buvery
@buvery
Chris Hughes と Loretta Napoleoni の対談で、ISISの支持基盤は、イラク、シリアのスンニ部族社会を抑えたことにあると言っていました。米軍が行ったスンニ覚醒運動でISISが痛い目を見たので、部族の長に話をつけて、支持を取り付けているという話。
Sunni Awakening 2.0? Don't Hold Your Breath.
—By Kevin Drum| Mon Nov. 17, 2014 10:57 AM EST
Back in 2007, the military success of the famous "surge" in Iraq was due largely to the fact that many Sunni tribal leaders finally turned against al-Qaeda and began cooperating with the American army. This so-called Sunni Awakening was a key part of the tenuous peace achieved a year later.
It was a fragile peace, however, and eventually it broke down thanks to the lack of a serious political effort to include Sunnis in the central government. By last year, the Sunni areas of Iraq had once again begun to rebel, and ISIS took advantage of this to storm into Iraq and take control of a huge swath of territory.
....Much of the Islamic State’s success at holding Sunni areas comes from its deft manipulation of tribal dynamics. Portraying itself as a defender of Sunnis who for years have been abused by Iraq’s Shiite-majority government, the Islamic State has offered cash and arms to tribal leaders and fighters, often allowing them local autonomy as long as they remain loyal.
ISISが痛い目にあったというより、イラク新政府がスンニ派が排除したので、ISISがスンニ派のこの不満分子を取り込んで、巨大な領域を支配していったようですね。
指摘されている対談
ISの残忍さが、取りざたされているが、
"Chris Hedges and Loretta Napoleoni": "The Islamic State and the Crisis in US Foreign Policy"
LeighaCohen
LeighaCohen
彼らは彼らの武器を使ったまでで、
10分あたりから、１３分あたり
there is no moral difference between military drone strike and cutting somebody's head off with a knife
アメリカが自分たちの武器、つまり、無人機を使って、子供を含む一般人を殺すのと違いはない、と。
ただ、英米のメディアは自分たちの軍隊がやっている残忍な行為は報道しないで、相手の残忍さだけを強調するわけですね。
他の動画でも同じことを主張している。
U.S. Drones kill more people than ISIS: Chris Hedges 動画1400～
2014/12/02 に公開
Chris Hedges, author, Pulitzer-prize winning journalist and polemicist discusses the importance of resistance to empire, and passionately condemns US foreign policy, saying "There is no difference between a beheading by ISIL and a US drone strike."
Chris Hedges: ‘We’ve decapitated more civilians than ISIS ever has’動画
ISのあの残酷な仕打ちは、アメリカの残酷な無差別爆撃に対するレアクションなのだ、と。
対談している一人の、Loretta Napoleoni 氏の著書 不死鳥のイスラム教徒
Introduction to Loretta Napoleoni’s THE ISLAMIST PHOENIX
September 8, 2014
No previous Middle Eastern armed organization has been able to promote itself as the region’s new ruler with the money of its rich Gulf sponsors.
In sharp contrast with the Taliban’s rhetoric and despite the barbarous treatment of the enemy, the Islamic State is spreading a positive and powerful political message in the Muslim world: the return of the Caliphate associated with happier and richer times for Muslims. This message comes at a time of great destabilization in the Middle East, while Syria and Iraq are ablaze, Libya is on the verge of another tribal conflict, Egypt is restive, and Israel has been once again at war with Gaza. Hence, the rebirth of the Caliphate and of its Caliph, al-Baghdadi, appears to many Sunnis not as yet another armed group but somehow as a political entity that is rising from the ashes of decades of war and destruction.
Residents of the enclaves controlled by the Caliphate affirm that its arrival coincided with improvements in the day-to-day running of their villages, from fixing holes in the roads to organizing soup kitchens for those who had lost their homes to the daylong availability of electricty.
The Islamic State wants to be for Muslims what Israel is for Jews, a state in their ancient land that they have reclaimed in modern times, a religious and powerful state that protects them wherever they are, something to be proud of.
Islam is premised on a certain nostalgia rooted in the return of the Prophet, while the West still fears Islam. Hence the IS is leading Muslims to believe that the Prophet has returned wearing the clothes of al-Baghdadi and at the same time it terrorizes Westerners with shockingly barbarous killings. Modern advertising has constructed a trillion-dollar industry atop these simple concepts. Now the Islamic State propaganda machine is using them to manufacture the myth of al-Baghdadi and his new Caliphate. What’s surprising is our surprise.
As the Islamic State’s war of conquest progresses, it is becoming clear that since 9/11 the business of Islamist terrorism has been getting stronger instead of weaker — to the extent that now it has morphed into a state — by simply keeping abreast with a fast-changing world in which propaganda and technology play an increasingly vital role. The same cannot be said for the forces engaged in stopping it from spreading.
ISは、湾岸諸国の金を利用して、敵を恐怖で怖気づかせながら、他方、地元にインフラを整備し、人々の支持をえている。９．１１以降テロリズムはとどまるどころか、ついに、国家まで形成しつつある。ユダヤ人にとっての理想がイスラエルだったように、ISは、過去のムスリムの領土をムスリムのために復活し、ムスリムが誇れる力強い建国を目指しているのだ、と。
もう片方の対談相手 Chris Hedges による記事
Chris Hedges
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ISIS—the New Israel
Posted on Dec 15, 2014
By Chris Hedges
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is our Frankenstein. The United States after a decade of war in Iraq pieced together its body parts. We jolted it into life. We bathed it in blood and trauma. And we gave it its intelligence. Its dark and vicious heart of vengeance and war is our heart. It kills as we kill. It tortures as we torture. It carries out conquest as we carry out conquest. It is building a state driven by hatred for American occupation, a product of the death, horror and destruction we visited on the Middle East. ISIS now controls an area the size of Texas. It is erasing the borders established by French and British colonial powers through the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement. There is little we can do to stop it.
