カナダの暗い過去

以前の投稿でカナダの首相がカナダの先住民に謝罪を表明をした、というのを扱った。そのなかで先住民に対する性的暴行云々というのがあった。これついて調べてみた。
日本で言えば、アイヌ、あるいはウタリ（ブログ内検索していただきたい）にあたるかもしれない。同化政策、及び、強制移住など類似点もあるだろうが、その状況はかなり違うようである。以下わりにまとまっているサイトhttp://www.libertadlatina.org/Crisis_Canada.htmからひろってみると、

Thousands of girls and boys were raped and tortured, and many were murdered, in Canada's aboriginal boarding schools, most of which shut down in the 1970's.

The unchecked criminal violence suffered by these girls and boys has become a major cause of rampant child prostitution and other serious social ills among several generations of Canada's First Nations (Native/indigenous) peoples

数千の少年少女が同化学校で拷問をうけ、殺された、と。そして、こうしたことに関して監査してこなったために何代にも渡って未成年売春をさせられている、と。

A 2001 report by the Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada documents the responsibility of the Roman Catholic Church, the United Church of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, and the federal government in the deaths of more than 50,000 Native children in the Canadian residential school system.

The report says church officials killed children by beating, poisoning, electric shock, starvation, prolonged exposure to sub-zero cold while naked, and medical experimentation, including the removal of organs and radiation exposure. In 1928 Alberta passed legislation allowing school officials to forcibly sterilize Native girls; British Columbia followed suit in 1933. There is no accurate toll of forced sterilizations because hospital staff destroyed records in 1995 after police launched an investigation. But according to the testimony of a nurse in Alberta, doctors sterilized entire groups of Native children when they reached puberty. The report also says that Canadian clergy, police, and business and government officials “rented out” children from residential schools to pedophile rings.

....Arnold Sylvester, who like Dennis Charlie attended Kuper Island school between 1939 and 1945, corroborates this account.
“The priests dug up the secret gravesite in a real hurry around 1972, when the school closed. No-one was allowed to watch them dig up those remains. I think it’s because that was a specially secret graveyard where the bodies of the pregnant girls were buried. Some of the girls who got pregnant from the priests were actually killed because they threatened to talk. They were sometimes shipped out and sometimes just disappeared. We weren’t allowed to talk about this.” (Testimony of Arnold Sylvester to Kevin Annett, Duncan, BC, August 13, 1998).

From: Hidden from History: The Canadian Holacaust (Microsoft Word Document).

"These crimes are alleged to have occurred for more than a century in the state-sponsored and church-run Indian Residential Schools which legally interred every Indian child across Canada between the years 1890 and 1984. During this period, more than 50,000 children died in these schools, according to the statistics of [the Canadian] Department of Indian Affairs. Most of the bodies of these dead children have never been located or recovered.

May 20, 2004, a representative of three major indigenous groups in Guatemala presents a formal protest letter to the Canadian Embassy in Guatemala City

で、そうした拷問や強姦の主体はなんと教会なわけで、他のところをみるとなんと男の子までもが強姦の対象になっている。で、殺人があっても調査もしない。

Soul Wound: The legacy of Native American Schools

[About the rape and torture with impunity of Canadian and United States indigenous youth in government and church-run residential schools.]

[In addition to the true history of the sexual assault perpetrated against indigenous Canadian girls and boys for decades, it must be noted that a similar system existed, on perhaps a lesser scale, within the United States. This article addresses both 'systems' of the systematic rape and torture of children.]

[In Canada:]

A more complete history of the abuses endured by Native American children exists in the accounts of survivors of Canadian “residential schools.” Canada imported the U.S. boarding school model in the 1880s and maintained it well into the 1970s―four decades after the United States ended its stated policy of forced enrollment. Abuses in Canadian schools are much better documented because survivors of Canadian schools are more numerous, younger, and generally more willing to talk about their experiences.

