US11270840(UNIV BIRMINGHAM [GB]) [0016] Surprisingly, it has been found that a disproportionated NdFeB alloy has improved ductility as compared to a powder produced by hydrogen decrepitation of the same material. 【００１３】 驚くべきことに、不均化されたＮｄＦｅＢ合金は、同じ材料の水素解砕によって生成された粉末と比較すると改善された延性を有することがわかった。
Without being bound by theory, it is thought that the improved ductility of a disproportionated NdFeB may be related to the free iron constituent which is present in large quantities in the disproportionated material. 理論に縛られることなく、不均化されたＮｄＦｅＢの改善された延性は、不均化された材料中に大量に存在する遊離鉄成分に関連している可能性があると考えられる。
An advantage arising from the improved ductility is that the alloy can be more readily mechanically processed and shaped without fracturing. 改善された延性に起因する利点は、合金をより容易に機械的に加工して、破砕することなく成形することができることである。
The invention takes advantage of the increased ductility of the material in the intermediate disproportionated state by combining a HDDR process with mechanical processing of the material in the intermediate disproportionated state. 本発明は、中間の不均化された状態における材料の機械加工と、水素化－不均化－脱水素－再結合（ＨＤＤＲ）プロセスを組み合わせることによって、その中間の不均化された状態における材料の改善された延性を活用するものである。
The present invention thus provides a process which facilitates the production and shaping of rare earth magnets, and which may be particularly applicable to the production of thin magnetic sheets. したがって、本発明は、希土類磁石の製造と成形を容易にし、特に、薄い磁気シートの製造に適用可能である方法を提供する。
US2024234028(MINEBEA MITSUMI INC [JP]) [0038] Note that the magnetic powder disclosed in JP 2013-191612 A is an anisotropic magnet, and an ingot of a magnet alloy is coarsely pulverized by a stamp mill, a crusher, or the like. 【００３６】 なお、特開２０１３－１９１６１２号公報の磁粉は異方性の磁石で、磁石合金のインゴットをスタンプミルやクラッシャー等によって粗粉砕する。
Alternatively, a coarsely pulverized magnet powder is obtained by melting an ingot, preparing flakes by a strip casting method, and coarsely pulverizing the flakes by a hydrogen decrepitation method. 若しくは、インゴットを溶解し、ストリップキャスト法でフレークを作製し、水素解砕法で粗粉砕することで、粗粉砕磁石粉末を得ている。
On the other hand, in the present embodiment, since the magnetically isotropic rapidly quenched powder produced by the rapid quenching method is used as the magnet powder, both the magnets produced by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) have different average crystal grain sizes. これに対して、本実施形態では、磁石粉末は、超急冷法によって作製された磁気的に等方性の超急冷粉を用いるため、放電プラズマ焼結（ＳＰＳ）によって作製された両者の磁石の平均結晶粒径が異なる。
Since the magnetic powder disclosed in JP 2013-191612 A is produced by melting an ingot and forming flakes by a strip casting method, 特開２０１３－１９１６１２号公報の磁粉は、インゴットを溶解し、ストリップキャスト法でフレークを作製しているため、
the cooling rate is lower than the cooling rate of the rapidly quenched powder, so that the average crystal grain size of the magnetic powder becomes large, and 超急冷粉に比べて冷却速度が遅いため、磁粉の平均結晶粒径は大きくなり、
as a result, the average crystal grain size of the magnet produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) also becomes large. 結果、放電プラズマ焼結（ＳＰＳ）によって作製された磁石の平均結晶粒径も大きくなる。
US2024166791(SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO [JP]) In one embodiment, from the viewpoint of increasing the development speed of the curable composition, the photopolymerizable compound (B) contains 50% by mass or more of the compound (B-3b) based on the total amount of the photopolymerizable compound (B) that is contained in the curable composition. 一つの実施形態において、硬化性組成物の現像速度を向上させる観点から、光重合性化合物（Ｂ）は、硬化性組成物中に含まれる光重合性化合物（Ｂ）の総量に対して、化合物（Ｂ－３ｂ）を５０質量％以上含む。
In another embodiment, from the viewpoint of improving the solvent resistance (residual film ratio) of the cured film, the photopolymerizable compound (B) contains the compound (B-3a) and the compound (B-3b). 他の実施形態において、硬化膜の耐溶剤性（残膜率）を向上させる観点から、光重合性化合物（Ｂ）は、化合物（Ｂ－３ａ）及び化合物（Ｂ－３ｂ）を含む。
What is 熱硬化残膜率?
ChatGPT:
熱硬化残膜率 (ねつこうかざんまくりつ, netsu kōka zanmaku-ritsu) refers to the thermal curing residual film ratio, which is a key parameter in evaluating photosensitive resin compositions (such as photoresists or coatings).
Definition:
It represents the ratio of the film remaining after thermal curing compared to the initial film thickness before curing. This is an important characteristic in photoresist materials, coatings, and adhesives, where maintaining sufficient thickness after curing is essential for functionality.
Formula (if applicable):
Thermal curing residual film ratio(%)=Film thickness after curingFilm thickness before curing×100\text{Thermal curing residual film ratio} (\%) = \frac{\text{Film thickness after curing}}{\text{Film thickness before curing}} \times 100Thermal curing residual film ratio(%)=Film thickness before curingFilm thickness after curing×100
A higher residual film ratio indicates better thermal stability and less shrinkage during curing.
A lower residual film ratio means the material loses more volume, which can be undesirable in applications requiring structural integrity.
Importance in Photosensitive Resins:
High residual film ratio → Ensures the resin remains intact and functional after heat treatment.
Low shrinkage → Prevents defects such as cracks, deformation, or loss of mechanical properties.
