Thermodynamics of Soul and Spirit (Science Fiction)
~ Biblical Narrative along Reversed Carnot Cycle ~

(Scripture taken from NIV)
Introduction ~ Visualization of Soul and Spirit ~
Neither the soul nor the spirit is visible. Hence, some people doubt their existence. Therefore, this science fiction (SF) attempts to visualize the soul and spirit.
Air is also invisible. For example, it is impossible to tell whether air is present in the cylinder of Figure 1 (left) just by watching it. However, if the pressure increases when the piston is pushed in, we understand that there is gas in the cylinder. The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas is expressed in Figure 1 (right).
Figure 1
This graph shows that the gas does indeed exist in the cylinder. If it is not filled with a particular gas, such as nitrogen or helium, then what is inside is air. Thus, although air is invisible, the graph of the experimental results visualizes the presence of air.
Now, this graph shows that the "volume V" of a gas is inversely proportional to its "pressure P". This relationship is called "Boyle's Law" since Robert Boyle discovered it in the 17th century, and we learn it at junior high school in Japan.
This inversely proportional relationship can also be written as
Pressure P × Volume V = Constant
In this SF, this Boyle's law is applied to soul and spirit by comparing them to gases. We will also view the curve of the P-V diagram from a biblical perspective, introducing the ideas of "Charles' Law (the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature)" and the Carnot cycle. I believe that the P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle beautifully simplifies the complex biblical history of salvation and conveys it in an easy-to-understand form. The 66 books of the Bible (39 books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament) are intricately intertwined. Therefore, for Japanese who are not familiar with the Bible, it is a difficult book to understand. However, if we replace it with the Carnot cycle, it becomes very clear.
Another reason why the Bible is difficult to understand is that it is a spiritual book. Since neither the soul nor the spirit is visible, the Bible's descriptions of the soul and spirit are extremely difficult for the uninitiated to understand. When I first started attending church, I too understood almost nothing. The P-V curve diagram in this SF visualizes the soul and spirit, so I think it makes the Bible easier to understand in this respect. I hope that many people will learn the major flow of the entire biblical story of the Old and New Testaments through the P-V curve of this science fiction book.
*Note that in the Bible, there is no clear distinction between the human soul and spirit. In many cases, they are used synonymously and in parallel as similar entities (New Essential Bible Dictionary). Henceforth, “soul and spirit” will be referred to collectively as "soul/spirit”.
Difference between the Old Testament and the New Testament
Let us now replace the P-V diagram of gases with that of soul and spirit. As shown in the left diagram in Figure 2, we will assume that there is a cylinder in the heart of a person, and that the soul/spirit is contained within the cylinder.
Figure 2
Here, we assume that the soul/spirit of a person also has a curve like the P-V curve of a gas, as shown in the graph on the right. However, the vertical and horizontal axes are different from those for gases.
P (vertical axis): the atmospheric pressure of a person's soul/spirit
V (horizontal axis): the cube of the distance from the Father's house
The "distance" on the horizontal axis of the graph is the distance from the Father's house. The small 3 on the shoulder is an exponent indicating cubed. The cube of the distance is the volume.
The "Father's house" refers to the house of the Father of the elder and younger sons in the "Homecoming of the Prodigal Son" of Luke 15 in the New Testament, where the father is God. The younger brother returns home to his father's house after running away from home and being prodigal. The "Distance from the Father's House" is the spiritual distance from God, so even in the temple, if one's heart is far from God, the distance will be greater. This is the case with the elder brother who lived in the father's house in Luke 15.
Now let us compare the difference in the state of the soul/spirit in the Old and New Testament eras from the following two scriptures.
“My soul is downcast within me.” (Psalm 42:6)
“Keep your spiritual fervor, serving the Lord.” (Romans 12:11)
The soul of the Old Testament psalmist of Psalm 42 is downcast within him. In other words, he is very sluggish spiritually. Most of the people in the Old Testament era wanted to kindle their soul/spirit, but they could not easily do so. On the other hand, Romans, written by the apostle Paul, shows that people in the New Testament era can become fervor spiritually.
