御方法。」

WO2014158397
"3. The viscous clutch of claim 1 and further comprising:
an electromagnetic coil configured to selectively actuate the valve; and a controller, wherein the controller is configured to govern operation of the electromagnetic coil such that the valve is actuatable in a binary on/off manner."

「3. 前記弁を選択的に作動させるべく構成された電磁コイルと、 
コントローラと 
を更に具備し、 
前記コントローラは、前記電磁コイルの作動を管理すべく構成されて、前記弁を二元のオンオフ式で作動可能にする、請求項１に記載の粘性クラッチ。 」

Electronics I and II

Electronics I and II: Analog Devices Wiki

オンラインチュートリアル

電流の立ち上がり

US2011228945
"[0076] During operation, when the threshold is exceeded based on the real-time actual current I(t) (conditioned or unconditioned) of the audio signal, the current threshold comparator 148 may output a limiting signal to the limiter 116. The limiter 116, based on the specific limiting signal provided may act to adjust the audio signal. For example, the limiter may act as a voltage limiter to maintain current in the audio signal below the threshold. Since the real-time actual current I(t) is representative of the current flowing in the loudspeaker 106, operation of the feedback loop represented by the current threshold comparator 148 and the limiter 116 may be fast enough to “catch” a relatively fast rising current in the audio signal prior to causing undesirable operation of the loudspeaker 106. In this regard, the current threshold comparator 148 may also use previously received real-time actual current I(t) samples to interpolate for future samples. In this way, the current threshold comparator 148 may perform a predictive function and provide limiting signals to the limiter 116 to “head off” undesirable levels of current in the audio signal when the threshold is exceeded. In this way, the current threshold comparator 148 may operate to protect loudspeaker operation, such as a woofer loudspeaker that could be low pass filtered at a predetermined frequency, such as about 200 Hz for example. In addition, protection of the amplifier 104 from over current conditions may be accomplished by holding down the current in the audio signal." 

「[0087] 動作中において、音響信号のリアルタイムの実際の電流Ｉ（ｔ）（調整済み、または未調整）に基づいて閾値を超過する場合、電流閾値比較器１４８は、制限信号をリミッタ１１６に出力し得る。リミッタ１１６は、提供される特定の制限信号に基づいて、音響信号を調節するように作用する。例えば、リミッタは、音響信号中の電流を閾値未満に維持するための電圧リミッタとして作用し得る。リアルタイムの実際の電流Ｉ（ｔ）は、拡声器１０６内を流れる電流を表すので、電流閾値比較器１４８およびリミッタ１１６によって表されるフィードバックループの動作は、拡声器１０６の望ましくない動作を生じる前に、音響信号中の比較的敏速な立ち上がり電流を「キャッチ」するのに十分に敏速であり得る。この点において、電流閾値比較器１４８はまた、先行して受信されたリアルタイムの実際の電流Ｉ（ｔ）サンプルを使用し得、これにより、さらなるサンプルを補間する。このようにして、電流閾値比較器１４８は、予測的機能を実行し得、閾値を超過する場合に音響信号中の望ましくないレベルの電流を「阻止」するように、リミッタ１１６に制限信号を提供し得る。このようにして、電流閾値比較器１４８は、例えば約２００Ｈｚなどの所定の周波数で低域通過フィルタが掛けられ得るウーハー拡声器など、拡声器の動作を保護するように動作し得る。さらに、過電流条件からの増幅器１０４の保護は、音響信号中の電流を抑制することによって達成され得る。」 

US2010016827
"[0095] The peak forces involved in needle-free drug delivery require a significant amount of energy delivered over a very short period of time. It is important that the pressure in the injection cylinder quickly rise to pressures capable of breaching tissue, or much of the drug will be lost before it can penetrate. Therefore, the source driving the motor should be capable of producing much higher voltages than are needed to produce peak force, so that pressure rise times can be minimized." 