Would you like a refined translation based on a specific application (e.g., semiconductors, coatings, photoresists)? 😊
US2024339322(HITACHI ENERGY LTD [CH]) [0053] FIG. 6 shows the final p+-i-n structure of the PIN diode 20 , further comprising implanted field relaxation layers 22 formed by conventional ion implantation. 【００４１】 図６は、ＰＩＮダイオード２０の最終的なｐ＋－ｉ－ｎ構造を示し、従来のイオン注入によって形成された注入電界緩和層２２をさらに備える。
In addition, a metal anode electrode 23 and a metal cathode electrode 24 are formed on a top and bottom surface of the anode area 21 and the substrate 5 , respectively. また、アノード領域２１の上面および基板５の底面には、それぞれ金属アノード電極２３および金属カソード電極２４が形成されている。
The anode electrode 23 and the cathode electrode 24 may be formed by electron-beam deposition. アノード電極２３およびカソード電極２４は、電子ビーム蒸着によって形成されてもよい。
Forming of the field relaxation layers 22 , the anode electrode 23 and the cathode electrode 24 may result in the generation of further carbon vacancies VC in the epitaxial layer 2 acting as an intrinsic drift layer of the PIN diode 20 . 電界緩和層２２、アノード電極２３およびカソード電極２４の形成は、ＰＩＮダイオード２０の固有ドリフト層として作用するエピタキシャル層２内にさらなる炭素空孔ＶＣの生成をもたらし得る。
US2019139844(UNIV TOULOUSE 3 PAUL SABATIER [FR]) [0106] The protective material 160 obtained by the method comprises a first composite part 161 with a concentration that is low in SrTiO3 particles and a second composite part 162 that is more heavily charged in SrTiO3 , accumulated in the form of a layer called an electrical field relaxation layer. 【００８６】 本方法により得られる保護材料１６０は、ＳｒＴｉＯ３粒子の濃度が低い第１の複合部分１６１と、電界緩和層と呼ばれる層の形態で蓄積されたＳｒＴｉＯ３がより大量に充填される第２の複合部分１６２とを含む。
The thickness of the electrical field 162 relaxation layer is adjustable, for a given concentration of particles, depending especially on the level of the electrical field applied, the duration of application of this field, the viscosity of the initial host matrix, the shape and the nature of the guest particles. 電界緩和層１６２の厚さは、特に、印加される電界のレベル、この電界の印加の持続時間、初期ホストマトリックスの粘度、ゲスト粒子の形状及び性質に応じて、粒子の所与の濃度に対して調整可能である。
US8941149(FURUKAWA ELECTRIC CO LTD [JP]) [0023] The first semiconductor layer 2 is a layer formed of a nitride-based semiconductor and functions as an electron transit layer. 【００２３】 第１半導体層２は、窒化物系半導体からなる層であり、電子走行層として機能する。
The second semiconductor layer 3 is formed on a surface of the first semiconductor layer 2 , is formed of a nitride-based semiconductor having a wider band-gap than the first semiconductor layer 2 , and functions as an electron supply layer. 第２半導体層３は、第１半導体層２の表面に形成され、第１半導体層２よりもバンギャップが広い窒化物系半導体からなり、電子供給層として機能する。
For example, the first semiconductor layer 2 is made of GaN and the second semiconductor layer 3 is made of AlGaN, but たとえば、第１半導体層２はＧａＮからなり、第２半導体層３はＡｌＧａＮからなるが、
the nitride-based semiconductor materials forming the first semiconductor layer 2 and the second semiconductor layer 3 are not particularly limited, as long as their band-gaps satisfy a desired relation. 第１半導体層２および第２半導体層３を構成する窒化物系半導体材料は、バンギャップが所望の関係を満たすものであれば特に限定はされない。
US8772877(IBM [US]) [0009] Turning to WO2010/010944A1, this document discloses a complementary logical gate device represented by a silicon CMOS logical circuit among semiconductor integrated logical circuits, which is concerned with solving the problem of the speed performance limit of an ultra-large scale integration and an ultra low-power consumption type logical circuit. 【０００６】 特許文献５を参照すると、この文書は、超大規模集積回路（ultra-large scale integration）及び超低電力消費型論理回路の速度性能限界の問題の解決に関係する、半導体集積論理回路の中のシリコンＣＭＯＳ論理回路により表わされる相補型論理ゲート・デバイスを開示する。
The complementary logical gate disclosed in this document includes an electron running layer formed from graphene without using an n-channel or a p-channel FET, has the ambipolar characteristic and uses only two FETs having different threshold values, i.e. a first FET and a second FET. この文書に開示される相補型論理ゲートは、ｎチャネルＦＥＴ又はｐチャネルＦＥＴを用いずにグラフェンから形成された電子走行層を含み、両極性特性を有し、かつ、異なる閾値を有する２つのＦＥＴのみを、すなわち第１のＦＥＴ及び第２のＦＥＴを用いる。
US12063079(NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE [JP]) [0004] NPL 1 discloses a system for performing communications using Radio over Fiber (RoF) (hereinafter referred to as “RoF radio communication system”). 【０００３】 非特許文献１には、光ファイバ無線（Radio over Fiber : RoF）を用いた通信を実行するシステム（以下「ＲｏＦ無線通信システム」という。）が開示されている。
In the RoF communication system, the radio signals of a plurality of radio antennas are multiplexed and transmitted through shared optical fibers. ＲｏＦ通信システムでは、複数の無線アンテナの無線信号は、共用の光ファイバで多重化されて伝送される。
The centralized station apparatus accommodates the radio signals that are multiplexed by the radio antennas and are transmitted from the radio antennas. 集約局装置は、複数の無線アンテナによって多重化されて複数の無線アンテナから伝送された無線信号を収容する。
