吸蔵、放出、挿入、脱離、インターカレーション

US2018151882(JP)
"1. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution, wherein the negative electrode comprises
(a) a carbon material that can absorb（吸蔵）and desorb（放出）lithium ions, at least one selected from the group consisting of (b) lithium metal and metals that can be alloyed with lithium and (c) metal oxides that can absorb and desorb lithium ions, and a polyacrylic acid, andthe electrolyte solution comprises at least one disulfonic acid ester."

"The median particle size of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.01 to 50 µm, and more preferably 0.02 to 40 µm. When the median particle size is within the range, it is possible to more suppress elution of constituent elements of the active material and to perform intercalation（挿入）and deintercalation（脱離）of lithium ions more smoothly."

US2017263922(JP)
"1. An active material-exfoliated graphite composite comprising:
partially exfoliated graphite having a structure in which graphite is partially exfoliated; and
an active material that is in the form of particles capable of intercalating（吸蔵）and deintercalating（放出）lithium ions by composite formation with the partially exfoliated graphite, or particles capable of adsorbing（吸着）and desorbing（脱離）lithium ions by composite formation with the partially exfoliated graphite, wherein
the active material has an average particle diameter of 1 μm or more and 100 μm or less."

"[0002] Conventionally, lithium ion secondary batteries have been widely used because smaller size and larger capacity can be promoted. In the lithium ion secondary battery, lithium is intercalated（インターカレーション）and deintercalated（デインターカレーション）in the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Therefore, as materials constituting the positive electrode and the negative electrode, that is, active materials, materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating Li are used."

"[0083] When the content of the resin is too low, the handling properties decrease and an active material cannot be sufficiently inserted（挿入）between the graphene layers in some cases. When the content of the resin is too high, a sufficient amount of active material cannot be inserted between the graphene layers in some cases."

US2017187064(JP)
"1. A lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of intercalating（吸蔵）and deintercalating（放出）a lithium ion; a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material capable of intercalating and deintercalating a lithium ion; and a non-aqueous electrolytic solution, wherein
the positive electrode active material comprises a Mn-based spinel-type composite oxide and an additional active material, and a content of the Mn-based spinel-type composite oxide based on a whole of the positive electrode active material is 60% by mass or less, and
the negative electrode active material comprises a first graphite particle containing natural graphite and a second graphite particle containing artificial graphite, and a content of the second graphite particle based on a sum total of the first graphite particle and the second graphite particle is in a range of 1 to 30% by mass."

"[0053] The composition ratio of Li, a, is in the range of 0 to 1, which indicates that Li can be eliminated（脱離；＊？）or inserted（挿入）within the range."

US2018019469(JP)
"1. Alloy powder for electrodes, comprising
particles of a hydrogen-absorbing alloy（水素吸蔵合金）having an AB2 type crystal structure, wherein
the hydrogen-absorbing alloy includes:
first elements located in an A site in the crystal structure and including Zr; and
second elements located in a B site in the crystal structure and including Ni and Mn,
the hydrogen-absorbing alloy includes a plurality of alloy phases having different Zr concentrations, and
in each of the plurality of alloy phases, a percentage of Zr in the first elements exceeds 70 atom %."

"[0021] A hydrogen-absorbing alloy (hereinafter, simply referred to also as “AB2-type hydrogen-absorbing alloy”) having an AB2 type crystal structure generally has a low reaction activity. In the present exemplary embodiment, the B-site elements in the hydrogen-absorbing alloy include Ni, so that a high reaction activity can be secured. When the hydrogen-absorbing alloy contains Ni, however, the amount of hydrogen absorbed is apt to decrease and the hydrogen equilibrium pressure is apt to increase. In the present exemplary embodiment, the hydrogen-absorbing alloy includes a plurality of alloy phases having different Zr percentages. Therefore, a Zr concentration gradient occurs between the alloy phases, and thus, a path through which hydrogen passes is formed in the hydrogen-absorbing alloy. Furthermore, the Zr percentage in each alloy phase is high, and the B-site elements include Mn. Therefore, the lattice constant of the crystal structure increases and hydrogen is apt to be absorbed. From these viewpoints, the hydrogen equilibrium pressure can be reduced. The decrease in hydrogen equilibrium pressure can improve the rate characteristic and low-temperature discharge characteristic. Furthermore, since the Zr percentage in each alloy phase is high, the hydrogen absorbing performance（水素吸蔵能）increases and hence a high capacity can be secured."

