Martelli, M., Majaj, N. J., & Pelli, D. G. (2005). Are faces processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts. Journal of Vision, 5(1), 58-70, http://journalofvision.org/5/1/6/, doi:10.1167/5.1.6.
Keywords
face recognition, word recognition, feature integration, crowding, isolation, recognition by parts, holistic, inversion, face superiority
Here we look for crowding in faces and words as a symptom of recognition by parts. Crowding describes the impairment of recognizability of a target object by neighboring objects.
Critical spacing is how far away (center to center) each flanker must be to allow recognition of the target. When spacing is smaller than critical, the presence of the flankers makes recognition of the target harder or impossible. Beyond the critical spacing, recognition is unimpaired, and additional spacing provides no further benefit.
Proportional dependence of critical spacing on eccentricity, independent of signal size, is diagnostic of crowding; the converse (proportional dependence on size, independent of eccentricity) indicates ordinary masking (Pelli, Palomares, & Majaj, 2004).
Earlier authors have used various other names for a region over which features are integrated: “integration field,” “perceptive field,” “perceptive hypercolumn,” “spatial interference zone,” “region of selection,” and “association field” (Levi, Klein, & Aitsebaomo, 1985; Toet & Levi, 1992; Latham & Whitaker, 1996; Intriligator & Cavanagh, 2001; Field, Hayes, & Hess, 1993).