US11496219(LEONARDO UK LTD [GB]) [0001] The present invention relates in one aspect to a RF mixer implemented with a photonic circuit and in another to a Radio-on-Fibre Link comprising a RF mixer for the purpose of up converting or down converting a RF signal carried by the fibre link. 【０００１】 本発明は、一態様では、フォトニック回路が実装されたＲＦミキサに関し、別の態様では、ファイバーリンクによって搬送されるＲＦ信号をアップコンバートまたはダウンコンバートする目的でＲＦミキサを備える光ファイバ無線（ＲｏＦ：Radio-on-Fibre）リンクに関する。
US10129804(KYOCERA CORP [JP]) [0056] It is noted that the X2 interface may be configured with an optical fiber (Optical Fiber) which physically connects the eNB 200 and the neighboring eNB 200 . 【００４３】 なお、Ｘ２インターフェイスは、ｅＮＢ２００と隣接ｅＮＢ２００とを物理的に接続する光ファイバ（Ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ Ｆｉｂｅｒ）によって構成されてもよい。
Further, the X2 interface may be configured with a signal line that is physically identical to the Xn interface and/or Xy interface, by using a Radio on Optical Fiber (ROF) modem. また、Ｘ２インターフェイスは、光ファイバ無線（ＲＯＦ）のモデムを用いることによって、Ｘｎインターフェイス及び／又はＸｙインターフェイスと物理的に同一の信号線によって構成されてもよい。
US9991966(HUAWEI TECH CANADA CO LTD [CA]) [0003] It can be challenging to carry the analog signal over electrical cabling, due to the large weight and poor signal integrity of electrical cables. 【０００４】 電気ケーブルは重量が重く信号の整合性が低いため、電気ケーブル配線でアナログ信号を搬送するのは困難な場合がある。
Therefore, the analog signal may be carried on an optical fiber using an optical carrier. したがって、アナログ信号は、光搬送波を使用して光ファイバで搬送されてもよい。
This and similar arrangements are known as a radio-over-fiber (RoF) system or an RF-over-fiber system. これおよび類似の仕組みは、光ファイバ無線（RoF）システムまたはRFファイバシステムとして知られている。
How about "radio over fiber" for 光ファイバ無線?
ChatGPT:
Yes, "radio over fiber" (RoF) is a commonly used and appropriate translation for 光ファイバ無線.
Explanation:
Radio over Fiber (RoF) refers to the technology where radio frequency (RF) signals are transmitted over optical fiber instead of traditional coaxial cables or wireless transmission.
RoF systems are widely used in wireless communication networks, including 5G, Wi-Fi backhaul, and distributed antenna systems (DAS).
It enables low-loss, high-bandwidth, and long-distance transmission of RF signals, making it useful for applications such as cellular networks, satellite communications, and remote antenna systems.
Would you like a more detailed explanation of RoF applications?
US10305599(OCLARO JAPAN INC [JP]) [0002] The present invention relates to an optical transmitter module, and in particular to a technology of generating a multi-level light intensity modulation signal of eight or more levels. 【０００１】 本発明は光送信モジュールに関し、特に８値以上の多値強度変調光信号を生成する技術に関する。
US9467229(FUJITSU LTD [JP]) [0002] The embodiments discussed herein are related to multilevel intensity modulation and demodulation systems and methods that perform communication using multilevel intensity-modulated signals. 【０００１】 多値強度変調信号を用いて通信を行う多値強度変復調システムおよび方法に関する。
US2012002962(NEC CORP) [0091] The above described first to fifth exemplary embodiments have been described with the Differential Phase Shift Keying signal (DPSK) as an example of phase modulation. However, 【００５７】 [その他の実施形態] 以上の実施形態では、位相変調として２値位相変調信号（ＤＰＳＫ）を例にして説明したが、
the present invention is also similarly applicable to a signal applied with multivalued phase modulation than the DPSK, by converting the phase-modulated signal light into a signal light applied with intensity-modulation by multivalued intensity modulation. ＤＰＳＫよりも多値の位相変調信号に対しても、多値強度変調による光信号に変換することによって、同様に適用可能である。
What is 多値強度変調?
ChatGPT:
多値強度変調 (multi-level intensity modulation) refers to a modulation scheme in optical or wireless communication where multiple discrete intensity levels (amplitudes) are used to encode data, rather than just binary (on/off) intensity levels.
Explanation:
Binary Intensity Modulation (On-Off Keying, OOK): The simplest form of intensity modulation where data is represented using two intensity levels (e.g., light on = 1, light off = 0).
Multi-Level Intensity Modulation (M-ary Intensity Modulation): Instead of just two levels, multiple discrete intensity levels (e.g., 4, 8, or more) are used to encode more bits per symbol, increasing data transmission efficiency.
Common Examples:
4-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-4): Uses four intensity levels to encode 2 bits per symbol.
8-level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM-8): Uses eight intensity levels to encode 3 bits per symbol.
Applications:
Used in optical fiber communication, wireless communication, and high-speed data transmission systems where increasing spectral efficiency is critical.
Would you like more details on a specific application of 多値強度変調?
