ニッチ概念と種タクソン

2010年5月16日-6
ニッチ概念と種タクソン

問題意識：
　1. ニッチ概念を種タクソン的性質に解消または回収できるか？
　2. あるいは、ニッチ概念を種タクソン的性質にもとづいて定義できるか？
　3. あるいは、ニッチを関係的概念として定義すれば、実践的に役立つ概念となるか？

　種の性質（または、種が持つ性質）
　＝或る種に属する生物体（有機体）たちについて人が観測した諸性質から、種的に共通するものとして推定した性質　（母集団は、その種に同定できる、これまでに出現した、そしてこれから出現可能なすべての生物体。このような言い方自体が、種についてのシステム的概念の要請へとつながる。）

　これは操作的「定義」、もしくは測定である。ただし統計的思考である。統計的思考は当然、推定しようとする当該のものを措定する。そして推定のための（たとえば数値の分布についての）モデルを仮定する。

ニッチ再考1/空きニッチ

2010年5月16日-5
ニッチ再考1/空きニッチ

　ニッチは、他の様々な概念や考え方と関わっていて、議論がややこしい。そこで、空きニッチvacant niche, empty nicheを採用するかどうか、採用している場合はどんな使われ方ないしは役立ち方になっているのか、といったところから再考することにしよう。

　ニッチが或る種の性質であるならば、種が（ある場所に？）いないのならば、空きニッチはそもそも無いことになる。あるいは、『空きニッチ』という言い方自体が、成立しない（マーナ・ブーンゲ『生物哲学の基礎』；ただし、Mahner & Bungeは種ではなく、生物体にもとづいてニッチを考える）。
　それに対するRhode (2009?a, section 6)の反論は、「もし或るニッチが、或る種の、その種に影響する生物的および非生物的要因との相互関係として定義されるならば、追加的で潜在的な相互諸関係の可能性を認めない理由は無い。」である。ニッチは生態的地位と訳されるように、Eltonは共同体内での地位として考えた。
　また、『空きニッチ』に批判的な者は、あらゆるものは多くの時間で平衡にあるという見解を取っており、そうであれば対資源競争は絶えず強いという結果になる。このような見方はダーウィン的自然淘汰の基礎である。しかし、（いくつかは経験的で、いくつかは理論的な）最近の研究によれば、非平衡条件は広範囲に及んでいる、とRhode (2009?a, section 6)と言う。


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Rhode, K. 2009?b. Niche restriction and segregation: What makes species different?. http://knol.google.com/k/niche-restriction-and-segregation#. （受信：2010年5月16日）

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