As these two scriptures indicate, in general, the temperature of the soul/spirit in the Old Testament era is low, while the temperature in the New Testament era is high. Figure 3 below shows the difference between the two. Here, T1 is the temperature in the Old Testament era and T2 is the temperature in the New Testament era. This figure also incorporates Charles' Law, which states that the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature.
Figure 3
The reason why the pressure and temperature are on the higher side in the New Testament than in the Old Testament is because the Holy Spirit is poured out on people in the New Testament era. In the Old Testament era, the Holy Spirit was poured out only to a limited number of people, such as prophets. Therefore, people's soul/spirit did not burn easily. In the New Testament era, however, the Holy Spirit was poured out on anyone who believed that "Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God”. Thus, those who had the Holy Spirit inside them had their soul/spirit easily flamed.
The Encouragement of Jesus, the Son of God
According to the Bible, man has a disposition to be easily separated from God. The Old Testament describes the history of the Israelites as they drifted further and further away from God. Sometimes they would turn back to God, but it would not last long, and soon they would go away from God again, and the people of the Old Testament repeated their unbelief. The Old Testament book of Isaiah 53 is a striking illustration of this spiritually sluggish situation in which people quickly drift away from God.
We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; (Isaiah 53:6)
Thus, the people of the Old Testament era turned away from God and went their own way. And so, as the P-V curve of the "Old Testament" in Figure 4 shows, people moved further and further away from the Father's house, which is God. The further they moved away, the lower the atmospheric pressure of their soul/spirit, and the more they lost their spiritual tension. This is the time course followed by the people of the Old Testament.
On the other hand, in the New Testament era, the distance from the Father's house shortened with the passage of time. This is because the goal of the New Testament is the "New Heaven and New Earth" described in Revelation 21 and 22. The "new heaven and new earth" is the home to return to, the Father's house. The first four verses of Revelation 21 say,
1 Then I saw “a new heaven and a new earth,” for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away, and there was no longer any sea.
2 I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband.
3 And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Look! God’s dwelling place is now among the people, and he will dwell with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God.
4 ‘He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death’ or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away.” (Revelation 21:1-4)
Although the Holy Spirit is received, how is it possible for the pressure of the soul/spirit in the New Testament era goes toward higher side?
It is because the Holy Spirit who enters into a person is also God. The God of the Bible is the Triune God of the Father, the Son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Because the Holy Spirit, who is God, enters within, we can approach the Father's house. This is illustrated by the P-V curve for the New Testament era in Figure 4.
Figure 4
Furthermore, in the New Testament era, the "encouragement of Jesus" is also significant. Jesus prayed to the Heavenly Father to unite everyone at the "Last Supper" prayer.
“(I pray) that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you.”(John 17:21)
Thus, Jesus prayed to His Father that everyone would go in the direction of His Father's house and be united, rather than that people would stay scattered away from His Father's house. And to Peter, the foremost disciple who was to be the standard bearer of this, He encouraged him by saying the following.
I have prayed for you, Simon, that your faith may not fail. And when you have turned back, strengthen your brothers.” (Luke 22:32)
This encouragement is also received by us in the 21st century. Through Jesus' prayer and encouragement, we are moving toward being united in the Father's house. We are living in a miserable world today, where wars continue without end, but we must not forget that Jesus is praying for us and encouraging us.
The Carnot Cycle Connecting the Old and New Testaments
Now, however, how can the low-temperature, low-pressure Old Testament era be connected to the high-temperature, high-pressure New Testament era?
The Carnot cycle is the solution to this. If we intersperse the process of "insulation" with reference to the Carnot cycle, the Old and New Testaments will be connected. This "insulation," if applied to the Bible, would be a state of disconnection from God's love. If so, the "Fall" of Adam and Eve and the "Crucifixion" of Jesus would correspond to the process of "insulation.
Before explaining this insulation of God's love, let us take a brief look at what is the Carnot cycle?
According to Tomonaga, it was Clapeyron's work that visualized the Carnot cycle in the P-V diagram familiar from physics textbooks. It was Clapeyron who put Carnot's reflections, which were only words, into an easy-to-understand form. Figure 5 shows a P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle.
