2016-09-29 02:24:23 GendaiBusiness
◯ Why German society accepted Nazism-?① ドイツ社会はなぜナチズムを受け入れたのか～re-up versi
2015-08-17 17:21:21
Present-day business
Why German society accepted Nazism-?
"Prime minister" the reason that Hitler could be "supremo"
[It's opened especially.] Yuji Ishida "Hitler and Nazis Germany", 3.
Yuji Ishida.
"The Prime Minister of a people" the picture postcard by which Hitler is produced (photography is under exclusive contract, photographer Hoffmann)
After a political power start in 1933, Hitler dissolved parliamentary government "legitimately" and completed a party dictatorial organization of the Nazis during half year a little (Refer to-> last time for more information.) But Hitler isn't "prime minister" yet as of this. Final runs after the movement until I also reach the position of the absolute leader who doesn't have a regulation "supremo" in a Weimarer Verfassun constitution ( "The fourth chapter Establishment of the Nazis system" is exhibited especially more than* Yuji Ishida "Hitler and Nazis Germany".)
4 Conversion of will of the people.
Social Nazis-ization
When Hitler government started, the influence showed in each field of the society, and it made the whole society be changed big soon. This process is called social Nazis-ization by this note, that, a law and will of the people, it can probably be said that it developed as both wheels of a car.
Hindenburg is the enormous numerical law and government ordinance a series of president urgent rei proclaimed based on a constitution along Hitler's aim and Hitler government which had an authorization way in its hand establish for the Diet actually with the law he says here.
On the other hand, will of the people to Hitler was broken as of January, 1933 when he took political power.
The national most part wasn't going to entrust the German future to Hitler as a vote of 2/3 was thrown at a political party besides the Nazis in the just before Diet election. But when Hitler becomes a prime minister, complains of national union and unification and shows the posture I begin to walk powerfully for rehabilitation actually, will of the people begins to move. It'll be more enthusiastically and the person who has supported the Nazis up to now has begun to place his expectations between the remaining people of 2/3 and feel the trend I'll bet on Hitler is wide.
The left-wing political leader who should take the lead in an opponent was pushed into the concentration camp where it was held for every region of the country on the ground of president urgent rei whether everyone was arrested. The person kept in a camp long was attacked by broad daylight and a charge corps, received rape and was done to pull the city around, and wasn't little, either. A government insisted on such measure with legitimate reorientation and sealed an objection. Newspaper media reported a concentration camp favorably with "new correction facilities".
I had that also to have a movement of the citizen and the lawyer who feel resentment at state violation of human rights and run to relief of the victim.
But the "special court" where an appeal isn't admitted judged only "political offense" solely based on president urgent rei in March, 33, and was established. The existence of such court is going to make their activity shrink.
You carried eradication of the marxism a maintenance camp and a citizen bed expected out. But or the secret personal license and dwelling are inviolable and by which they're a letter and a right of freedom of opinion expression, freedom of an assembly and freedom of an association have been also damaged by the minimum basic right for the people secured by a constitution up to that at the same time to live surely freely. It was tied with opening the way to a dictatorial organization that the people didn't utter a cry of a protest this.
Why didn't people rally by the process of its way?
Why didn't people rally?
Though the one response is puzzled with the political pressure in which the national most part holds Hitler's breath, "it's inevitable" that a little freedom is restricted to an emergency, and, and it's because I averted the eyes, is it given up and a situation be approved. There were many persons who made no scruple of probing for now, too. When it was a lot but the person bound to an authority indeed judged from entire people, it was only a small number very much.
"When assembly hall going up in flames rei is a temporary one, and a radical communist is swept away, it would be abolished right now." "When being not dyed in a dangerous thought like communism and social democracy even if I say that it was suspended, a basic right isn't suppressed." "When supporting Hitler and arriving at the system side, it's rather easy and in peace.". Such superficial observation and an easy wrong impression were changing the attitude of Hitler and the people who have kept the distance from the Nazis up to now.