ISIS, ironically, is perhaps the only example of successful nation-building in the contemporary Middle East, despite the billions of dollars we have squandered in Iraq and Afghanistan. Its quest for an ethnically pure Sunni state mirrors the quest for a Jewish state eventually carved out of Palestine in 1948. Its tactics are much like those of the Jewish guerrillas who used violence, terrorism, foreign fighters, clandestine arms shipments and foreign money, along with horrific ethnic cleansing and the massacre of hundreds of Arab civilians, to create Israel. Antagonistic ISIS and Israeli states, infected by religious fundamentalism, would be irreconcilable neighbors. This is a recipe for apocalyptic warfare. We provided the ingredients.
It is seeking to establish, as the Zionists did in Palestine, a utopian, religious state. It holds up the ancient Caliphate—which united Muslims throughout the Middle East in the seventh century and whose time is considered the golden age of Islam—as an ideal, much as Jews held up the biblical kingdoms chronicled in the Hebrew Bible. ISIS, to build its state, has called on engineers, doctors and technicians to immigrate to the area it controls. And ISIS, although devoted to a fundamentalist form of Salafist Islam, is thoroughly modern. It has mastered sophisticated forms of electronic communication and delivers its messages through social media. And unlike groups such as al-Qaida, which bans television sets and radios, it views the technical advances of modern society as an asset. The mixture of fundamentalist religion with modernity is a potent and intoxicating brew for disenfranchised Muslims. And ISIS has attained what peaceful uprisings in the Middle East have not—liberation from detested regimes, at least for now.
Terror, as was true for the Jewish fighters in Palestine in the late 1940s, is an effective tool to intimidate opponents and accelerate ethnic cleansing. The fear of ISIS is its most potent weapon. Iraqi army troops, although better armed than ISIS fighters and outnumbering them, drop their U.S.-supplied weapons and flee before ISIS. Shiites abandon whole villages to ISIS. And all the U.S. advisers sent to put some spine in the Iraqi government forces have so far been unable to significantly stem the advance.
Zarqawi’s goal was to spark, under the cover of fighting the Western coalition forces, a sectarian conflict with the Shiites. He understood that a unified Shiite and Sunni state would thwart the dream of a Sunni Islamic state. He had to ignite a religious war.
Once there, he amassed weapons and cash pouring into Syria from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Qatar. He used these resources to rebuild his group, not to help the rebels overthrow the Syrian regime. He began attacking other jihadist and rebel groups and craved out territory under his exclusive control. Al-Nusra, the al-Qaida-affiliated group in Syria, merged with the Islamic State of Iraq. The new group became the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS. ISIS has now seized control of enough resources to be self-sufficient.
The danger, Napoleoni pointed out, is not that ISIS will invade Saudi Arabia, but that it will delegitimize the Saudi monarchy.
“They are very sensitive to the needs of the population,” Napoleoni said of ISIS. The population, she pointed out, has “been plagued by war for a very long time. They have been plagued by warlords, by criminal groups, by jihadi groups, you name it. All of a sudden the Islamic State comes in and works so that people can have access to basic infrastructure such as water or electricity. They set up joint ventures with the local people in order to give the local people the opportunity to grow economically … and also to go back to the normality of life.”
This brutal order has ended the chaos that has dominated much of the region following the U.S. occupation of Iraq. It has instilled in Sunnis pride and even a feeling of omnipotence. And it has exposed as weak and ineffectual the corrupt forces that Washington put into place to administer Iraq.
ISはアメリカが作ったフランケンシュタインであって、彼らは、アメリカが殺すように殺し、アメリカが拷問するように拷問し、アメリカが征服していったように、征服していっている。英仏がサイクス・ピコ協定でひいた国境を帳消しにし、いまやテキサスと同じほどの領土を掌握している、と。
中東に大枚はたいて国家建設をしようとして、いずれも失敗したが、唯一このISだけが成功している。イスラエル建国のとき、ユダヤ人ゲリラが、暴力、テロ、外国人兵士、武器の密航、外国の資本、そして、アラブ人を殺戮し、民族浄化していった手法を彷彿とさせる。ISもイスラエルも、宗教原理主義であり、対立は必至だろう、と。
ユダヤ人がパレスチナに理想郷を作ろうとしたように、ISはムスリムの理想郷を作ろうとして、エンジニアや医者、技術者など彼らが支配する領土に移住するように呼びかけている。 原理主義的であるものの、他のアルカイーダとちがって、SNや映像など最新の技術を駆使している、と。
パレスチナのユダヤ人兵士たちがそうしたように、敵を怖気つかせるために恐怖を駆使し、民族浄化を推進している。スンニ派とシーア派の統一しては、スンニ派の理想郷は作れないと悟って、むしろ、宗派戦争を煽っている。湾岸諸国がアサドのシリアに代理戦争をしかけようとして、投資した金を使って、自分たちのグループの増強のために使い、領土を掌握し、石油を輸出して、経済的にも安定している、と。
カリフとは、宗教上、政治上の権威で、誰をも超越しているので、サウジアラビアの君主制を脅かす存在になるかもしれない、と。
他方、地元の人々が必要としているものには気配りをし、戦争により、暴力団により疲弊仕切った状態から、ISが来て水や電気が使えるようなインフラを整備し、経済成長して、普通の生活ができるようにしている、と。
アメリカ占領以降、アメリカが後押しした腐敗した官僚・政治家たち一掃して、めちゃくちゃだった地元に秩序と誇り、自信を回復しつつある、と。
・・・・みたいな感じ。
IS と イスラエル とを重ね合わせた視点というのは、興味深いですね。