US9590262(JP)
"1. A reversible fuel cell comprising:
a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide;
a negative electrode containing a hydrogen storage material（水素吸蔵材料）;
a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode;
an electrolyte,
a hydrogen storage chamber for storing hydrogen generated from the negative electrode by electrolysis of the electrolyte; and
an oxygen storage chamber for storing oxygen generated from the positive electrode by the electrolysis of the electrolyte;
wherein the oxygen is the oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte; and
wherein 95% to 100% volume of the oxygen storage chamber is filled with the electrolyte."

US2010009259(JP)
"1. A negative electrode active material for a nickel-metal hydride battery（ニッケル水素電池）comprising a hydrogen storage alloy（水素吸蔵合金）, the hydrogen storage alloy containing La, Mg, Ni, Co, Al, and element M, wherein 
a molar ratio x of Mg to the total of La and Mg is 0.01≦x≦0.5,
a molar ratio y of Ni to the total of La and Mg is 2≦y≦3,
a molar ratio z of Co to the total of La and Mg is 0.25≦z≦0.75,
a molar ratio α of Al to the total of La and Mg is 0.01≦α≦0.05,
element M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Y and Sn, and
a content of element M is 0.4 wt % or less of said hydrogen storage alloy."

"[0029] The presence of Sn in the hydrogen storage alloy suppresses the expansion and contraction of the hydrogen storage alloy that occurs in association with absorption（吸蔵）and desorption（放出）of hydrogen at high temperature. The reason why this effect is brought about by the presence of Sn in the hydrogen storage alloy is currently still under diligent analysis, but is considered as follows."

リチウムイオン電池（基礎編、電池材料学）、（「中山将伸のＨＰにようこそ」）

「ホスト構造のトポロジー変化なしにリチウムイオンが挿入脱離するインターカレーション反応」（反応エントロピー測定、名古屋工業大学　中山研究室）

「インターカレーション（挿入）」
「充電によりLiがデインターカレート（脱離）」
「イオンの吸蔵サイト」
「黒鉛結晶子の層間へイオンが吸蔵（充電時）、放出（放電時）されることにより」
「酸素イオン層間にLi, Niが交互に挿入」（高エネルギー密度バッテリーを実現するナノ構造電極材料、東芝レビュー2002年1月）

「インターカレーションとは、分子または分子集団が他の2つの分子または分子集団の間に入り込む可逆反応」、（インターカレーション、ウィキペディア）

"In chemistry, intercalation is the reversible inclusion or insertion of a molecule (or ion) into materials with layered structures."

"In biochemistry, intercalation is the insertion of molecules between the bases of DNA." (Inercalation, Wikipedia)

"Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are complex materials having a formula CX_m where the ion Xⁿ⁺ or Xⁿ⁻ is inserted (intercalated) between the oppositely charged carbon layers." (Graphite intercalation compound, Wikipedia)

"Both electrodes allow lithium ions to move in and out of their structures with a process called insertion（＊挿入）(intercalation) or extraction（＊脱離）(deintercalation), respectively. During discharge, the (positive) lithium ions move from the negative electrode (usually graphite = "{\displaystyle {\ce {C_{6}}}}" as below) to the positive electrode (forming a lithium compound) through the electrolyte while the electrons flow through the external circuit in the same direction.^[83] When the cell is charging, the reverse occurs with the lithium ions and electrons moved back into the negative electrode in a net higher energy state."