That I won't miss a bus after election in March, a junction applicant to the Nazis increases rapidly. The number of party members who counted 850,000 at the time of Hitler political power start broke through 2,500,000 people for only 3 months. The German entire population in those days was about 66,000,000, so they're said to be 1 for 26 people, it'll be. The swarm which swam with the tide and converted a religion doesn't make for coterie's paperwork because a government clerk, a teacher and a group staff rushed into junction application in particular, and is to the extent a junction reception was cancellation at 1:00. The new party member who had a party member pocket diary in his hand these days was ridiculed with "March surrenderer" (Meru boxwood fa ream) from a senior party member. A motive is a reason as the opportunist who is impurely.
That Nazis-ization is a Nazi by the society which advances started to be regarded as an important matter of promotion.
A change in such will of the people from this annual second half March to the first half April was the social first big end under the Nazis system. Hesitation to siding with Nazi's passion and supporting Hitler who was in the people disappears, and that this is rather overt, a worshiped mood spread.
The view of the birthday when Hitler on April 20 is 44 years old was the one which indicates this change vividly.
The Japan and whole country, a torch lineup and a congratulatory parade were performed throughout the length and breadth of the land, and congratulatory hanasai (For, it was NAZU.) was even displayed in a small house in a village. The family, it was in full force and it was prepared. When the psychology situation how does that Goebbels's advertising Ministry arrange but accept Hitler as a leader carefully doesn't spread between the people, this whole country celebration wouldn't succeed.
Though which one had not the policy a national majority such as a relief measure for the unemployed and economic measures desires carried out yet, what on earth brought conversion of such will of the people?
One is that it started to be recognized that Hitler is "orthodox leader" suitable for emerging Germany beyond the generation, the gender, a party and an area. Former "drum hitting" agitation person" got an image as a leader of German rehabilitation already.
"Japan in" Potsdam described first contributed to this thing big. President Hideo Hindenburg of World War he gave a guarantee of the government leader who takes tradition of Preussen German empire over to former low-class soldier by the solemn commemorative ceremony covered live by a radio in the whole country. A look to the bureaucrat who has regarded Hitler as a shady person and Hitler in a maintenance camp of the military and a citizen bed was also changing from its feature and a history formerly taking that as a start.
Not completely satisfactory, a Protestant and Catholic two Christian churches are that I complained of support to Hitler through attitude expression of the respective religious leader. A prominent of a protestant church and a husband Dibelius bishop did a mass by Nicolai church (Potsdam) for a Protestant party congressman on the occasion of "day in Potsdam" and so praised Hitler as a folk leader. On the other hand, the "statement of" a Catholic bishop the Catholic Church chooses as Hulda bishop meeting made Hitler change the attitude of the believer who avoids obstinately.
The declaration by which people like an intellectual elitist worship Hitler famous professor, author and scholar and the thing which was releasing an editorial article one after another also had an influence on the state of the will of the people. As soon as Martin of a philosopher and Heidegger also assumed Freiburg university president in April, 33 at the inside, they joined in the Nazis, and complained that a university should be a bearer of "national revolution". Carl Schmidt of a lawyer was a Nazi in a simultaneous period and was paid people's much attention, too. Schmidt supported a president ministry as a lawyer, and stultification of a Weimarer Verfassun constitution system was brought.
You can also point out that tactics of an advertising Ministry got the good results in image making of Hitler who tends to enjoy the people as a further factor.
After he elected in March Hitler came to be called "the Prime Minister of a people" (FORUKUSUKANTSURA) mainly by the Nazis system newspaper media. The "people" which say here are the concept which connects with a race and the people.
The picture postcard by which "Prime Minister Hitler of a people" is produced. Photography of belonging photographer Hoffmann
The "people's saviour" who emerged from traditional rule layer and charmed circle on the side of the people to which he has no relation be rich with "Prime Minister Hitler", I came to be regarded as a symbol of the national integration in which military power Prime Minister Bismarck from the Junker in Preussen (land aristocrat) is surpassed.
Revolution finish declaration
When the Central Party which stayed until the end decided dismissal by the dissolution pressure which keeps being strengthened, Hitler did a finish declaration of "national revolution" (July 6). Half year had not also passed from a political power start and moreover Hitler had avowed "A revolution didn't stop.", people felt bewilderment was wide between the Nazis person concerned (Nazi and member of a charge corps and the groupies etc. party accessory organization) in particular.
