The classification of facial expressions: MDS

The classification of facial expressions of emotion: a multidimensional-scaling approach.
Katsikitis M.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia.

Perception. 1997;26(5):613-26.

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Two dimensions were revealed; pleasantness--unpleasantness and upper-face--lower-face dominance. Furthermore, the similarity shown by the two-dimensional structures derived first from the judgments of photographs and second from the line drawings suggests that line drawings are a viable alternative to photographs in facial-expression research.

PMID: 9488885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Category or element

Categorical:

Categorical perception of facial expressions.
Etcoff NL, Magee JJ.
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139.
Cognition. 1992 Sep;44(3):227-40.

PMID: 1424493

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Componential:

Facial-expression affective attributes and their configural correlates: components and categories.
Bimler DL, Paramei GV.
Department of Health and Human Development, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Span J Psychol. 2006 May;9(1):19-31.

PMID: 16673619 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Parts and Wholes in Expression Recognition

White, M. (2000). Parts and Wholes in Expression Recognition, Cognition and Emotion, Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 39-60(22)


http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/pcem/2000/00000014/00000001/art00002

顔検出過程研究の展望

遠藤光男 (2006). 顔検出過程研究の展望. 琉球大学法文学部紀要（人間科学）第17号, 47-78.


http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/2874/1/No17p47.pdf

visual search for faces: similarity

Kuehn S M, Jolicoeur P, 1994, "Impact of quality of the image, orientation, and similarity of the stimuli on visual search for faces" Perception 23(1) 95 – 122

Perception abstract
http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p230095

Williams et al., (2005).

Williams, M. A., Moss, S. A., Bradshaw, J. L., & Mattingley, J. B. (2005). Look at me, I’m smiling: Searching for threatening and non-threatening facial expressions. Visual Cognition, 12, 29 –50.

Google ブック検索で一部プレビュー可能。

Googleブック

Classifying faces by race

In 1996, Levin reported that white subjects were able to detect the presence of a face of another race among white faces faster than they were to detect a white face among cross-race distractors.
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One could propose that subjects would be a bit faster when searching though same-race distractors than when searching through cross-race distractors. The result would be an advantage for the detection of cross-race targets.


References
Levin, D.T. (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 22, 1364-1382.
Levin, D. T., & Angelone, B. L.(2001). Visual search for a socially defined feature: What causes the search asymmetry favoring cross-race faces? Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 423-435.
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By distorting faces toward or away from a prototypical face, they obtain evidence that distractor rejection is at the　heart of the race-of-the-face asymmetry.
cf.
Wolfe, J.M. (2001). Asymmetries in visual search: An introduction. Perception and Psychophysics, 63(3): 381-389.
[PDF]
http://search.bwh.harvard.edu/new/pubs/IntrotoSearchAsym.pdf

Recall Treisman’s hypothesis that it is easier to detect a deviant among standard stimuli than to find the standard stimulus hiding among deviants (Treisman & Gormican., 1988, p. 42).

See also,
Duncan, J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychol. Rev.96, 433–458.
Search efficiency increases as a function of target–distractor difference and decreases as a function of distractor–distractor difference.

Spatial summation of face information

Tyler, C. W., & Chen, C.-C. (2006). Spatial summation of face information. Journal of Vision, 6(10):11, 1117-1125, http://journalofvision.org/6/10/11/, doi:10.1167/6.10.11.


http://journalofvision.org/6/10/11/

Preattentive face processing

Horstmann, G. (2007). Preattentive face processing: What do visual search experiments with schematic faces tell us? Visual Cognition, 15, 799-833.

Download.
http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/psychologie/personen/ae02/horstmann.html

exaggeration of facial speech

Hill, H. C. H., Troje, N. F., & Johnston, A. (2005). Range- and domain-specific exaggeration of facial speech. Journal of Vision, 5(10):4, 793-807,http://journalofvision.org/5/10/4/ , doi:10.1167/5.10.4.

http://journalofvision.org/5/10/4/

時空間的に強調された表情アニメーションと、その表情強度の知覚。

Face:spatially and temporally modified movements

Perception. 2003;32(7):813-26.
Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements.

Pollick FE, Hill H, Calder A, Paterson H.

PMID: 12974567

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exaggeration of facial expressions relative to a fixed neutral expression resulted in enhanced ratings of the intensity of that emotion
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Photographs of facial expression

Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2004 Nov;36(4):634-8.
Photographs of facial expression: accuracy, response times, and ratings of intensity.

Palermo R, Coltheart M.
Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. rpalermo@maccs.mq.edu.au
Equal numbers of male and female participants judged which of seven facial expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and surprise) were displayed by a set of 336 faces, and we measured both accuracy and response times. In addition, the participants rated how well the expression was displayed (i.e., the intensity of the expression). These three measures are reported for each face. Sex of the rater did not interact with any of the three measures. However, analyses revealed that some expressions were recognized more accurately in female than in male faces. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.
PMID: 15641409

http://www.psychonomic.org/archive/

Visual and Face Recognition Tests on the Internet

ネット上で実施できる顔認知検査が公開されている。
Visual and Face Recognition Tests on the Internet
http://www.faceblind.org/facetests/index.php

以下の３種のテストが用意されている。
Test of Visual Recognition Memory
Online Cambridge Face Memory Test
Famous Faces Test

Faceblind.org

Prosopagnosia 顔貌失認　

Prosopagnosia Research Centers at Harvard University and University College London
http://www.faceblind.org/

Features and their configuration

Br J Psychol. 2006 Feb;97(Pt 1):19-29.
Face-specific configural processing of relational information.
Leder H, Carbon CC.
PMID: 16464285

Perception. 2001;30(1):73-83.Links
Configural features in the context of upright and inverted faces.
Leder H, Candrian G, Huber O, Bruce V.
PMID: 11257979

Q J Exp Psychol A. 2000 May;53(2):513-36.Links
When inverted faces are recognized: the role of configural information in face recognition.
Leder H, Bruce V.
PMID: 10881616

J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1998 Oct;24(5):1486-500. Links
Your eyes only? A test of interactive influence in the processing of facial features.
Macho S, Leder H.
PMID: 9778833

Mem Cognit. 1997 Sep;25(5):583-92.
Features and their configuration in face recognition.
Tanaka JW, Sengco JA.
PMID: 9337578

Perception. 1996;25(3):355-66.Links
Line drawings of faces reduce configural processing.
Leder H.
PMID: 8804099