meant to/for
How To Build A Campfire: Tinder, Kindling, And Fuel
kindling: about as long as your elbow to your fingertips
the lengthとかdistanceとか言ってない
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"The most commonly encountered types of capacitors are ceramic disc capacitors that look like tiny M&Ms with two wires sticking out of them and electrolytic capacitors that ....
Ceramic disc capacitors（＊既出だが無冠詞）are non-polarized, meaning that electricity can pass through them no matter how they are inserted in the circuit. " Step 7: Capacitors, Basic Electronics
意識がリフレッシュされている、一度言及した物そのもの、厳密に同一のものを指しているわけではない、依然として一般論だから。
QCL (Quasi Co Location)/TCI(Transmission Configuration Indication), ShareTechnote
COT: channel occupancy time
QCL: quasi-co-location
WO2021220855(JP)
（ＴＣＩ、空間関係、ＱＣＬ）
ＮＲでは、送信設定指示状態（Transmission Configuration Indication state（ＴＣＩ状態））に基づいて、信号及びチャネルの少なくとも一方（信号／チャネルと表現する）のＵＥにおける受信処理（例えば、受信、デマッピング、復調、復号の少なくとも１つ）、送信処理（例えば、送信、マッピング、プリコーディング、変調、符号化の少なくとも１つ）を制御することが検討されている。
ＴＣＩ状態は下りリンクの信号／チャネルに適用されるものを表してもよい。上りリンクの信号／チャネルに適用されるＴＣＩ状態に相当するものは、空間関係（spatial relation）と表現されてもよい。
ＴＣＩ状態とは、信号／チャネルの疑似コロケーション（Quasi-Co-Location（ＱＣＬ））に関する情報であり、空間受信パラメータ、空間関係情報（Spatial Relation Information）などと呼ばれてもよい。ＴＣＩ状態は、チャネルごと又は信号ごとにＵＥに設定されてもよい。
ＱＣＬとは、信号／チャネルの統計的性質を示す指標である。例えば、ある信号／チャネルと他の信号／チャネルがＱＣＬの関係である場合、これらの異なる複数の信号／チャネル間において、ドップラーシフト（Doppler shift）、ドップラースプレッド（Doppler spread）、平均遅延（average delay）、遅延スプレッド（delay spread）、空間パラメータ（spatial parameter）（例えば、空間受信パラメータ（spatial Rx parameter））の少なくとも１つが同一である（これらの少なくとも１つに関してＱＣＬである）と仮定できることを意味してもよい。
US10651917
UE 115-c may then communicate with base station 105-c based on the updated subset of the set of TCI states. For example, if UE 115-c receives an indication of an updated TCI state in a DCI, UE 115-c may identify updated QCL relationships between antenna ports based on the updated TCI state. Specifically, UE 115-c may identify one or more reference signals associated with the TCI state, and the antenna ports used to transmit the one or more reference signals may be quasi co-located with antenna ports used to transmit data or control information to the UE 115-c. The one or more reference signals may include SSBs, periodic CSI-RSs, aperiodic CSI-RSs, or semi-persistent CSI-RSs. Thus, UE 115-c may perform channel estimation based on the one or more reference signals associated with the TCI state. UE 115-c may then demodulate the data or control information received from base station 105-c based on the channel estimation.
irregular, uneven, rugged, asperity, bumps, textured, concavo-convex（レンズ）
US9508492（CZ、既出）
Manganese dioxide（＊一般）is known and widely used as a solid electrolyte in electrolyte capacitors（＊一般）.
【０００１】
二酸化マンガンは、既知であるとともに電解コンデンサ内の固体電解質として広く使用されている。
Such capacitors（＊前述のような；同種）are conventionally formed by first anodizing a valve-metal anode (e.g., tantalum) to form a dielectric oxide coating, and thereafter immersing the oxide-coated anode in an aqueous solution of manganese nitrate.