Hitler told as follows at the place where a proconsul in the whole country gathers at one hall.
"A political party was removed at last. After getting the external power, the power which continues is human internal education. An...... revolution isn't in the permanence state. The case that a revolution will be the permanence state isn't permitted. The current a revolution emancipated has to be led to a riverbed of certain evolution."
I say here, "to a riverbed of evolution, lead" makes an outcome of "revolution" be matured, and is the implication which makes that fixed in society. Modal maintenance and national education will put an end to the revolution you carried out in a burst of enthusiasm up to now for the time being and make the hearts of the people calm down, and can ask Hitler's expectation which tries to make Foundation of Government become stable now. Hitler tells as follows.
"Excellent homo oeconomicus isn't supposed to be reshuffled by the reason that I'm not a Nazi. Though I don't have financial knowledge conversely, you aren't supposed sometimes to replace its figure by the reason that I'm a Nazi. Only the ability is decisive by economy."
"Duty of Nazism is to secure my folk development, not to hunt where I can bring about a revolution."
I'm certain that the proconsuls who listen to a speech were puzzled. It's because everyone was coterie's prominent and worked on reformation by all part as an enthusiastic Nazis principle person, and they were advancing personnel's change and purge. But Hitler drew attention to an evil of overdone Nazis-ization and in fact suggested harmony with an established elitist.
Because it's because even if the political power could be made a condition of intention, the Nazis person concerned who boarded the established administrative organization didn't often have specialized knowledge suitable for its status and a right, and various trouble had formed at a site. Improve this situation and get a useful established elitist to ally on the side. This is also the message that Hitler tried to tell here.
2016-09-29 02:24:23 GendaiBusiness
