株と債権、貯蓄と投資

英語の出題ですが、内容はＡＢＣ（初歩）です。

１　株と債券、どちらが有利な投資か？

２　国が借金を減らし金利が低下すると、貯蓄や投資にどういう影響を与えるか？

日経経済記事を読むための基礎知識レベルといったところです。

Questions

1.
let's us suppose that your bank account
pays an interest rate of 8 percent. 
You are considering buying a share
of stock ABC Corporation for $110. 
After 1, and 2 yeare, it will pay a dividend of s5. 
you expect to sell the stock
after 2 years for $120. 
Is ABC a good investment? 
Support your answer with calculations. 

2. 
let's us suppose that Japanese government borrows 20 trillion Yen less next year than this year .

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経済学・統計学・数学　オンライン指導いたします。

詳しくはこちらをご参照ください。

 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/scm123/e/745ef0930cfd8347f772a1f10c02a565

 https://ecolez.net/

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a）
Use a demand and-supply diagram to analyze this policy. Does the interest rate increase or decrease? 

2.b) 
What happens to investment, private saving, public saving, and national saving? Compare the size of changes to the $20 trillion Yen decrease in the government borrowing. 

Answers

1.
bank account:
8% on ＄110 for 2years = 8.8x2 = 17.6
stock:
dividend ＄5x2 + capital gain ＄10 (110-100) = ＄20
The stock is bigger in return.

2a.
Interest rate is the price for borrowing (demand) and lending (supply) money for a certain period of time.
As the demand decrease in this case, the interest rate will drop.

2b.
Lower interest rate stimulates investment (lower interest expense), and discurages savings (lower interest income).

経済成長とは

経済成長に関する英語の問題です。よくある論点ですが、生産性の成長がポイントです。

内容的には経済理論というより、時事トピック的なレベルです。

（問題）

1. In the U.S. economy, manufacturing employment as a percentage of total employment decreased from 28 percent in the 1950 to 13 percent in the 2000. During the same period of time, manufacturing output experienced slightly more rapid growth than the overall economy. 

Use this information to answer questions (1.a) and (1.b). .


a) What can we infer about the growth in labor productivity (output per worker) in manufacturing from these facts? Explain. 


(1.b) 
In your opinion, should policymakers be concerned about the decline in the share of manufacturing employment? Explain. 


2. Suppose GDP is $10 trillion, taxes are $2 trillion, private saving is $0.5 trillion, and public saving is $0.2 trillion. Assuming this economy is closed, calculate consumption, government purchases, national saving, and investment. 
Explain your calculation process.

（回答）

1a. We can infer that labor productivity seems to have significantly improved.

Slightly more rapid growth with decreaced employment (half in %) . So productivity, production per capita, has increased a lot.

1b. There is no serious concern, as manufacturing experienced solid growth. If the employment moves to more productive industry, it can be regarded as a good sign of economic growth.

2.
savings = investment = .5+.2 = 0.7
government purchase = 2-.2 = 1.8
consumption = 10 - .7 - 1.8 = 7.5

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経済学・統計学・数学　オンライン指導いたします。

詳しくはこちらをご参照ください。

 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/scm123/e/745ef0930cfd8347f772a1f10c02a565

 https://ecolez.net/

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GDP deflator

 

英語による出題です。

かなり初歩的な問題ですが、「物価指数」がどのように求めらるかが理解できる問題です。

（問題）画像をご参照ください。

（回答）

1)
2011: 1*40+3*12=76
2012: 1*60+3*14=102
change: 102/76=1.342

2)
2011: 10*40+30*12=760
2012: 10*60+30*14=1020
change: 1020/760=1.342

3)
The inflation rate is the same between 1) and 2).

Because the ratio of product quantity is the same in getting both inflation rates. 1:3=10:30

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経済学・統計学・数学　指導いたします。通学・オンライン　どちらも可能です。

詳しくはこちらをご参照ください。

 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/scm123/e/745ef0930cfd8347f772a1f10c02a565

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効用関数を定義する

ミクロ経済学、消費者行動の理論の基礎になる効用関数の定義的な話が(1)～(3)で出題されています。

二項関係・反射性・推移性・完備性等、抽象的用語が飛び交います。

はじめて聞く人は、具体例を挙げないとわからない代物ですが、具体例を考察したうえで、よりリアルな効用関数を求めたいときにはなかなか示唆に満ちた内容です。

（４）の結論も興味深く、コブダグラス型生産関数を想定すると、各財への支出額は、関数における各財の指数に比例します。

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経済学・統計学・数学　オンライン指導いたします。

詳しくはこちらをご参照ください。

 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/scm123/e/745ef0930cfd8347f772a1f10c02a565

 https://ecolez.net/

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GDP in English

英語の問題です。内容は初歩的です。

（問題）

A farmer grows wheat, which she sells to a miller for $100. The miller turna the wheat i which she selle to a baker for $130. The baker turne the wheat into brend, which she selle to consumers for $200. Consumers eat the bread.

qestion
1.
Value added i that the producer buys to make the output. Assuming there are no intermediate goods beyond tho described above, calculate the value added of each of the three producers.
〈3 pointa s defined as the value of producer's output minus the value of the intermedíate goo on olove〉

2.
What is total value added of the three producers in this economy? How does it compare to the economy's GDP? Does this example suggest another way of caleulating GDP? 

（回答）

1. Value added
1) by the farmer $100
2) by the miller $30 = 130 - 100
3) by the baker $70 = 200 - 130

2. Total value added = 200 = 100 + 30 + 70
The number equals to the economy's GDP from consumption.

GDP is obtained in this formula;
GDP = C + I + G + X - M
C: consumption = total sales - intermediate goods
I: investment G: government expenditure
X: export M: import

Another way:
Consumption is also obtained as follows; 
C = total sales - intermediate goods = final goods 
　 Total sales is divided into intermediate goods (for production) and final goods (for consumption). 　

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経済学・統計学・数学　指導いたします。通学・オンライン　どちらも可能です。

詳しくはこちらをご参照ください。

 https://blog.goo.ne.jp/scm123/e/745ef0930cfd8347f772a1f10c02a565

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