従来、このようなコンデンサは、最初に（タンタルなどの）バルブ金属陽極を陽極酸化して誘電体酸化物被覆を形成し、その後、この酸化物被覆した陽極を硝酸マンガンの水溶液に浸漬することにより形成される。
After a sufficient period of time, the wet anode（＊前述の浸漬後の陽極）is heated to cause pyrolytic decomposition of the manganese nitrate（＊前述）to manganese dioxide.
十分に時間を置いた後、この濡れた陽極を加熱して、硝酸マンガンを二酸化マンガンに熱分解させる。
The capacitor element（＊いきなり定冠詞で違和感。「コンデンサ素子」は初出だから不定冠詞の方が良いのでは？CZだからか？）is also typically coated with graphite and silver layers, and then encapsulated with a resin.
常は、コンデンサ素子も黒鉛及び銀層で被覆され、その後樹脂を（＊で）封入される。
Unfortunately, one problem with conventional manganese oxide capacitors is that the encapsulating resin (e.g., epoxy resin) is often unstable in extreme environments, i.e., high temperature (e.g., above about 175° C.) and/or high voltage (e.g., above about 35 volts).
通残念ながら、従来の酸化マンガンコンデンサの１つの問題点は、極限環境、すなわち（約１７５℃を超えるような）高温及び／又は（約３５ボルトを超えるような）高電圧環境において、多くの場合、（エポキシ樹脂などの）封入樹脂が不安定になる点である。
Attempts to remove the resin, however, can adversely impact electrical performance by allowing moisture to contact the capacitor element.
しかしながら、樹脂を除去しようと試みれば、コンデンサ素子に水分が接触できるようになることにより電気的性能に悪影響が及ぶ恐れがある。
WO2013112383（一部既出）
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to molybdenum (Mo) complexes（＊複数無冠詞）and methods of preparing thin films（＊複数無冠詞）by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) using such（＊そのような；定冠詞ではない；前述とまったく同一ではない）complexes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Various organometallic precursors（＊一般）are used to form thin metal films（＊一般）. A variety of techniques have been used for the deposition of thin films（＊一般）. These include reactive sputtering, ion-assisted deposition, sol-gel deposition, CVD (also known as metalorganic CVD or MOCVD), and ALD (also known as atomic layer epitaxy). The CVD and ALD processes（＊"processes"；techniquesの言い換え？CVDやALDがprocessesであることは自明だから？）are being increasingly used as they have the advantages of good compositional control, high film uniformity, good control of doping, and, significantly, they give excellent conformal step coverage on highly non-planar microelectronics device geometries.
[0004] CVD is a chemical process（＊具体的；説明を要求）whereby precursors are used to form a thin film（＊具体的、特定、例示）on a substrate（＊具体的、特定、例示）. In a typical CVD process（＊具体的、特定、例示）, the precursors（＊既出：基板上に薄膜形成するための前駆体）are passed over a substrate（＊前述と同一である必要はない；場面転換、仕切り直し）(e.g., a wafer) in a low pressure or ambient pressure reaction chamber. The precursors（＊前述）react and/or decompose on the substrate surface creating a thin film of deposited material. Volatile by-products are removed by gas flow（＊慣用的？手段？の無冠詞；by car, by train）through the reaction chamber. The deposited film thickness（＊自明の"deposited film"に「厚さ」をくっ付けてみただけ）can be difficult to control because it depends on coordination（＊無冠詞；特定不要、説明不要）of many parameters such as temperature, pressure, gas flow volumes and uniformity, chemical depletion effects, and time.
[0005] ALD is also a method for the deposition of thin films（＊前述；話題の中心）. It is a self-limiting, sequential, unique film growth technique（具体的、例示；説明を要求）based on surface reactions that can provide precise thickness control and deposit conformal thin films of materials provided by precursors onto substrates of varying compositions. In ALD, the precursors are separated during the reaction. The first precursor（＊不定冠詞で良いのでは？）is passed over the substrate producing a monolayer on the substrate. Any excess unreacted precursor is pumped out of the reaction chamber. A second precursor（＊なぜか不定冠詞）is then passed over the substrate and reacts with the first precursor, forming a second monolayer of film over the first-formed monolayer of film on the substrate surface. This cycle is repeated to create a film of desired thickness. ALD film growth is self-limiting and based on surface reactions, creating uniform depositions that can be controlled at the nanometer-thickness scale.