US2024363265(AUTONETWORKS TECHNOLOGIES LTD [JP]) Some type of conventional wire harness includes a shield wire having an electric wire and a braided member covering the outer periphery of the electric wire, a grommet that covers the outer periphery of the braided member, and a water-stop portion that fills mesh of the braided member and is located between the electric wire and the grommet (e.g. see JP 2017-220972A). 【０００２】 従来、ワイヤハーネスとしては、電線と電線の外周を覆う編組部材とを有するシールド電線と、編組部材の外周を覆うグロメットと、編組部材の網目を埋めつつ電線とグロメットとの間に設けられる止水部とを備えたものがある（例えば、特許文献１参照）。
The water-stop portion is made of resin and molded so as to fit into the mesh of braided member. 止水部は、樹脂製であり、編組部材の網目に入り込むようにモールド成形される。
With the wire harness having this configuration, the water-stop portion prevents liquids, such as water, from moving along the electric wire without disrupting the electromagnetic shielding effect obtained by the braided member, which is made of metal. このように構成されたワイヤハーネスでは、金属製の編組部材による電磁シールド効果を途切れさせることなく、止水部によって、例えば、水等の液体が電線に沿って移動することが阻止される。
US12191598(SUMITOMO WIRING SYSTEMS [JP]) [0058] As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 , each wire 20 includes a conductive core 21 and an insulating sheath 22 surrounding the outer periphery of the core 21 . 図５及び図６に示すように、各電線２０は、導電性を有する芯線２１と、芯線２１の外周を囲うとともに絶縁性を有するシース２２とを有している。
Each wire 20 particularly includes a conductive electromagnetic shield member 23 at least partly surrounding the outer periphery of the sheath 22 and/or an insulating insulation coating 24 at least partly surrounding the outer periphery of the electromagnetic shield member 23 . 各電線２０は、シース２２の外周を囲うとともに導電性を有する電磁シールド部材２３と、電磁シールド部材２３の外周を囲うとともに絶縁性を有する絶縁被覆２４とを有している。
Each wire 20 is, for example, a shielded wire having an electromagnetic shielding structure itself. 各電線２０は、例えば、自身に電磁シールド構造を有するシールド電線である。
シールド電線
ChatGPT:
「シールド電線」は、英語では一般的に以下のように訳されます：
✅ shielded wire
または
✅ shielded electric wire
または
✅ shielded cable
🔍 用語の違いについて：
日本語
英語訳
説明
シールド電線
shielded wire / shielded electric wire
1本の導体にシールドが施されたもの。比較的細い単芯または単純な配線に使われる用語。
シールドケーブル
shielded cable
複数の導体（複数の電線）をまとめて外部シールドで覆ったもの。産業機器・通信機器などでよく使われる。
✅ 用例：
A shielded wire is used to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The signal line is connected using a shielded cable to prevent noise intrusion.
Shielded electric wires are routed through the housing to ensure signal integrity.
Great question — “shield wire”does exist in English, but it means something quite different from “shielded wire.” The distinction is important, especially in technical writing.
🔍 Comparison:
✅ shielded wire
Refers to a wire that has shielding (e.g., a conductive braid or foil) to protect signals from electromagnetic interference (EMI).
This is the correct term for シールド電線 in most electronics, electrical, and communication contexts.
Example: A shielded wire is used to minimize noise in signal transmission.
⚠️ shield wire
Refers to a bare or grounded wire used for lightning protection or grounding — especially in power transmission lines or antennas.
It is not insulated and is not the same as a wire that has shielding.
Also sometimes called a shield conductor or overhead ground wire (OHGW).
Example: A shield wire is installed above high-voltage power lines to protect them from lightning strikes.
✅ Summary:
Term
Meaning
Japanese Equivalent
Usage
shielded wire
A wire that has shielding (e.g., foil/braid)
シールド電線
✅ Correct for electronics, EMI protection
shield wire
A bare wire used for lightning protection
架空地線・避雷線など
⚠️ Different use, not appropriate for “シールド電線”
✅ Conclusion:
For シールド電線, the correct and idiomatic translation is:
shielded wire or shielded electric wire or shielded cable (if referring to multi-conductor cables)
Let me know if your context involves audio, data transmission, power lines, or something else — I can help tailor the term!
US2024280699(NEC CORP [JP]) [0033] Each of the LiDAR devices 1 is installed in such a way as to emit laser light toward a region (hereinafter referred to as a “target region”) A to be detected by a vehicle (for example, a ship, a personal vehicle, a rubber boat, a submarine, or the like). 【００１５】 個々のＬｉＤＡＲ装置１は、航走体（例えば船舶、水上バイク、ゴムボート、潜水艦等）の検出の対象となる領域（以下「対象領域」という。）Ａに向けてレーザ光を出射するように設置される。
Herein, the vehicle is a moving body having power. ここで、航走体は、動力を有する移動体である。
EP4230512(MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD [JP]) [0006] The present disclosure has been made to solve the problem described above, 【０００６】 本開示は、上記課題を解決するためになされたものであって、
and an object of the present disclosure is to provide a marine vessel that has a function for lowering, and lifting and housing, an investigation and monitoring instrument, an underwater sailing body, a small boat, a fishing net, or the like at an end portion on a stern side, and that is capable of reducing wave-making resistance of a ship. 船尾側の端部から調査観測機器、水中航走体、小型艇、漁網等を降下・揚収する機能を備えつつ、船体の造波抵抗を低減させることができる船舶を提供することを目的とする。
EP11765603(INTERDIGITAL PATENT HOLDINGS INC [US]) [0039] A higher user mobility generally refers to a user case in which enhanced mobile broadband for fast moving devices, such as vehicles (e.g., up to 200 km/h) or trains (e.g, up to 500 km/h) are required. 【００２８】 より高いユーザモビリティは、一般に、航走体（例えば、最大２００ｋｍ／ｈ）または電車（例えば、最大５００ｋｍ／ｈ）などの高速移動デバイス用の高度化モバイルブロードバンドが必要とされるユーザケースを指す。
航走体
ChatGPT:
"航走体" can be translated as:
"Watercraft" – if referring to a general vessel that moves on water.
"Underwater vehicle" – if referring to a submerged vehicle like an AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle).
"Marine vehicle" – a broader term that can include both surface and underwater vehicles.
"Propelled body" – a more general technical term, if the context is about movement rather than the medium.
The best translation depends on the specific context. Would you like a more precise term based on the intended use?
