米国関連法

更新
永住許可証携帯義務　グリーンカード
これ書いてて思い出したが、昔英語の法律関係のハウツーもの読んだことあったっけ。
親権
Child Cutody

.....The question of who gets custody of the children can turn into the fiercest battle during the divorce.....If the parents can agree of who gets custody, the judge will almost always accept their decision without second-guessing it. ....Custody of the children used to be routinely awarded to the mother ....Today the judge focuses on the welfare of the child: It is in the best interest of the child to award custody to the mother or to the father?
A stable home environment is at the top of the judge's list in deciding what is the child's best interests.....
When one spouse entered the marriage with children from a previous relationship, the parent does not have any claim to custody of those children. If, however, the stepparent has adopted the child , the judge could award the adoptive stepparent custody of that child.
Sometimes neither parent is fit to take care of the child. ....
Once the judge has awarded custody to one parent, the other parent can return to court at a later date and present new evidence showing that the parent having custody is no longer fit to care for the children....
Custody orders frequently prevent the custodial parent from moving the country or state unless the court's permission is first obtained....

まあ、ここらへんは日本と同じで、親権は当事者が決めるのが原則で同意を得られない場合、裁判所が後見する。で、裁判所は子どもの福祉・利益を最大限重視して親権を決める。

Many times the child custody battle will be resolved by awarding both parents "joint legal custody". Joint legal custody generally relates to decisions involving the child, such as those affecting which school the child goes or to medical and dental treatment the child receives. In joint legal custody, each parent has an equal say in these matters. Even so one parent will have physical custody of the child most of the time. True joint physical custody, where each parent has physical custody of the child for six months of the year or alternate weeks, is rare indeed.

まあ、これは共同親権で、離婚後は日本では認められていない。半年おきにとおちゃん、かあちゃんのうちにいく、などという話を聞いたことがあったが、それは例外中の例外である、と。で、現実には、一方が監護して、学校や病院の選択などの場合に、両親ともに同等な発言権がある、ということなのだそうだ。別れていても、うまく話し合いができればいいが、いろんな視点から決定できてよさそうだが、うまくいかなければかえって不和が生じ、その不和を子どもに押しつけることにもなろう。

Visiting Rights.If you don't get custody of your children, the judge usually will give you reasonable visitation rights. ....
If your ex-spouse refuses to let you visit your children, have your lawyer call his or her lawyer, if he or she still has one; otherwise, you'll have to return to curt to enforce the visitation order. This can be a costly procedure, emotionally as well as financially. ...
Everybody's Guide to the Law:（page19-21)

面接交渉権については日本でも判例で認められている筈だ。
なお、以前にこのトピックスに関連して、有道　出人（あるどう　でびと）のホームページを書いた。

　さて次は居宅などの売買・賃貸関係についてであるが、

The federal Fair Hosing Act(HHA) protects you from being denied the opportunity to buy the home you want or get the mortgage you need because of discrimination......(The law also protects prospective tenants from discrimination practiced by landlords.).....
You must file your complaint within one year of the incident. HUD(the federal Department of Housing and Urban development) will look into your allegation. If it feels that there has been a violation of the FHA, it will try to negotiate a conciliation agreement with the violator. ...If the negotiations are unsuccessful, an administrative hearing will be held before a judge---you will be represented by a HUD attorney.

Law For Dummies page 214

これはトニーラズローさんの記事で引用した川崎市の採用した法律に近い。ただし、米国の場合、連邦法であること、介入、交渉するだけでなく、裁判へのお手伝いまですることなどがもう一歩踏み込んでいる。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
更新Japan　probeで、stereo氏が鋭い指摘をしている。

Act does not prohibit discrimination based solely on a person's citizenship status. Accordingly, asking housing applicants to provide documentation of their citizenship or immigration status during the screening process would not violate the Fair Housing Act. In fact, such measures have been in place for a number of years in screening applicants for federally-assisted housing. 魚拓

本法では人種性別による差別は禁止しているが、外国人差別は禁止していない。
その意味では川崎の条令の方が一歩踏み込んだものと言える。

因みに、日本の平等条項に関連する法律については、Zeroを参照
ついでに、私人の外国人差別についての判例の解説ｐｄｆ
。。
更新２
U.S. Code collection
米国におけるサービス業などにおける反差別法です。
食堂や映画館などが含まれることは明かですが、フィリピンパブや日焼けサロンなどのような場所が含まれるかは微妙だと思います。フィリピンパブは主に食事をするところではなく、しかし、映画やコンサートホールのような娯楽とも言い切れない。

温泉が含まれるかどうかは微妙でしょう。公共性という意味で米国の場合、公衆浴場という文化がないので、特に明記しなかったのでしょうが、日本の場合は風呂が日常生活の一部であり、公衆浴場などが生活の必需サービスとして認められていたこともあり、含まれる可能性は強いと思います。

事実上、公衆に公開されていない私的店舗などは除外されていることも注意すべきです。

更新３
　　雇用関係　
13-VI CITIZENSHIP-RELATED ISSUES(52)

Discrimination based on citizenship violates Title VII's prohibition against national origin discrimination under limited circumstances. While Title VII does not prohibit citizenship discrimination per se, citizenship discrimination does violate Title VII where it has the "purpose or effect" of discriminating on the basis of national origin.(53) For example, a citizenship requirement would be unlawful if it is a "pretext" for national origin discrimination, or if it is part of a wider scheme of national origin discrimination.(54)

不法在留者の逮捕に関する判例

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
COMMITTEE ON ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION CONSIDERS REPORT OF REPUBLIC OF KOREA
国際離婚

更新４
HO氏が外国人に対する>保険　　コメントしている。
debito.org/?p=1959#comment-169718

HO Says:
October 28th, 2008 at 11:17 am

Government of Japan publishes unemployment figures of foreign workiers in Japan every five years.
http://www.ipss.go.jp/
Go to 人口統計資料集2008年版, VIII労働力、表8-18　性，国籍，労働力状態(８区分)別15歳以上外国人人口：2000,2005年.

Foreign workers in Japan are covered by unemployment insuranse.
http://www.tfemploy.go.jp/en/spec/spec_1d.html

They are also included in monthly unemployment figures and labor force figures.

更新５
令状
No need for a warrant NYT oct 14 2007

Foreign residents of the United States, whether here legally or not, answer to a different set of rules.

Immigration agents are not required to obtain warrants to detain suspects. The agents also have broad authority to question people about their immigration status and to search them and their homes. There are no Miranda rights that agents must read when making arrests. Detained immigrants have the right to a lawyer, but only one they can pay for.

While criminal suspects are generally sent to jails near the courts that hear their cases, immigration agents have discretion in deciding where to hold immigrants detained for deportation. Many suspected illegal immigrants who were detained in Nassau County, for example, were quickly moved to York, Pa., distant from family and legal advice.

魚拓


更新

　雇用関係　http://www.japanprobe.com/?p=12832#comment-379662
8 USC Sec. 1324b(a)(4)
“Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, it is not an unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other entity to prefer to hire, recruit, or refer an individual who is a citizen or national of the United States over another individual who is an alien if the two individuals are equally qualified.”
US Department of Housing and Urban Development:

http://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/library/sept11.cfm
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission:
“Title VII (of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) does not prohibit citizenship discrimination per se”
http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/national-origin.html#VI