[0006] Thin films（＊無冠詞複数、一般；仕切り直し）have a variety of important applications, such as nanotechnology and fabrication of semiconductor devices.
【０００６】
薄膜はナノテクノロジーや半導体デバイスの製造等の多様で重要な用途を有する。
Examples of such（＊theでもいいはず）applications include, conductive films, high-refractive index optical coatings, corrosion-protection coatings, photocatalytic self-cleaning glass coatings, biocompatible coatings, dielectric capacitor layers and gate dielectric insulating films in field-effect transistors (FET), capacitor electrodes, gate electrodes, adhesive diffusion barriers and integrated circuits.
そのような用途の例として、導電性膜、高屈折率の光学被膜、防食被膜、光分解自浄ガラス被膜、生体適合性被膜、電界効果トランジスタ（ＦＥＴ）における誘電体コンデンサ層及びゲート誘電体絶縁膜、コンデンサ電極、ゲート電極、接着性拡散バリア並びに集積回路が挙げられる。
Thin films（無冠詞単数；仕切り直し）are also used in microelectronics applications, such as the high-κ dielectric oxide（＊定冠詞；以下に限定された）for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) applications and the ferroelectric perovskites（＊定冠詞）used in infra-red detectors and non-volatile ferroelectric random access memories (NV- FeRAMs).
薄膜は、またダイナミックランダムアクセスメモリ（ＤＲＡＭ）用途のための高κ誘電体酸化物、並びに赤外線検出器及び非揮発性強誘電体ランダムアクセスメモリ（ＮＶ－ＦｅＲＡＭ）で使用される強誘電体ペロブスカイト等の超小型電子技術用途でも使用される。
The continual decrease（＊定冠詞：誰もが認める）in the size of microelectronics components has increased the need for the use of such thin films.
超小型電子部品の絶え間ない小型化によって、上記のような薄膜の使用に対する需要が増加してきている。
a part facing another part（現在すでに面している）
a part that faces another part（現在？未来？）
a part for facing another part（未来、とも限らないかも）
"This one I can not combine shipping with（＊同梱）. Any questions please ask." (FLYING STYRO KIT SPITFIRE MK. IXC (MISSING INSTRUCTIONS) PARTS COMPLETE, Worthpoint；eBay的な)
大リーグ放映で見た単語。
Reach Base Probability: ベース到達可能性？出塁率？
アルクによれば出塁率はon-base average。
"Reach Base" という、「動詞」、「名詞」の順番が日本人的には違和感を感じる。
「ベース到達可能性」を英訳しろと言われたら、"base arrival probability", "base-reach probability"とかにしそう。
追記2023/07/29
strikeout probability
追記2024/06/08
「同様の状況での選手達の過去の傾向の比較から算出」とあるので、「出塁確率」？
"Apple TV uses similar AI technology to improve the fan viewing experience. While watching a game streamed on Apple TV, a viewer will see many probabilities appear on the screen. Some examples of these include “Reach Base Probability” or “RBI Probability”. These are calculated by comparing historic trends for the players in similar situations." (Artificial Intelligence in Baseball, D Kostelecky, Medium)
英語において関係代名詞にしろ分詞にしろ、その先行詞は必ずしも直前の名詞ではない。日本語でも同様に修飾の係りの不明瞭さがあり得る（前後の文脈や図面を参照して初めて正確に理解できる場合がある）。
１）本発明は消費電力を低減できる新規な空調装置用の制御回路を提供する。（形容詞と関係代名詞の係りの曖昧さ）
試訳(a) The present invention provides a control circuit for a novel air-conditioner capable of reducing power consumption.
試訳(b) The present invention provides a control circuit for a novel air-conditioner that can reduce power consumption.
グーグル翻訳：The present invention provides a novel control circuit for an air conditioner that can reduce power consumption.
２）本発明は消費電力を低減できる全天候型の空調装置用の制御回路を提供する。（同上）
試訳(a) The present invention provides a control circuit for an all-weather air-conditioner capable of reducing power consumption.