A 2001 report by the Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada documents the responsibility of the Roman Catholic Church, the United Church of Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, and the federal government in the deaths of more than 50,000 Native children in the Canadian residential school system.

The report says church officials killed children by beating, poisoning, electric shock, starvation, prolonged exposure to sub-zero cold while naked, and medical experimentation, including the removal of organs and radiation exposure. In 1928 Alberta passed legislation allowing school officials to forcibly sterilize Native girls; British Columbia followed suit in 1933. There is no accurate toll of forced sterilizations because hospital staff destroyed records in 1995 after police launched an investigation. But according to the testimony of a nurse in Alberta, doctors sterilized entire groups of Native children when they reached puberty. The report also says that Canadian clergy, police, and business and government officials “rented out” children from residential schools to pedophile rings.

The consequences of sexual abuse can be devastating. “Of the first 29 men who publicly disclosed sexual abuse in Canadian residential schools, 22 committed suicide,” says Gerry Oleman, a counselor to residential school survivors in British Columbia.

Randy Fred (Tsehaht First Nation), a 47-year-old survivor, told the British Columbia Aboriginal Network on Disability Society, “We were kids when we were raped and victimized. All the plaintiffs I’ve talked with have attempted suicide. I attempted suicide twice, when I was 19 and again when I was 20. We all suffered from alcohol abuse, drug abuse. Looking at the lists of students [abused in the school], at least half the guys are dead.”

The Truth Commission report says that the grounds of several schools contain unmarked graveyards of murdered school children, including babies born to Native girls raped by priests and other church officials in the school. Thousands of survivors and relatives have filed lawsuits against Canadian churches and governments since the 1990s, with the costs of settlements estimated at more than $1 billion. Many cases are still working their way through the court system.

[In the United States:]

Rampant sexual abuse at reservation schools continued until the end of the 1980s, in part because of pre-1990 loopholes in state and federal law mandating the reporting of allegations of child sexual abuse. In 1987 the FBI found evidence that John Boone, a teacher at the BIA-run Hopi day school in Arizona, had sexually abused as many as 142 boys from 1979 until his arrest in 1987. The principal failed to investigate a single abuse allegation. Boone, one of several BIA schoolteachers caught molesting children on reservations in the late 1980s, was convicted of child abuse, and he received a life sentence. Acting BIA chief William Ragsdale admitted that the agency had not been sufficiently responsive to allegations of sexual abuse, and he apologized to the Hopi tribe and others whose children BIA employees had abused.

で、そうした強姦は米国でも行われ、それが１９８０年代まで続いていた、ということである。

また、１９９９年現在カナダでも、

No one knows exactly how many Indigenous women have been murdered or gone missing in Canada over the past three decades. Because of gaps and inconsistencies in the way that the identities of victims of crime are recorded and made public in Canada, that question simply cannot be answered. However, we do know with certainty that the marginalization of Indigenous women in Canadian society has led to an extremely high risk of violence.

According to a 1996 Canadian government statistic, Indigenous women between the ages of 25 and 44 with status under the federal Indian Act are five times more likely than other women of the same age to die as the result of violence. [1]

Stolen Sisters: Profiles of violence and discrimination against Indigenous women in Canada

　先住民女性が暴力によって死ぬ率はその他の女性より５倍高い、という。

で、国連総会で、先住民族の権利に関する国際連合宣言（Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples）というのが採択され、日本を含む143ヶ国の賛成、オーストラリア、カナダ、ニュージーランド、アメリカ合衆国の4ヶ国は反対にまわった。

　ただ、現状はどうなのか、いまいちわからない。
Aboriginal Perspectivesというサイトでは、教育目的で現在のカナダの若者にひどいことを言われたからやめれ、というビデオを紹介していたり、
写真のように現在でも正義をもとめて教会の前で抗議している、とかはあるが、先住民が現代のカナダ社会で独立を求めているのか？あるいは、当該社会での融合を求めているのかいまいちようわからんかった。