Figure 5
The Carnot cycle consists of the following four processes.
a --> b: isothermal expansion
b --> c: adiabatic expansion
c --> d: isothermal compression
d --> a: Adiabatic compression
In the "isothermal" process, the temperature of the gas is maintained at the same temperature as the heat source it is in contact with. On the other hand, in the "adiabatic" process, the gas inside does not exchange heat with the outside of the cylinder. In this case, in "adiabatic expansion," the temperature of the gas inside drops and the pressure drops rapidly. In the "adiabatic compression" process, the temperature of the gas rises and the pressure increases rapidly.
Let us return to the soul/spirit. I wrote above that if the insulation process of the soul/spirit is a state of disconnection from the transmission of the heat of God's love, then the "fall" of Adam and Eve and the "cross" of Jesus would correspond to this "insulation" process. When Adam and Eve hid themselves from God by eating the fruit of the forbidden tree because they were seduced by the serpent (Genesis 3), the relationship between God and man was temporarily severed. Also, Jesus on the cross cried out, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"(Matthew 27:46; Mark 15:34) and died. Again, the relationship between man and God on earth was severed.
Figure 6
Summarizing the above, Figure 6 shows the four processes of the "Fall," the "Old Testament Era," the "Cross," and the "New Testament Era" in the Carnot Cycle. This Figure 6 differs from Figure 5 in two significant ways.
First, while Fig. 5 goes clockwise, Fig. 6 goes counterclockwise, "in the opposite direction”.
Second, while Fig. 5 is a cycle that keeps going around and around, Fig. 6 is "once for all" (so it may not be called a cycle, strictly speaking).
This "once for all" nature is emphasized by the New Testament letter to the Hebrews.
“And by that will, we have been made holy through the sacrifice of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.” (Hebrews 10:10)
In this Figure 6, we have also added the information "Creation," "Expulsion from Paradise," "Trial of Jesus," "Resurrection," and “New Earth." Individual explanations of these will be given later. The biblical processes corresponding to Carnot's four processes are 1 through 4 below.
(1) Fall (adiabatic expansion)
(2) Old Testament (isothermal expansion)
(3) Crucifixion (adiabatic compression)
(4) New Testament (isothermal compression)
Figure 7
These four processes are illustrated in a cylinder diagram in Figure 7 above. Let me explain each one of them below.
(1) Fall (adiabatic expansion) - Fig. 8
Figure 8
The Bible begins with the following words.
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. (Genesis 1:1)
This is where God's work of "creation" began. God created the heavens and the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars, plants, animals, and finally man. In verse 31, the last verse of Genesis 1, we read: "And God saw everything that he had made.
God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. (Genesis 1:31)
In the beginning everything was very good. Man's spirit/soul was hot and high pressure, and his spiritual condition was very good. However, Adam and Eve, falling for the snake's (devil's) clever talk, ate the fruit of the tree that God had commanded them not to eat, and they hid themselves from God (Genesis 3). This severed God's love and prevented it from reaching them, leaving them insulated and separated from God. This is the "insulation by Satan" because it was the Satan's plan. This adiabatic expansion caused the temperature of the spirit/soul to drop and cool down, and the atmospheric pressure dropped drastically. This is the "Fall" process of (1).
Thus, Adam and Eve, who did not obey God's command, were put out of the Garden of Eden.
(2) Old Testament (isothermal expansion) - Fig. 9
Figure 9
In this reversed Carnot process, the section of the "Old Testament" is from "Expulsion from Eden” to “Trial of Jesus”. The state of people's soul/spirit during the Old Testament era after the expulsion from the Garden of Eden was consistently low. Both temperature and pressure were low. The soul/spirit and of prophets such as Moses and Isaiah had high temperatures and high pressures because the Holy Spirit was poured into their souls, but the soul/spirit of ordinary people was low. Most of the Old Testament people received the Word of God indirectly from the prophets. Because it was indirect, the amount of heat they received was inevitably low. The Old Testament people saw God's miracles through the prophets, believed in God, and were given the Ten Commandments and the Law, which taught them how to walk with God. Through these, they received a certain amount of heat through the prophets. However, it cannot be denied that they were a "low heat source" compared to the "high heat source" of the New Testament era, when each person could receive the Father's words directly through the Holy Spirit. Therefore, the spirits and souls of the people of the Old Testament era did not burn hot.
In addition, unlike the New Testament era, where the heart is sanctified by the Holy Spirit, the rituals of the Law of the Old Testament era inevitably left the sin of turning away from God firmly in the heart. This sin caused the soul/spirit of the Old Testament peoples to be more and more separated from the Father's house.