US2022402989(REGENERON PHARMA [US]) [0251] These results indicated although REGN10597 and the comparator molecule REGN13233 both displayed robust anti-tumor efficacy, 【０２６０】 これらの結果から、ＲＥＧＮ１０５９７と比較対象分子であるＲＥＧＮ１３２３３はともに強固な抗腫瘍効能を示したが、
REGN10597 has a better safety profile, likely due to its ability to more selectively expand PD1+ T cells in vivo compared to REGN13233 which expanded broader CD8+ T and NK cell populations. ＲＥＧＮ１０５９７は、より幅広いＣＤ８＋ ＴおよびＮＫ細胞集団を拡大したＲＥＧＮ１３２３３と比較して、ｉｎ ｖｉｖｏでＰＤ１＋ Ｔ細胞をより選択的に拡大する能力があるためと思われ、安全性プロファイルがより優れていることが示された。
WO2022226050(QUANTUM SI INC [US]) Sample well 708 may have one or more side walls covered, at least partially, with a sidewall spacer on side walls 790. 【００７１】 サンプルウェル７０８は、側壁７９０上の側壁スペーサで少なくとも部分的に覆われた１つ以上の側壁を有してもよい。
The composition of a sidewall spacer may be such that the side walls 790 are configured to enable a certain type of interaction with molecule of interest 791. 側壁スペーサの組成は、側壁７９０が対象分子７９１との特定のタイプの相互作用を可能にするように構成されるようなものであってもよい。
In some embodiments, a sidewall spacer may have a composition configured to passivate the side walls of sample well 708 to reduce the amount of molecule of interest 791 that adheres to the side walls 790. いくつかの実施形態において、側壁スペーサは、側壁７９０に付着する対象分子７９１の量を低減するためにサンプルウェル７０８の側壁を不動態化するように構成された組成を有してもよい。
//////////
In some embodiments, a sample preparation device that is used to prepare a sample for diagnostic purposes is positioned to deliver or transfer to a diagnostic module or diagnostic device a target molecule or a plurality of molecules (e.g., target proteins). 【０１４５】 いくつかの実施形態において、診断目的のためのサンプルを調製するために使用されるサンプル調製デバイスは、標的分子または複数の分子（例えば、標的タンパク質）を診断モジュールまたは診断デバイスに送達または移動するように配置される。
WO2020140071(ABBOTT LAB [US]) [0002] Conventional immunodiagnostic assays involve ensemble measurements, wherein target molecules are identified in a reaction vial by recording the cumulative signal. 【０００１】 従来の免疫診断アッセイは、累積シグナルを記録することにより対象分子を反応バイアル中で識別する集団測定を利用している。
More recently, immunoassays have been developed which can count single analyte molecules, which are known in the art as“digital immunoassays.” より最近では、１分子の分析成分を計数できるイムノアッセイが開発されており、当技術分野で「デジタルイムノアッセイ」と呼ばれている。
One such approach involves tagging a detection antibody with an enzyme and trapping individual microparticles in nanowells. このようなアプローチの１つは、検出抗体を酵素で標識し、個々の微粒子をナノウェルに閉じ込める方法である。
US9920120(GENENTECH INC [US]) [0093] The terms “non-affinity chromatography” and “non-affinity purification” refer to a purification process in which affinity chromatography is not utilized. 【００９１】 「非アフィニティークロマトグラフィー」及び「非アフィニティー精製」は、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーを利用しない精製方法を指す。
Non-affinity chromatography includes chromatographic techniques that rely on non-specific interactions between a molecule of interest (such as a protein, e.g. antibody) and a solid phase matrix. 非アフィニティークロマトグラフィーは、対象分子（例えば抗体などのタンパク質）と固体相マトリックスの非特異的相互作用に基づくクロマトグラフィー技術を含む。
標的分子に結合し得る分子である対象分子
ChatGPT:
A possible translation for 標的分子に結合し得る分子である対象分子 could be:
"A target molecule that can bind to the target molecule"
However, this seems redundant. If you mean that the 対象分子 is a molecule that binds to the 標的分子, a more precise translation would be:
"A candidate molecule that can bind to the target molecule"
"A molecule capable of binding to the target molecule"
"A subject molecule that can bind to the target molecule"
Would you like a more specialized term based on the context (e.g., drug discovery, molecular docking, etc.)?
あなた:
How about "molecule of interest" for 対象分子?
ChatGPT:
Yes, "molecule of interest" can work as a translation for 対象分子, especially in scientific and research contexts. However, whether it is the best choice depends on the exact nuance in the original text. Here are some alternatives based on different contexts:
"Candidate molecule" → Often used in drug discovery or molecular docking studies.
"Targeted molecule" → Could be confused with 標的分子, so less ideal.
"Analyte" → Suitable if referring to a molecule being analyzed in an experiment.
"Probe molecule" → If the molecule is used to detect or interact with another molecule.
If 対象分子 refers to any molecule under investigation (without implying a selection process), "molecule of interest" is a good choice. But if it is being considered for a specific purpose (e.g., binding to a 標的分子), "candidate molecule" might be more precise.