"During charging, an external electrical power source (the charging circuit) applies an over-voltage (a higher voltage than the battery produces, of the same polarity), forcing a charging current to flow within the battery from the positive to the negative electrode, i.e. in the reverse direction of a discharge current under normal conditions. The lithium ions then migrate from the positive to the negative electrode, where they become embedded in the porous electrode material in a process known as intercalation." (Lithium ion battery, Wikipedia)

実用化

US2015182997
"[0006] In the past, printing techniques have also been proposed and put in practical use（実用化）for forming images on three dimensional (3D) objects such as the cylinders. Of these printing methods, ink jet printing was preferred owing to（せいで；＊ため）its high speed printing turnaround and little waste generation."

黒鉛の理論容量

WO2014189923
"[0002] Rapid development of mobile electronics, electrical vehicles, medical devices, and other like application demands high capacity rechargeable batteries that are light and small yet provide high storage capacity and electrical currents. Lithium ion technology presented some advancement in this area in comparison, for example, to lead-acid and nickel metal hydride batteries（ニッケル水素電池）. However, to date, lithium ion cells are mainly built with graphite as a negative active material. Graphite's theoretical capacity（黒鉛の理論容量）is 372 mAh/g, and this fact inherently（本質的に）limits further improvement."

US2005252864
"[0006] Graphite powders often form anode material for lithium ion batteries. State-of-the-art graphite anode materials have nearly reached theoretical capacity of graphite powders（黒鉛粉の理論容量）(372 mAh/g). However, electronic devices are being designed to be smaller requiring both functionality and energy density power to continue to increase. In order to meet these demands, better anode materials for use in construction of lithium ion batteries need to be developed."

に伴い

WO2017214103
"With the canned core member pressure build up（缶状コア部材の圧力上昇に伴い）, an explosion is more likely than with the present invention, which provides a greater volume for the gases to occupy and therefore reduced pressure build up. In addition, a can typically ruptures at much higher pressures than the structure of the invention, resulting in a milder failure mode with the present invention."

EP3137646
"[0007] This fine control over the process gas makes the process sensitive to（影響を受けやすくなる）small perturbations. The industry has seen considerable technological advances in power delivery and process gas control that have minimized many of the process perturbations. Nevertheless, little has been done to minimize variations in the magnetic confinement of the plasma. As the target erodes（浸食するのに伴い）, the working surface gets closer to the magnetic assembly and the magnetic field becomes stronger. This changes the confinement of the plasma, altering the dynamics of the sputtering process. This presents a challenge in maintaining long-term stability of the process." 

WO2015153716
"The value of Ret rises steadily with cycle count（サイクルのカウントに伴い）, so a value of 1.0 Ω after only 27 cycles for control electrolyte represents a significantly worse situation than a value of 0.9 Ω for one of the inventive electrolytes after 95 cycles. Table 5 shows that the inventive electrolyte compositions yield cells with longer cycle life and significantly lower impedance when cycled aggressively to 4.4 V at 40°C." 

WO2010120393
"The magnitudes of these current components are strongly dependent on the energy levels. Igr increases with the decrease of（減少に伴い増加する）the donor-acceptor interfacial energy gap, which is the difference of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the acceptor and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the donor (AEg). Ie increases with the decrease oiΔEL, which is the difference of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies of the donor and acceptor. Iy1 increases with the decrease of AEH, which is the difference of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies of the donor and acceptor."

WO2015184301
"[0220] As fuel burns（燃焼すると）inside an engine, solid carbonaceous by-products may be produced. The solid by-products may stick to the interior walls of the engine and are often referred to as deposits. If left unchecked, engines fouled by deposits may experience a loss in engine power, fuel efficiency, or drivability."

"[0222] With the introduction of（導入に伴い）diesel engines equipped with high pressure common rail fuel injector systems (i.e., >35MPa), however, ID IDs may be more problematic than in traditional diesel engines."