「[0087] 無針薬剤送達に伴うピーク力を生成するには、極めて短時間で供給される大幅な量のエネルギーが必要である。注入シリンダの圧力が、組織を破ることが可能な圧力まで素早く上昇することが重要であり、このように素早く昇圧できない場合、侵入できる前に薬剤の多くは失われてしまう。したがって、モータの駆動源は、圧力の立ち上がり時間を最小限にできるように、ピーク力を生成するのに必要な電圧よりも遥かに高い電圧を生成できる必要がある。」

US2006085039
"[0130] It should also be noted that the seed circuit of FIG. 4 can be simplified by omission of the capacitor and voltage controlled switch. That is, the seed circuit may consist simply of a coil connected across electrodes in contact with tissue. In this case a magnetic field pulse induces a voltage pulse in the seed coil, and the induced voltage directly discharges into tissue. If all seeds are the same, pacing of all seeds is simultaneous. However, the rise time of the induced voltage can be adjusted by adjustment of the coil parameter number of turns, core permeability, and adjustment of a resistor in series with the coil. Thus, a collection of seeds having varying rise times can be used to synchronize the firing sequence of the seeds. The controller may sense a singe local ECG, for example the atrial or right ventricle electrode of a special transmitting seed or of a conventional pacemaker that transmits data to the controller. A burst of current into the antenna would then fire all seeds, with the precise time of firing determined by the electrical properties of each implanted seed."

「[0120] それに加えて、図４のシード回路は、コンデンサおよび電圧制御スイッチを省くことにより簡素化することができる。つまり、シード回路は、組織と接触する電極間に接続されたコイルだけからなるようにできる。この場合、磁場パルスは、シードコイル内に電圧パルスを誘導し、誘導電圧は、直接、組織内に放電される。すべてのシードが同じであれば、すべてのシードのペーシングは同時である。しかし、誘導電圧の立ち上がり時間は、コイルパラメータの巻き数の調整、コア誘電率の調整、およびコイルと直列に接続される抵抗器の調整により調整することができる。そのため、立ち上がり時間の異なるシードの集合体は、シードの発射順序の同期を取るために使用することができる。制御装置は、単一の局所ＥＣＧ、例えば、専用送信シード、またはデータを制御装置に送信する従来のペースメーカーの心房または右心室電極を感知することができる。次いで、アンテナ内への電流バーストは、それぞれの埋め込まれているシードの電気的特性により決定される正確な発射時間で、すべてのシードを発射させる。」

US2010012192
"[0060] Referring again to FIG. 5b, a second interval 310 is associated with a rapid ramp-up of coil current to achieve opening of the inlet valve. The opening is timed to coincide with the depressurization of the primary cylinder to a pressure in the vicinity of atmospheric pressure, as measured by the pressure transducer associated with the primary cylinder. While the rate-of-rise of current in the coil is steep, the rate is limited such that the shape of the drive current profile is intentionally not rectangular. In one illustrative embodiment, the drive current profile is substantially trapezoidal. A rate-limited rise of coil current may be attained by providing an appropriate sequence of commanded current values, for example via the microprocessor 170 and driver component 176 of FIG. 4b. Alternatively, rate-limiting of the change of coil current may be achieved in a substantially passive manner by incorporating, for example, a bandwidth-limiting filter into the driver component. The blending of active and passive techniques to rate limit the change of coil current, in either a rising or a falling direction, is anticipated as being within the scope of this invention."

「[0047] 再び図５Ｂを参照すると、第２の区間３１０が、入り口バルブの開放を達成するためのコイル電流の急激な立ち上がりに関連している。開放の時期は、主シリンダに組み合わせられた圧力トランスデューサによって測定されるとおり、主シリンダの大気圧近傍の圧力への減圧に合わせられている。コイルの電流の上昇速度は急峻であるが、この速度は、駆動電流の推移の形状が意図的に矩形でないように制限される。一例示の実施形態においては、駆動電流の推移が、実質的に台形である。コイル電流の立ち上がりの速度の制限は、例えば図４Ｂのマイクロプロセッサ１７０およびドライバ部品１７６によって指令される電流値について適切なシーケンスを用意することによって達成できる。あるいは、コイル電流の変化の速度の制限を、例えば帯域幅制限フィルタをドライバ部品へと取り入れることによって、実質的に受動的な方式で達成することができる。立ち上がりまたは立ち下がりのそれぞれの方向について、コイル電流の変化の速度を制限するために、能動式および受動式の技法を混ぜ合わせることも、本発明の技術的範囲に包含されると考えられる。」

"current does not rise immediately to its steady state value but rises in EXPONENTIAL fashion", Inductance and Resistance in a DC circuit, Learnabout Electronics

"a current will flow through the circuit and slowly rise to its maximum value at a rate determined by the inductance of the inductor", The Inductor, Electronics Tutorials