The book of Isaiah begins with the words of the prophet Isaiah lamenting the unbelief of the Israelites.
2 Hear me, you heavens! Listen, earth! For the Lord has spoken: “I reared children and brought them up,but they have rebelled against me.
3 The ox knows its master, the donkey its owner’s manger, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.”
4 Woe to the sinful nation,a people whose guilt is great, a brood of evildoers, children given to corruption! They have forsaken the Lord; they have spurned the Holy One of Israel and turned their backs on him. (Isaiah 1:2-4)
And so, the time when they were most separated from God was the time of the "Trial of Jesus" when the chief priests and people cried out for God's Son Jesus to be "Crucify him" written in Matthew 27.
1 Early in the morning, all the chief priests and the elders of the people made their plans how to have Jesus executed.
2 So they bound him, led him away and handed him over to Pilate the governor.
22 “What shall I do, then, with Jesus who is called the Messiah?” Pilate asked. They all answered, “Crucify him!”
23 “Why? What crime has he committed?” asked Pilate. But they shouted all the louder, “Crucify him!” (Matthew 27:1-2, 22-23)
(3) Crucifixion (adiabatic compression), Figure 10
Figure 10
The chief priests who captured Jesus, the Son of God, and handed Him over to Pilate, the governor of the Jews, incited the Jewish people to cry out that Jesus should be crucified. The only way to change direction from this extreme of unbelief and make a person's soul/spirit hotter is to insulate and compress it. The crucifixion was the "one time" means God used for this purpose. The crucifixion of Jesus is a death sentence, and it cannot be done twice or thrice. Hence, it was done at the best possible time in the fullness of time (see below). On that cross, Jesus cried out as He died.
“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matthew 27:46; Mark 15:34)
At this time, the relationship between God and man was again severed and in a state of insulation since the time of the Fall in (1). And this adiabatic compression allowed the temperature of the spirit/soul to rise from low to high. This is "Insulation by God" because this is what God did to bring home those who had left the Father's house. God sent His only begotten Son to the cross, John writes:
For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)
And when Jesus died on the cross, the curtain of the temple that separated God and man was torn in two (Matthew 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45). This gave man access to the Father, the source of high heat, and enabled him to hear the Father's words directly through the Holy Spirit.
(4) New Testament (isothermal compression), Figure 11
Figure 11
Jesus, who died on the cross, was resurrected on the third day and came back to life. For God, who created the heavens and the earth, as well as plant, animal, and human life, it is an easy task to bring a dead person back to life. The Holy Spirit is poured out on those who believe that this Jesus who died on the cross is the Christ, the Son of God. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit on Jesus' disciples such as Peter and John was on the day of Pentecost, and the New Testament era began in earnest at this time.
This New Testament era began at the best possible time in the fullness of time. The Roman Empire controlled the whole Mediterranean coastline, and the transportation network was well developed and secure, making it possible for the teachings of Jesus from Jerusalem to be spread by the apostles. Jesus once said to His disciples,
“You will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.” (Acts 1:8)
Thus, the teachings of Jesus, which were transmitted from Jerusalem to the entire Mediterranean coastline, further spread throughout the world, and in the 16th century, were transmitted to Japan during the Warring States Period. Then, after the Edo period (1603-1867), a period of religious prohibition, many missionaries came to Japan after the Meiji Restoration and World War II to spread Jesus' teachings.
Up to this point, the four processes of (1) Fall, (2) Old Testament, (3) Crucifxion, and (4) New Testament are the history of salvation as described in the Bible, which is a long period of time since the birth of mankind. However, these (1) through (4) are also personal histories at the same time. Because there was a time when we all turned our backs on God. Every person will commit sins, such as not loving one's neighbor. And so we spend our days in the same state of turning our backs on God as the people of the Old Testament. However, at some point, they will encounter Jesus Christ, believe in the crucifixion and resurrection, receive the Holy Spirit, and be able to walk in the age of the New Testament in (4). If the goal of the New Testament era is the New Heaven and New Earth of the Father's house, then all of humanity living today are the prodigal sons of Luke 15, and the Father is waiting for us to return home.