WO2015112310
"[0007] With the progress of technology and the reduction of the feature size（技術の進歩や図形寸法の小型化に伴い）, the wavelength of the exposure light had to be reduced several times. Currently, the 193 nm lithography combined with immersion and double patterning technology is the state of the art."

有力な候補

US2015157399
"[0250] A multi-purpose cell surface marker designated Her2t is described. This novel marker contains only 113 of the 1255 amino acids that compose full-length Her2 and is devoid of all extra or intracellular domains responsible for intact Her2 cell signaling. Hematopoietic cells lack Her2 expression making Her2t a prime candidate（有力な候補）transgene selection marker that by design is rendered functionally inert yet able to refine donor T cells into homogenous, transgene-expressing therapeutic products."

WO2009042286
"Films fabricated according to the present invention are preferably made of（から作製）a substantially transparent material. Bulk diffusion material may be incorporated（組み込む）in a film according to the invention, although in many cases this may degrade the performance of the optical film. In addition, multiple layers of film and material may be included in a single film in order to produce a specific optical effect, such as a reflective polarization. Acrylics and polycarbonates are good candidates for（有力な候補）film materials."

ニッケル水素電池

US7595611
"Systems and methods of the present invention are useful for thermodynamically evaluating a range of electrochemical cells including primary and secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries, zinc-carbon (Leclanche and saline) batteries, zinc-manganese oxide alkaline batteries, lithium ion polymer batteries, lithium batteries, nickel cadmium batteries（ニッケルカドミウム電池）, nickel-metal hydride batteries（ニッケル金属水素化物電池）, lead acid batteries（鉛蓄電池）, nickel hydrogen batteries（ニッケル水素電池）, and other types of electrochemical cells including, but not limited to, fuel cells, photovoltaics cells and electrochemical capacitors (and supercapacitors) and double-layer capacitors."

WO2007081495
"20. A battery load leveling（平準化）system in accordance with Claim 1 wherein said first and second batteries comprise at least one of a sodium nickel chloride battery（ナトリウム塩化ニッケル電池）, a sodium sulfur battery（ナトリウム硫黄電池）, a fuel cell, a nickel metal hydride battery（ニッケル水素電池）, a lithium ion battery, a lithium polymer battery, a nickel cadmium battery, and a lead acid battery."

EP2441105
"6. The apparatus of claim 1. wherein the apparatus forms part of a battery that is one of a lithium ion polymer battery, a lithium ion prismatic battery（リチウムイオン角形電池）, a lead acid battery（鉛酸電池）, a nickel metal-hydride battery（ニッケル水素電池）, a nickel cadmium battery, or an alkaline battery."

WO2018102568(JP)
"10. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery, a nickel hydrogen battery（ニッケル水素電池）, a lithium ion capacitor, a nickel cadmium battery, a lithium metal primary battery, a lithium metal secondary battery or a lithium polymer battery."

US9911964(JP)
"8. The auxiliary power storage device for the electric device installed in the vehicle according to claim 1,
wherein the power storage portion is a lithium ion secondary battery or a nickel hydride battery（ニッケル水素電池）."

US2014186662(JP)
"5. The bus bar case according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of cells is one of a lithium-ion battery and a nickel metal hydride battery（ニッケル水素電池）."

ニッケル水素充電池、ウィキペディア
「負極の水素源として水素ガス（分子水素、H₂）を用いる狭義の（本来の）ニッケル水素電池 (Ni-H₂) と、水素吸蔵合金を用いるニッケル金属水素化物電池 (Ni-MH) とがある」

「狭義のニッケル水素電池 (NiH₂ or Ni-H₂) は、ニッケルと水素ガスを基にした充電可能な電気化学的電力源である^[4]。ニッケル金属水素化物(Ni-MH)電池との違いは水素を8.27 MPa (1200psi) の高圧タンクに貯蔵する点である^[5]。」