グーグル翻訳：The present invention provides a control circuit for an all-weather air conditioner that can reduce power consumption.
３）本発明はファンとモータを有した空調装置用の制御回路を提供する。（制御装置がファンとモータを有するかも知れない）
試訳(a) The present invention provides a control circuit for an air-conditioner having a fan and a motor.
試訳(b) The present invention provides a control circuit that has a fan and a motor for an air-conditioner .
試訳(c) The present invention provides a control circuit for an air-conditioner, the control unit having a fan and a motor.
グーグル翻訳：The present invention provides a control circuit for an air conditioner with a fan and motor.
弾性波：acoustic wave, elastic wave
どう違うんでしょうか？
"Specifically, the acoustic wave system is expressed in terms of velocity and pressure while the elastic wave system is expressed in terms of velocity and stress."(Explicit coupling of acoustic and elastic wave propagation in finite difference simulations Longfei Gao, David Keyes)
圧力と応力の違い？
「弾性表面波は表面弾性波、音響表面波などとも書かれ、英語でもElastic Surface Wave, Acoustic Surface Wave, Surface Acoustic Waveな ど呼び方もまちまちである」（弾性表面波素子の応用、稲村 隆弘 ・吉川 昭吉郎、日本電信電話公社武蔵野電気通信研究所 1976年4月20日)
train
"This repository contains the source code for training a deep neural network to perform human pose estimation from scratch. A brief excerpt from our final report is copied below." (Human Pose Estimation on COCO Dataset)
Deep Learning-Based Human Pose Estimation: A Survey
骨格：skeleton
推論：inference
学習：training
kinematic
volumetric
planar
regression model
heatmap-based model
Intel/Apple/Rudwig/ブログ
(device)
optical detector device: 2/0/0/1
optical detection device: 15/4/0/0
light detector device: 6/3/0/0
light detection device: 11/2/2/0
light detecting device: 2/14/1/0
photodetector device: 10/3/19/1
photodetection device: 1/0/1/1
photodetecting device: 5/0/1/0
(apparatus)
optical detector apparatus: 0/0/0/0
(US5001417: (Ab) Apparatus for measuring electrolyute concentrations in fluid samples. The apparatus includes an ion selective electrode having a plurality of ion selective detection sites. Each site has an affinity for a preselected electrolyte of interest and generates a potential having a magnitude related to the concentration of the corresponding electrolyte in the sample. A voltage to optical transducer circuit is provided to convert the voltage differentials to optical signals having intensity related to the concentration of the electrolytes in a first embodiment, a digital code related to the concentration of the electrolytes in a second embodiment, and an optical absorption or density value related to the concentration of the electrolytes in a third embodiment. The optical signals are suitable for detection by conventional optical detector apparatus of assay instruments and may be processed using conventional two point linear interpolation techniques to determine the concentrations of the preselected electrolytes.
optical detection apparatus: 2/1/0/0
(US5880825: FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the optical detection apparatus 1 of the present invention for detecting defects in an optical fiber. )
light detector apparatus: 0/0/0/0
(US5073345: The present invention generally relates to a light detector apparatus and, in particular, relates to such a detector apparatus adaptable for use in ion chromatography.)
light detection apparatus: 0/0/0/0
(US6590222: (Ab) Light detection apparatus for determining the location of a body within a predetermined area comprises at least two light detecting devices (10,10′,10″), supported on the body and capable of receiving light at points which are spaced about a central axis (8). The apparatus further includes means for supplying information representative of the level of light detected by each light detecting device (10, 10′, 10″). Information received from the light detection apparatus is compared with information previously received from the light detection apparatus and stored in a memory so as to identify when the light detected by the light detection apparatus is the same or substantially the same as light previously detected by the light detection apparatus. When used on an autonomous vehicle, this can allow the vehicle to determine when it has returned to a similar position in an area. The received light signals can be filtered or processed to derive information representative of different types of light (natural, incandescent) or colours of light.)
light detecting apparatus: 1/0/0/0
(US4345828: This invention in general relates to photographic camera apparatus, and, in particular, to scene light detecting apparatus for use with an automatic camera of the type having an electronic control system for receiving an input signal and controlling the firing of an electronic flash at a predetermined time after the initiation of an exposure interval.)
