これから先の人生で起こる全ての出来事に
僕は本気で取り組んでいきたい。
笑い、涙し、感動し、衝突し、失い、得るまで
そのすべての過程で後悔することのないように。
僕は本気で取り組んでいきたい。
笑い、涙し、感動し、衝突し、失い、得るまで
そのすべての過程で後悔することのないように。
ATP drives lamina propria TH17 cell differentiation
Koji Atarashi1,7, Junichi Nishimura1,7, Tatsuichiro Shima2, Yoshinori Umesaki2, Masahiro Yamamoto1,3, Masaharu Onoue2, Hideo Yagita4, Naoto Ishii5, Richard Evans6, Kenya Honda1,3 & Kiyoshi Takeda1,3
Top of pageInterleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes (TH17 cells) constitute a subset of T-helper cells involved in host defence and several immune disorders1, 2. An intriguing feature of TH17 cells is their selective and constitutive presence in the intestinal lamina propria3. Here we show that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that can be derived from commensal bacteria activates a unique subset of lamina propria cells, CD70highCD11clow cells, leading to the differentiation of TH17 cells. Germ-free mice exhibit much lower concentrations of luminal ATP, accompanied by fewer lamina propria TH17 cells, compared to specific-pathogen-free mice. Systemic or rectal administration of ATP into these germ-free mice results in a marked increase in the number of lamina propria TH17 cells. A CD70highCD11clow subset of the lamina propria cells expresses TH17-prone molecules, such as IL-6, IL-23p19 and transforming-growth-factor--activating integrin-V and -8, in response to ATP stimulation, and preferentially induces TH17 differentiation of co-cultured naive CD4+ T cells. The critical role of ATP is further underscored by the observation that administration of ATP exacerbates a T-cell-mediated colitis model with enhanced TH17 differentiation. These observations highlight the importance of commensal bacteria and ATP for TH17 differentiation in health and disease, and offer an explanation of why TH17 cells specifically present in the intestinal lamina propria.
Nature advance online publication 20 August 2008 | doi:10.1038/nature07240; Received 4 June 2008; Accepted 7 July 2008; Published online 20 August 2008
Koji Atarashi1,7, Junichi Nishimura1,7, Tatsuichiro Shima2, Yoshinori Umesaki2, Masahiro Yamamoto1,3, Masaharu Onoue2, Hideo Yagita4, Naoto Ishii5, Richard Evans6, Kenya Honda1,3 & Kiyoshi Takeda1,3
Top of pageInterleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes (TH17 cells) constitute a subset of T-helper cells involved in host defence and several immune disorders1, 2. An intriguing feature of TH17 cells is their selective and constitutive presence in the intestinal lamina propria3. Here we show that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that can be derived from commensal bacteria activates a unique subset of lamina propria cells, CD70highCD11clow cells, leading to the differentiation of TH17 cells. Germ-free mice exhibit much lower concentrations of luminal ATP, accompanied by fewer lamina propria TH17 cells, compared to specific-pathogen-free mice. Systemic or rectal administration of ATP into these germ-free mice results in a marked increase in the number of lamina propria TH17 cells. A CD70highCD11clow subset of the lamina propria cells expresses TH17-prone molecules, such as IL-6, IL-23p19 and transforming-growth-factor--activating integrin-V and -8, in response to ATP stimulation, and preferentially induces TH17 differentiation of co-cultured naive CD4+ T cells. The critical role of ATP is further underscored by the observation that administration of ATP exacerbates a T-cell-mediated colitis model with enhanced TH17 differentiation. These observations highlight the importance of commensal bacteria and ATP for TH17 differentiation in health and disease, and offer an explanation of why TH17 cells specifically present in the intestinal lamina propria.
Nature advance online publication 20 August 2008 | doi:10.1038/nature07240; Received 4 June 2008; Accepted 7 July 2008; Published online 20 August 2008
Steve Jobs 2005 Stanford Commencement Address
信じることがすべて
信じることがすべて
まだまだ読みたい本がたくさんあって、
知らないことがいっぱいあるけれど、
これからゆっくりと読書するという贅沢な時間を過ごすことは難しくなって、
日々の生活に追われていくのだろうと想像すると、
読む本は吟味しなければならないと思います。
知らないことがいっぱいあるけれど、
これからゆっくりと読書するという贅沢な時間を過ごすことは難しくなって、
日々の生活に追われていくのだろうと想像すると、
読む本は吟味しなければならないと思います。
PGE2 induces angiogenesis via MT1-MMP-mediated activation of the TGFbeta/Alk5 signaling pathway.
The development of a new vascular network is essential for the onset and progression of many pathophysiologic processes. Cyclooxygenase-2 displays a proangiogenic activity in in vitro and in vivo models, mediated principally through its metabolite prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Here, we provide evidence for a novel signaling route through which PGE(2) activates the Alk5-Smad3 pathway in endothelial cells. PGE(2) induces Alk5-dependent Smad3 nuclear translocation and DNA binding, and the activation of this pathway involves the release of active TGFbeta from its latent form through a process mediated by the metalloproteinase MT1-MMP, whose membrane clustering is promoted by PGE(2). MT1-MMP-dependent transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling through Alk5 is also required for PGE(2)-induced endothelial cord formation in vitro, and Alk5 kinase activity is required for PGE(2)-induced neovascularization in vivo. These findings identify a novel signaling pathway linking PGE(2) and TGFbeta, 2 effectors involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, and reveal potential targets for the treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders.
Blood. 2008 Aug 15;112(4):1120-8. Epub 2008 Jun 9.