◯ Why German society accepted Nazism-?① ドイツ社会はなぜナチズムを受け入れたのか～re-up versi.
2015-08-17 17:21:21 現代ビジネス
ドイツ社会はなぜナチズムを受け入れたのか～
「首相」ヒトラーが「総統」になれた理由
【特別公開】石田勇治『ヒトラーとナチ・ドイツ』3
ヒトラーは1933年の政権発足後、わずか半年の間に、「合法的に」議会政治を解体し、ナチ党の一党独裁体制を作り上げた（→詳しくは前回参照）。しかし、この時点でまだヒトラーは「首相」でしかない。最終回は、ヴァイマル憲法にも規定のない絶対的指導者「総統」の座につくまでの動きを追う（＊石田勇治『ヒトラーとナチ・ドイツ』より「第四章 ナチ体制の確立」を特別公開）
「民衆宰相ヒトラー」を演出する絵葉書。専属写真家ホフマンの撮影
4 民意の転換
社会のナチ化
ヒトラー政権が発足すると、その影響は社会の各分野に現れ、やがて社会全体を大きく変容させた。本書ではこの過程を社会のナチ化と呼ぶが、それは、法と民意を車の両輪として進展したといえるだろう。
ここでいう法とは、ヒンデンブルクが、実際にはヒトラーの意図にそって憲法に基づいて公布してきた一連の大統領緊急令と、授権法を手にしたヒトラー政府が国会に代わって制定するおびただしい数の法律・政令のことだ。
一方、ヒトラーに対する民意は、彼が政権に就いた1933年1月の時点では割れていた。
直前の国会選挙で三分の二の票がナチ党以外の政党に投じられていたように、国民の大半はヒトラーにドイツの未来を委ねようとはしていなかった。だが実際にヒトラーが首相となって国民の団結と統一を訴え、復興に向けて力強く歩み出す姿勢を見せると、民意は動き始める。これまでナチ党を支持してきた者は、いっそう熱狂的になり、残りの三分の二の国民の間には期待を込めて、ヒトラーに賭けてみようという気運が広がりだした。
反対派の先頭に立つべき左翼の政治指導者はみな逮捕されるか、大統領緊急令を根拠に全国各地に設けられた強制収容所に押し込められた。白昼、突撃隊に襲われて辱めを受け、市中を引き回しにされ、収容所に長期拘留される者も少なくなかった。政府はこうした措置を合法的な再教育と主張して異論を封じ込めた。新聞メディアは強制収容所を「新しい矯正施設」と好意的に報道した。
国家的な人権侵害に憤りを覚え、被害者救済に走る市民や弁護士の動きもあるにはあった。
だが33年3月には、大統領緊急令に基づいてもっぱら「政治犯」だけを裁き、控訴は認められない「特別法廷」が設置された。そのような法廷の存在は、彼らの活動を萎縮させることになった。
保守陣営・市民層が期待していたマルクス主義の撲滅は断行された。しかし同時に、それまで憲法で保障されていた、国民が自由に安心して暮らすための最低限の基本的権利、すなわち人身の自由、住居の不可侵、信書の秘密、意見表明の自由、集会の自由、結社の自由などの権利も損なわれてしまった。これに国民が抗議の声を上げなかったことが、独裁体制へ道を拓くことにつながった。
なぜその途中の過程で、人びとは反発しなかったのだろうか。
なぜ人びとは反発しなかったのか
そのひとつの答えは、国民の大半がヒトラーの息をのむ政治弾圧に当惑しながらも、「非常時に多少の自由が制限されるのはやむを得ない」とあきらめ、事態を容認するか、それから目をそらしたからである。とりあえず様子見を決め込んだ者も、大勢いた。実際、当局に拘束された者は多いとはいえ、国民全体から見ればごく少数に過ぎなかったのだ。
「議事堂炎上令は一時のもので、過激な共産主義者が一掃されればすぐ廃止されるだろう」「基本権が停止されたといっても、共産主義や社会民主主義のような危険思想に染まらなければ弾圧されることはない」「いっそヒトラーを支持して体制側につけば楽だし安泰だ」。そんな甘い観測と安易な思い込みが、これまでヒトラーとナチ党から距離をおいてきた人びとの態度を変えていった。
三月選挙の後、バスに乗り遅れまいとナチ党への入党希望者が急増する。ヒトラー政権発足時に85万を数えた党員数は、わずか3ヵ月で250万人を突破した。当時のドイツの全人口は約6600万人だったので、26人に1人ということになる。時流に乗って宗旨替えした大群、とくに官吏・教員・団体職員などが入党申請に殺到したため、党の事務処理が間に合わず、入党受付が一時中止となったほどだ。この頃、党員手帳を手にした新参党員は、古参党員から「三月投降者」(メルツゲファレン)と揶揄された。動機不純の日和見主義者というわけだ。
ナチ化が進む社会では、ナチ党員であることが出世の要件とみなされるようになった。
この年の3月後半から4月前半にかけてのこのような民意の変化は、ナチ体制下の社会の最初の大きな節目となった。ナチ党員の熱狂に同調するかのように、人びとの中にあったヒトラーを支持することへの躊躇がなくなり、むしろこれを公然と礼賛するムードが広がった。
4月20日のヒトラー44歳の誕生日の光景は、この変化を如実に示すものとなった。