US2024141312(BAYER AG [DE]) In general the incorporation of GeNA monomers into a DNA chain increases its stability of a DNA/RNA hybrid. 一般に、ＤＮＡ鎖へのＧｅＮＡモノマーの組み込みは、ＤＮＡ／ＲＮＡハイブリッドのその安定性を増加させる。
GeNA oligoadenylates formed complexes with RNA and DNA complements with similar stability to the native complexes. ＧｅＮＡオリゴアデニレートは、天然複合体と同様の安定性を有するＲＮＡ及びＤＮＡ複合体と複合体を形成した。
The study of incorporating GeNA structures into natural nucleic acid structures was shown by NMR and circular dichroism to proceed with easy conformational adaptation. 天然核酸構造にＧｅＮＡ構造を組み込む研究は、ＮＭＲ及び円偏光二色性により、容易な立体配座適応を進めることが示された。
US2024254107(UNIV NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL [US]) As used herein, the term “pseudoknot” refers to a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem. 【００２８】 本明細書で使用される場合、「シュードノット」という用語は、１つのステムの半分が、別のステムの２つの半分の間にインターカレーションされる、少なくとも２つのステム－ループ構造を含有する核酸二次構造を指す。
The pseudoknot was first recognized in the turnip yellow mosaic virus in 1982. Pseudoknots fold into knot-shaped three-dimensional conformations but are not true topological knots. シュードノットは、１９８２年にハクサイ黄化モザイクウイルスで初めて認められた。シュードノットは、ノット形状の三次元立体配座に折り畳まれるが、真のトポロジカルノットではない。
An “aptamer” refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of binding to a particular molecule of interest with high affinity and specificity (Tuerk and Gold, 1990; Ellington and Szostak, 1990), and can be of either human-engineered or natural origin. 【００２９】 「アプタマー」は、高い親和性及び特異性で目的の特定の分子に結合することができる核酸分子を指し（Ｔｕｅｒｋ ａｎｄ Ｇｏｌｄ，１９９０、Ｅｌｌｉｎｇｔｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｓｚｏｓｔａｋ，１９９０）、ヒト遺伝子操作されているか、又は天然由来のいずれかであり得る。
The binding of a ligand to an aptamer, which is typically RNA, changes the conformation of the aptamer and the nucleic acid within which the aptamer is located. 典型的にはＲＮＡであるアプタマーに対するリガンドの結合は、アプタマー及びアプタマーが位置する中の核酸の立体配座を変化させる。
In some instances, the conformation change inhibits translation of an mRNA in which the aptamer is located, for example, or otherwise interferes with the normal activity of the nucleic acid. いくつかの場合に、立体配座の変化は、アプタマーが位置するｍＲＮＡの翻訳を阻害するか、又は例えば、他の方法で核酸の正常な活性を妨げる。
Aptamers may also be composed of DNA or may comprise non-natural nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. アプタマーはまた、ＤＮＡから構成されてもよく、又は非天然ヌクレオチド及びヌクレオチド類似体を含んでいてもよい。
An aptamer will most typically have been obtained by in vitro selection for binding of a target molecule. アプタマーは、最も典型的には、標的分子の結合についてのインビトロ選択によって得られるであろう。
分子の立体配座の推定方法
ChatGPT:
How about:
"Method for estimating the molecular conformation"
"Method for predicting the molecular conformational arrangement"
"Method for determining the stereochemical conformation of a molecule"
Would you like a more specific nuance, such as focusing on computational methods or experimental techniques?
あなた:
What is 配座?
ChatGPT:
配座 (はいざ, conformation) refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule that can change by rotation around single bonds without breaking any bonds. It is different from configuration (配置, 構造), which requires bond breaking and reformation to change.
Key Differences:
Conformation (配座): Different spatial arrangements of a molecule due to rotation around single bonds (e.g., staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethane).
Configuration (配置・構造): The fixed spatial arrangement of atoms that can only change by breaking and reforming bonds (e.g., cis-trans isomers, enantiomers).
Would you like a translation or explanation in a specific context, such as computational chemistry or organic synthesis?
あなた:
How about "three-dimensional conformation" for 立体配座?
ChatGPT:
Yes, "three-dimensional conformation" is a reasonable translation for 立体配座, as it emphasizes the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. However, in many technical contexts, just "conformation" is commonly used because conformations are inherently three-dimensional.
Possible Translations:
"Conformation" → The most natural and widely used term in chemistry.
"Three-dimensional conformation" → Adds clarity if needed, but might be redundant.
"Steric conformation" → Less common but could work in some contexts.
If you need a more precise translation depending on your field (e.g., computational chemistry, structural biology), let me know!
US2023160405(NORDSON CORP [US]) [0022] A further development of the invention provides that the eccentric portion has an area centroid corresponding to the axis of rotation of the clamping element. 【００２２】 本発明の別の構成例では、偏心部分は、締着要素の回転軸線に対応した面重心を有する。
It is further preferred that one of the limbs is provided by the eccentric portion. さらに、リムのうちの一方が偏心部分によって提供されることが好ましい。
US2018154438(MARKFORGED INC [US]) [0253] In some layers, differing amounts of binder may be jetted depending on whether a 2D layer shape segment being formed is an external wall, internal wall, or honeycomb wall, or internal bulk material (or depending on the printing location relative to such perimeters or areas). 【０２２６】 いくつかの層において、形成される２Ｄ層形状セグメントが外壁、内壁又はハニカム壁又は内部バルク材料であるかに応じて（又はこのような外周又は面積に関連した印刷位置に応じて）異なる量のバインダが噴出されてもよい。
This results in differing (optionally a continuous or stepwise gradient) of volume fraction proportions of binder to powder, e.g., from 90% binder to 100% powder through 50:50 up to 10% binder to 90% powder. その結果、バインダと粉末の、例えば、９０％のバインダと１００％の粉末から５０：５０を経て１０％のバインダと９０％の粉末までの異なる（任意に連続的又は段階的勾配の）体積分率割合が生じる。
For example, a higher volume fraction of binder may be located on an outer shell (and/or inner shell), progressively reducing inward toward, e.g., area centroids. 例えば、高体積分率のバインダは、外側のシェル（及び／又は内側シェル）に配置され、次第に、例えば、面重心へ向けて内方に減少していく。
US12163016(DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC [US]) Communication cables are frequently formed by coating a conductor with an insulation material containing a polyolefin. 【０００１】 通信ケーブルはしばしば、ポリオレフィンを含有する絶縁材料で導体を被覆することによって形成される。