The people of the New Testament, who have high-temperature, high-pressure soul/spirit, will worship fervently, surrender their hearts to God, walk the path of sanctification, and become devotees in service to God. These acts, as shown in Figure 11, are an offering of the fervor of the spirit/soul within oneself to the Heavenly Father. The reason why the temperature of the spirit/spirit does not drop even after offering one's own heat in this way is because the piston of the cylinder of the heart is pushed in by the encouragement of Jesus. In this way, the servants of the New Testament people will draw closer to the New Heaven and New Earth of the Father's house every moment while maintaining a high temperature and increasing the pressure.
Creation of the New Heaven and New Earth
In the New Heaven and New Earth, the Father's house, everything is in order and order is maintained. In other words, entropy is very low. At the time of the trial of Jesus, everything was in chaos and disorder. In other words, entropy was very high. From that worst state, the farthest away from the Father's house, God turned the direction of man's spirit/soul by the cross of Jesus so that he could return to the Father's house.
This creation of a new heaven and a new earth had been prophesied since the time of the Old Testament. In Isaiah 65, God said through the prophet Isaiah.
17 “See, I will create new heavens and a new earth. The former things will not be remembered, nor will they come to mind.
18 But be glad and rejoice forever in what I will create, for I will create Jerusalem to be a delight and its people a joy.
19 I will rejoice over Jerusalem and take delight in my people; the sound of weeping and of crying will be heard in it no more.” (Isaiah 65:17-19)
This scene of the new heaven and new earth is described more concretely in Revelation 22.
1 Then the angel showed me the river of the water of life, as clear as crystal, flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb
2 down the middle of the great street of the city. On each side of the river stood the tree of life, bearing twelve crops of fruit, yielding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.
3 No longer will there be any curse. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in the city, and his servants will serve him.
4 They will see his face, and his name will be on their foreheads.
5 There will be no more night. They will not need the light of a lamp or the light of the sun, for the Lord God will give them light. And they will reign for ever and ever. (Revelation 22:1-5)
Thus, the New Heaven and New Earth is a very peaceful place. Those who have received the Holy Spirit have already been spiritually brought into the peace of the New Heaven and New Earth through the Holy Spirit. However, the number of those who do so is not large. Since the Holy Spirit was poured out on the disciples on the day of Pentecost, the process of the Carnot Cycle has entered into the New Testament era of (4), but in fact there are still many people who are walking in the Old Testament era of (2). This is probably the reason why wars continue to ravage this world.
If many people receive the Holy Spirit to walk in the New Testament era of (4) and are spiritually brought into the peace of the New Heaven and New Earth, there will be far fewer wars in this world.
Conclusion
In May of 2022, when I was writing this science fiction manuscript, the war between Russia and Ukraine was being reported daily. Since February 24, when Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine, this war has been reported without fail on the morning, noon, and evening news. I strongly hope that the war will soon be over and the days of peace will return so that these daily reports will be a thing of the past.
If we do nothing, the day of peace in the new heaven and new earth will never come. As Figure 11 shows, the path to peace will be built as we offer worship as devotees of God, encouraged by Jesus, and walk the path of sanctification by surrendering our hearts to God.
Jesus spoke in the Sermon on the Mount.
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. (Matthew 5:9)
If we combine this Matthew 5:9 with Figure 11, it would mean that one can be called a true "child of God" only after making the way to peace in the new heaven and new earth. Only God can create the wonderful new heaven and new earth as described in chapters 21 and 22 of Revelation. But we are the ones who build the road to it. We must strive to create the road to peace with the encouragement of Jesus. In other words, the road to peace in the new heaven and new earth will be made by our working together with Jesus, the Son of God. Figure 11 encourages us to do so.
If we work hard to create the path of peace in this way, God will reward us with the following words:
“Well done, good and faithful servant! You have been faithful with a few things; I will put you in charge of many things. Come and share your master’s happiness!” (Matthew 25:21, 23)
References:
Shin-ichiro Tomonaga,
What is Physics? I, Iwanami Shinsho (1979).
Peter William Atkins,
The Second Law, Scientific American Library (1984).
Scot McKnight,
The King Jesus Gospel: The Original Good News Revisited, Zondervan (2011).
(Translated from
Japanese version with DeepL)