What we do know to be true is that our military exercises in Iraq and Afghanistan have left veterans coming home with serious PTSD. I mean, think of the types of terror that they’ve lived with – that any time you get into a car could be your last time on earth. That can’t help but shake you up. Couple that with racism towards your enemy – one of the ways you convince yourself to kill an enemy is to hate them; think about what we used to say about the Vietnamese, or what my father’s generation used to say about the Japanese. I think that is an equation that might make some people susceptible to far-right ideology.
And it is also true that a large number of guys enter the military precisely because they want to fight.
白人至上主義者に退役軍人が多いわけ
ーーーもともと戦闘的だから、軍隊に志願、戦場での恐怖で心的外傷後ストレス障害、敵を憎めと訓練されている。
“Because I feel small, I will make you feel smaller.”
In my interviews with extremists, both “actives” and “formers”, I have found time and time again that they have experienced that sense of humiliation and shame.
暴力の裏には、屈辱、恥辱意識がある。ビンラディンは、西洋から屈辱をうけた、と思っており、あるいは、カソリックで性的虐待を受けた男子は、極右集団で、仲間をみつけて、そこで、自分の男らしさを証明できた、と思って満足している。
Let me give you two examples. The first: how come men use a biological argument when they are angry and they beat up someone smaller or older than they are or they beat their wives – yet they don’t beat their bosses? I mean, my boss would likely piss me off more than my wife would, right? Why don’t I beat him up? Because you have to feel like you have permission. You have to believe that the target of your violence is “legitimate”.
There is a famous experiment by a primatologist at Stanford. He takes five monkeys and measures their testosterone. Then he puts the five monkeys in a cage. The monkeys immediately establish a hierarchy of violence – number one beats number two, number two beats number three, number three beats number four, number four beats number five. Of course, number one has the highest testosterone, and so on.
So the experiment is: he takes monkey three out of the cage and he shoots him up with testosterone, off the scale, and puts him back in. What do you think happens? When I tell this story my students always guess that he immediately becomes number-one monkey. But that’s not true. What happens is that when he goes back in the cage he still avoids monkeys number one and two – but he beats the shit out of numbers four and five.
So what any reasonable biological researcher would conclude is that testosterone does not cause aggression, it enables it
男性ホルモンがあるから、攻撃的になるのか?
ー男が暴力的になるのは、男性ホルモンがあるから、しょうがない、というひとがいるが、上司とカミさんで、上司のほうが腹がたっても、上司に暴力をふるうことはない。
こんな実験がある。5匹の猿がいて、攻撃性によって、一番、二番 三番・・・と序列がついていた。三番目の猿に大量のテストロンを投与したら、その猿が序列の一番になるか、というと、三番目の猿は、上位の猿は攻撃しないで、下位の猿をさらに攻撃しただけだった、と。
男性ホルモンは男性の攻撃性の背後にあるものであるが、だからといって、攻撃性の原因であると言えるわけでもない、と。