To improve the dielectric performance of the polyolefin, the polyolefin is often foamed using a chemical blowing agent or a physical blowing agent. ポリオレフィンの誘電性能を改善するために、ポリオレフィンはよく、化学的発泡（ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ ｂｌｏｗｉｎｇ）剤または物理的発泡（ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ ｂｌｏｗｉｎｇ）剤を使用して発泡される（ｆｏａｍｅｄ）。
However, foaming is known to reduce the tensile strength of the insulation material. しかしながら、発泡は、絶縁材料の引張強度を低減することが知られている。
Additionally, the uniformity and size of the foam cells is difficult to control, particularly in small cables such as small form-factor pluggable (SFP) cables. 加えて、発泡セルの均一性およびサイズは、特に、スモールフォームファクタプラガブル（ＳＦＰ）ケーブルなどの小さなケーブルにおいて、制御することが困難である。
US12049208(HALDEX BRAKE PROD AB [SE]) [0059] When a power-off electromagnetic brake is adopted, the braking force may be held for a long time in a zero-power consumption state. 【００３７】 電気機械式の無励磁作動ブレーキ（ｐｏｗｅｒ－ｏｆｆ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ ｂｒａｋｅ）が使用される場合、当該ブレーキ力は、長期間にわたって零の電力消費状態で保持され得る。
When a power-on electromagnetic brake is adopted, the braking force may be held for a long time in a low power consumption state, and release of the motor shaft may be held in a zero-power consumption state. 電気機械式の励磁作動ブレーキ（ｐｏｗｅｒ－ｏｎ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ ｂｒａｋｅ）が使用される場合、当該ブレーキ力は、長期間にわたって低い電力消費状態で保持され得て、電動機の軸の解放が、零の電力消費状態で保持され得る。
It needs to be noted that the braking force holding device 16 may also be, for example, a solenoid, a ratchet mechanism, etc. ブレーキ力保持装置１６は、例えばソレノイド、ラッチ機構等でもよい点に留意すべきである。
US10132370(HARMONIC DRIVE SYSTEMS [JP]) [0002] A non-excitation operative brake is installed in a servomotor or the like as a safety device for when the motor is not in operation. A non-excitation operative brake is provided with a friction plate, an attraction plate, and an electromagnet, which are located on an outer peripheral portion of a rotating shaft to be braked and which are aligned along an axial direction of the rotating shaft, as is disclosed in, e.g., Patent Document 1. 無励磁作動ブレーキは、非動作時の安全装置としてサーボモータ等に搭載される。無励磁作動ブレーキは、例えば特許文献１に開示されているように、制動対象の回転軸の外周部分において、その軸線方向に沿って配列した摩擦板、吸引板および電磁石を備えている。
US2022388490(AKEBONO BRAKE IND [JP]) [0057] In view of such circumstances, the inventors of the present invention have considered that a braking force by a parking brake is maintained in a state where the energization to an electric motor is stopped by using a non-excited operation type brake instead of the worm speed reduction mechanism having the self-lock function. このような事情に鑑みて、本発明者等は、セルフロック機能を備えたウォーム減速機構に代えて、無励磁作動型ブレーキを使用することにより、電動モータへの通電を停止した状態で、パーキングブレーキによる制動力を保持することを考えた。
Then, it is considered to incorporate the non-excited operation type brake into a motor gear unit (MGU), that is, to accommodate the non-excited operation type brake in a housing that accommodates the electric motor and the speed reduction mechanism. そして、無励磁作動型ブレーキを、モータギヤユニット（ＭＧＵ）に組み込む、すなわち、電動モータ及び減速機構を収容したハウジングに収容することを考えた。
US2024102522(HARMONIC DRIVE SYSTEMS [JP]) [0002] For motor brakes for industrial use, non-excitation actuated type electromagnetic brakes are commonly used. When the brake is in the released state, the electromagnetic brake is energized, and a friction plate is attracted in the axial direction. 【０００２】 産業用モータブレーキは、一般的に無励磁作動型の電磁ブレーキを採用している。ブレーキ解除状態においては、電磁ブレーキに通電して摩擦板を軸線方向に吸引している。
In an emergency, energization to the electromagnetic brake is stopped, and by means of spring force, the motor is halted using friction from the friction plate. 緊急時には、電磁ブレーキへの通電を止め、バネ力によって摩擦板による摩擦力を利用してモータを止めるようにしている。
A non-excitation actuated type electromagnetic brake is disclosed in, for example, Patent Document 1. 無励磁作動型の電磁ブレーキは例えば特許文献１に記載されている。
US12036963(KUBOTA KK [JP]) [0026] As illustrated in FIG. 3 , a parking brake 21 is equipped in the transmission 20 for traveling. The parking brake 21 is a non-excitation actuated parking brake, and brakes the transmission of drive power from the travel motor unit 5 to the transmission 20 . 【００１９】 図３に示すように、走行用のトランスミッション２０には、走行用モータユニット５からトランスミッション２０への動力伝達を制動する無励磁作動型ブレーキであるパーキングブレーキ２１が装備されている。
In this preferred embodiment, an output shaft of the travel motor unit 5 defines and functions as a rotation shaft 22 of the parking brake 21 . この実施形態では、走行用モータユニット５の出力軸が、パーキングブレーキ２１の回転軸２２として機能しており、回転軸２２は、トランスミッション２０の入力軸２３と連結されている。
US2024056003(FANUC CORP [JP]) [0002] A non-excitation actuated type brake device actuates a brake in a non-excitation state in which no voltage is applied to a brake coil, and releases the brake in an excitation state in which the voltage is applied to the brake coil. 無励磁作動型のブレーキ装置では、ブレーキコイルに対する電圧の印加がない無励磁時にブレーキを作動し、ブレーキコイルに対する電圧の印加がある励磁時にブレーキを解除する。
US10357330(SONY CORP [JP]) [0005] For example, in some industrial support arm devices used in a plant or the like, an actuator is provided with what is called a non-excitation operation electromagnetic brake that unlocks an output shaft of a motor when excited and locks the output shaft of the motor when demagnetized, in order to stop the arm unit in case of emergency, such as power outage (for example, Patent Literature 1). 例えば、工場等で用いられる産業用支持アーム装置には、励磁された場合にモータの出力軸の拘束を解除し、消磁された場合にモータの出力軸を拘束する、いわゆる無励磁作動式の電磁ブレーキをアクチュエータに設けることにより、停電等の非常時におけるアーム部の停止を実現しているものがある（例えば、特許文献１）。
It might be possible to configure a safer medical support arm device by applying the technology used in this industrial support arm device to a medical support arm device. このような産業用支持アーム装置に用いられている技術を医療用支持アーム装置に適用することにより、より安全な医療用支持アーム装置を実現できる可能性がある。
無励磁作動ブレーキ (むれいじさどうブレーキ) refers to a fail-safe brake or power-off engaged brake.