その日、全国津々浦々で松明行列、祝賀パレードが行われ、村の小さな家にまで祝いの花綵（はなづな）が飾られた。家族総出で準備が行われることもあった。いかにゲッベルスの宣伝省が周到にしつらえたとはいえ、ヒトラーを指導者として受け容れる心理状況が人びとの間に広がっていなければ、この全国祝典は成功しなかっただろう。
失業対策や景気対策など、国民の大多数が望む政策がまだ何ひとつ実行されていなかったにもかかわらず、何がいったいそのような民意の転換をもたらしたのだろうか。
ひとつは、ヒトラーが新生ドイツにふさわしい「正統な指導者」だ、と世代・性別・党派・地域を超えて認識されるようになったことだ。かつての「太鼓たたき」「扇動家」が、いまやドイツ復興の指導者としてのイメージを獲得したのである。
先に述べた「ポツダムの日」は、このことに大きく貢献した。全国にラジオで生中継された厳粛な記念式典で、第一次世界大戦の英雄ヒンデンブルク大統領がかつての一兵卒に、プロイセン・ドイツ帝国の伝統を引き継ぐ国政指導者のお墨付きを与えたのである。それをきっかけに、かつてはその素性と来歴からヒトラーを胡散臭い人物とみなしてきた官僚や軍部などの保守陣営、市民層のヒトラーへの眼差しも、変わっていったのである。
いまひとつは、プロテスタントとカトリックの両キリスト教会が、それぞれの宗教指導者の態度表明を通して、ヒトラーへの支持を訴えたことである。プロテスタント教会の有力者、オット・ディベリウス主教は「ポツダムの日」に際してプロテスタント派国会議員のためにニコライ教会(ポツダム)でミサを行い、そこでヒトラーを民族の指導者として讃えた。一方、カトリック教会では、フルダ司教会議による「カトリック司教の声明」が、ヒトラーを頑なに忌避する信者の態度を変えさせた。
さらに、高名な大学教授や作家・文化人など知的エリートというべき人びとがヒトラーを礼賛する声明文や論説記事を次々と発表したことも、民意のあり方に影響を及ぼした。なかでも哲学者のマルティン・ハイデガーは33年4月、フライブルク大学学長に就任するとただちにナチ党に入党し、大学は「国民革命」の担い手となるべきだと訴えた。法学者のカール・シュミットも、同時期にナチ党員となり、世間の注目を集めた。シュミットは、大統領内閣を法学者として支え、ヴァイマル憲法体制の形骸化をもたらした。
さらなる要因として、宣伝省の戦術が国民に親しみやすいヒトラーのイメージ作りに効果をあげたことも、指摘できる。
三月選挙以降、ヒトラーは主にナチ系新聞メディアで「民衆宰相」(フォルクスカンツラー)と呼ばれるようになった。ここでいう「民衆」は民族、人民に通じる概念だ。
「宰相ヒトラー」とは、伝統的な支配層・特権階級から縁のない民衆の側に出現した「民の救世主」とみなされ、プロイセンのユンカー(土地貴族)出身の鉄血宰相ビスマルクを凌ぐ国民的統合の象徴とみなされるようになった。
革命終結宣言
強まる一方の解党圧力によって、最後まで残った中央党が解散を決めると、ヒトラーは「国民革命」の終結宣言(7月6日)を行った。政権発足から半年も経っておらず、しかもヒトラーは「革命が止むことはない」と公言してきたため、戸惑いが、人びと、とくにナチ党関係者(ナチ党員と突撃隊・親衛隊など党付属組織のメンバー)の間に広がった。
全国の地方総督が一堂に会する場で、ヒトラーは次のように語った。
「政党はついに除去された。外的な力を獲得した後に続くべきは人間の内的な教育だ。……革命は永続状態ではない。革命が永続状態となることなど許されない。革命が解き放った潮流は確かな進化の河床へと誘導されねばならない」
ここでいう「進化の河床へ誘導」とは、「革命」の成果を熟成させ、それを社会に定着させるという意味合いだ。これまで一気呵成に断行された大改革にひとまず終止符を打って人心を落ち着かせ、これからは法の整備と国民教育によって政権基盤を安定させようとするヒトラーの思惑がうかがえる。さらにヒトラーは次のように述べる。
「優れた経済人がナチ党員でないとの理由で更迭されてはならない。逆に経済の心得がないのにナチ党員だという理由でその人物にとって代わるようなことがあってはならない。経済では能力だけが決定的なのだ」
「ナチズムの任務はわが民族の発展を確保することであり、どこで革命を起こせるか探し回ることではない」
演説に耳を傾ける地方総督たちは当惑したに違いない。彼らはみな党の有力者であり、熱心なナチ主義者として各地で変革に取り組み、人事の交代・粛清を進めていたからだ。だがヒトラーは行き過ぎたナチ化の弊害に注意を喚起し、むしろ既成エリートとの融和を促した。
というのも、既成の行政組織に乗り込んだナチ党関係者は、政治権力を意のままにできても、その地位と権限にふさわしい専門知識を持ち合わせていないことが多く、現場でさまざまなトラブルが生じていたからだ。この状況を改善して有用な既成エリートを味方につけること。これも、ヒトラーがここで伝えようとしたメッセージだ。