(US6451158: (Ab) A method and apparatus for detecting the endpoint of a photoresist stripping process. A wafer to be stripped of photoresist is disposed inside a stripping chamber. After substantially all the photoresist is stripped from the wafer, the rate of a reaction of O and NO to form NO2 increases, which increases the intensity of emitted light. A light detecting apparatus detects this increase in light intensity, which signals the endpoint of the photoresist stripping process.)
photodetector apparatus: 2/0/0/0
(US7305157: 1. An integrated photodetector apparatus comprising: (a) a substrate comprising a first cladding layer disposed over a base layer, the base layer comprising a first semiconductor material; (b) an optical waveguide comprising the first semiconductor material and disposed over the substrate, the optical waveguide comprising a first portion and a second portion; (c) a photodetector comprising (i) a source region and a drain region separated by an intrinsic region, the intrinsic region being evanescently coupled to the second portion of the optical waveguide, and (ii) a second semiconductor material epitaxially grown over the optical waveguide; and (d) an auxiliary semiconductor region disposed at least partially over the intrinsic region for increasing photocarrier concentration therein.)
photodetection apparatus: 0/0/0/0
(US4891507: 1. Photodetection apparatus comprising: photosensitive means usefully responsive to electromagnetic energy in a first wavelength region; active pre-charged photon energy conversion means for receiving electromagnetic energy of wavelengths longer than said first wavelength region and in a region to which said photosensitive means is insensitive and emitting electromagnetic energy in said first wavelength region in response thereto, said energy conversion means being substantially optically transparent to radiations over a substantial portion of said first wavelength region; and means optically coupling said energy conversion means to said photosensitive means, including direct physical contact thereto, whereby said photosensitive means provides information concerning incident electromagnetic energy in both said first wavelength region and at said longer wavelengths.)
photodetecting apparatus: 0/0/0/0
(US3588254: By means of suitable photodetecting apparatus, the number of fringes can be counted and converted into a plurality of discrete pulses, one such pulse being produced for a given number of fringes. )
(US4032224: FIG. 3 is a schematic elevational view of a shutter, lens and associated photodetecting apparatus forming a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 2, taken essentially along the lines 3--3 in FIG. 2, with parts omitted and on an enlarged scale)
photodetector: 447/344/14/13
light detector: 101/365/60/5
photosensor（光センサー）: 3509/9434/2/4
What is difference between "using" and "by using"?
やっぱり分詞構文は理由・条件・付帯状況・期間等、意味が曖昧な気がします。しかし「を用いて」を英訳する場合、by usingより単なるusingの方が良いとも聞きます。どうもすっきりしません。
1) I got rich by playing soccer.
サッカーをすることによりリッチになった。
（リッチになった理由・手段がサッカーであることが明らか）
2) I got rich playing soccer.
サッカーをしているとリッチになった。
（理由・手段がサッカーかどうかは不明瞭）
3) This system allows people with mobility impairments to type data using a joystick.
（人がジョイスティックを使う）
3') Using a joystick, this system allows people with mobility impairments to type data.
（システムがジョイスティックを使う）
4) This system allows people with mobility impairments to type data by using a joystick.
（"by"が修飾するのはallowかtypeか？普通はより近くにあるpeopleに係ると判断されると思うが、systemに係ると取れなくもなさそう）
4') By using a joystick, this system allows people with mobility impairments to type data.
（システムがジョイスティックを使う）
当ブログの例文について
本ブログの「特許英語散策」等題した部分では、英語の例文を管理人の独断と偏見で収集し、適宜訳文・訳語を記載しています。
訳文等は原則として対応日本語公報をそのまま写したものです。私個人のコメント部分は（大抵）”＊”を付しています。
訳語は多数の翻訳者の長年の努力の結晶ですが、誤訳、転記ミスもあると思いますのでご注意ください。