Explanation:
無励磁 (むれいじ, "non-excited"): Means that the brake is engaged (activated) when no power is supplied.
作動 (さどう, "operation"): Refers to the actuation or activation of the brake.
ブレーキ (brake): The braking mechanism.
How It Works:
When power is OFF → The brake engages.
When power is ON → The brake is released.
This mechanism is commonly used for safety applications, ensuring that a system stops automatically if power is lost.
Common Applications:
Elevators & Escalators: Ensures that the system stops if power is cut.
Industrial Machinery: Used in motorized systems where stopping safely in a power outage is crucial.
Robotics & Automation: Prevents movement when power is lost.
Medical Equipment (e.g., motorized hospital beds): Keeps devices in place when not powered.
English Translations:
Fail-safe brake
Power-off engaged brake
Spring-applied brake (common in industrial applications)
Electromagnetic safety brake (if it uses electromagnets to release)
Would you like more details on its internal mechanism or specific types?
あなた:
How about "non-excitation operative brake" or "non-excitation actuation brake"?
ChatGPT:
"Non-excitation operative brake" and "non-excitation actuation brake" are not commonly used in English technical literature. Instead, the following terms are more natural and widely accepted in the relevant engineering fields:
Recommended Terms:
Fail-safe brake → Most commonly used in the industry.
Power-off engaged brake → Describes the mechanism clearly.
Spring-applied brake → Common for mechanical and industrial applications.
Electromagnetic safety brake → If it uses an electromagnetic mechanism.
Power failure engagement brake → Sometimes used in safety-critical systems.
Why Not "Non-excitation Operative Brake"?
"Non-excitation" is a direct translation of 無励磁, but it is not a standard term in English engineering contexts.
"Operative" and "actuation" do not naturally fit with braking terminology.
"Non-excitation" may not be immediately clear to English-speaking engineers.
Conclusion:
If you want technical accuracy and readability, I recommend "fail-safe brake" or "power-off engaged brake."
Would you like to see examples of how these terms are used in technical documents?
US10175660(TOSHIBA KK [JP]) [0218] Next, when the power electronics device (AC/DC) has executed the fail-safe, the remaining power electronics devices determine the logical configuration (the master and the slave in this context) (C 104 ). 【０１６４】 次に、電力変換装置（ＡＣ／ＤＣ）がフェールセーフしたら、残りの電力変換装置で論理構成（ここではマスタ・スレーブ）を決定する（Ｃ１０４）。
For the fail-soft (fallback operation), as briefly mentioned in the foregoing, a criterion for priority may be adopted according to which the power electronics device having the highest probability to survive at the time of abnormality is selected as the master. フェールソフト（縮退運転）のためには、先にも少し述べたが、異常時において生きている確率が一番高い電力変換装置をマスタに選定するという優先基準を採用してもよい。
Specifically, from among the power electronics devices (DC/DC), the power electronics device connected to the power source is preferentially determined as the master over the power electronics device connected to the load. すなわち、電力変換装置（ＤＣ／ＤＣ）の中でも、電源に接続した電力変換装置を、負荷に接続した電力変換装置よりも優先してマスタに決定する。
Further, among the power sources, the power electronics device (DC/DC) connected to the energy storage may have preference over the power electronics device (DC/DC) connected to a power generation device of renewable energy. 更に電源の中でも、蓄電池に接続した電力変換装置（ＤＣ／ＤＣ）を、自然エネルギの発電装置に接続した電力変換装置（ＤＣ／ＤＣ）よりも優先させてもよい。
What is 乗りかごの縮退運転 in the context of elevator control technologies?
ChatGPT:
In the context of elevator control technologies, 乗りかごの縮退運転 (degraded operation of the elevator car) refers to a mode in which the elevator operates with limited functionality due to a fault or emergency condition.
Explanation:
乗りかご (のりかご, "car"): Refers to the elevator car where passengers or cargo are carried.
縮退運転 (しゅくたいうんてん, "degraded operation" or "fail-safe operation"): Indicates a restricted or emergency operation mode that allows the elevator to function at a reduced capacity when certain failures occur.
When is 縮退運転 (Degraded Operation) Used?
It is activated when:
A partial failure occurs (e.g., one of the control systems, sensors, or safety devices malfunctions).
Power supply issues arise (e.g., limited power availability).
Emergency operations are needed (e.g., after detecting abnormal behavior but allowing passengers to safely exit).
Examples of 縮退運転 Modes:
Operating at a reduced speed to ensure safety.
Allowing only one-directional movement (e.g., moving only to the nearest floor to let passengers out).
Disabling automatic floor selection and requiring manual operation by an elevator technician.
Alternative English Translations:
Degraded operation of the elevator car
Fail-safe operation mode of the elevator car
Reduced-functionality operation of the elevator car
Would you like further details on specific degraded operation mechanisms in modern elevator control systems?
