Xiaobo Xu, Joke D'Hoker, Geert Stangé, Stefan Bonné, Nico De Leu, Xiangwei Xiao, Mark Van De Casteele, Georg Mellitzer, Zhidong Ling, Danny Pipeleers, Luc Bouwens, Raphael Scharfmann, Gerard Gradwohl, Harry Heimberg.
Cell 132, 197-207 (2008) | DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.015
Novel strategies in diabetes therapy would obviously benefit from the use of beta (β) cell stem/progenitor cells. However, whether or not adult β cell progenitors exist is one of the most controversial issues in today's diabetes research. Guided by the expression of Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), the earliest islet cell-specific transcription factor in embryonic development, we show that β cell progenitors can be activated in injured adult mouse pancreas and are located in the ductal lining. Differentiation of the adult progenitors is Ngn3 dependent and gives rise to all islet cell types, including glucose responsive β cells that subsequently proliferate, both in situ and when cultured in embryonic pancreas explants. Multipotent progenitor cells thus exist in the pancreas of adult mice and can be activated cell autonomously to increase the functional β cell mass by differentiation and proliferation rather than by self-duplication of pre-existing β cells only.とうとう見つかりましたか、β細胞の幹細胞が…
# 論文をネタに訴追されたらたまらんわな
# 近い将来、自分の細胞で角膜再生が可能になるかも…
# 素人さん向けの説明です
Tatsuo Kawai, A. Benedict Cosimi, Thomas R. Spitzer, Nina Tolkoff-Rubin, Manikkam Suthanthiran, Susan L. Saidman, Juanita Shaffer, Frederic I. Preffer, Ruchuang Ding, Vijay Sharma, Jay A. Fishman, Bimalangshu Dey, Dicken S.C. Ko, Martin Hertl, Nelson B. Goes, Waichi Wong, Winfred W. Williams, Jr., Robert B. Colvin, Megan Sykes, David H. Sachs.
NEJM 358, 353-361 (2008) | doi:
Five patients with end-stage renal disease received combined bone marrow and kidney transplants from HLA single-haplotype mismatched living related donors, with the use of a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen. Transient chimerism and reversible capillary leak syndrome developed in all recipients. Irreversible humoral rejection occurred in one patient. In the other four recipients, it was possible to discontinue all immunosuppressive therapy 9 to 14 months after the transplantation, and renal function has remained stable for 2.0 to 5.3 years since transplantation. The T cells from these four recipients, tested in vitro, showed donor-specific unresponsiveness and in specimens from allograft biopsies, obtained after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy, there were high levels of P3 (FOXP3) messenger RNA (mRNA) but not granzyme B mRNA.# 骨髄が混ざっても問題ないのか
# 大きさから考えれば、きっと燃え尽きることでしょう
# これでいくらくらいかかるんだろう?
Ari Ueno, Satoshi Hirata, Kohki Fuwa, Keiko Sugama, Kiyo Kusunoki, Goh Matsuda, Hirokata Fukushima, Kazuo Hiraki, Masaki Tomonaga, Toshikazu Hasegawa.
PLoS ONE 3, e1442 (2008) | doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001442
Background# よく慣らしましたで賞
For decades, the chimpanzee, phylogenetically closest to humans, has been analyzed intensively in comparative cognitive studies. Other than the accumulation of behavioral data, the neural basis for cognitive processing in the chimpanzee remains to be clarified. To increase our knowledge on the evolutionary and neural basis of human cognition, comparative neurophysiological studies exploring endogenous neural activities in the awake state are needed. However, to date, such studies have rarely been reported in non-human hominid species, due to the practical difficulties in conducting non-invasive measurements on awake individuals.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We measured auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) of a fully awake chimpanzee, with reference to a well-documented component of human studies, namely mismatch negativity (MMN). In response to infrequent, deviant tones that were delivered in a uniform sound stream, a comparable ERP component could be detected as negative deflections in early latencies.
Conclusions/Significance
The present study reports the MMN-like component in a chimpanzee for the first time. In human studies, various ERP components, including MMN, are well-documented indicators of cognitive and neural processing. The results of the present study validate the use of non-invasive ERP measurements for studies on cognitive and neural processing in chimpanzees, and open the way for future studies comparing endogenous neural activities between humans and chimpanzees. This signifies an essential step in hominid cognitive neurosciences.
# CO2「を分解消滅」…しょ、消滅ってどういうことだ?
# そうか、こういうものさえこれから作られるというフェーズだったのか…
Hema Bashyam.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205, 2 (2008)| doi:10.1084/jem.2051iti4
Ryoichi Mori, Tanya J. Shaw, Paul Martin.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine 205, 43-51 (2008) | doi:10.1084/jem.20071412
Previous studies of tissue repair have revealed osteopontin (OPN) to be up-regulated in association with the wound inflammatory response. We hypothesize that OPN may contribute to inflammation-associated fibrosis. In a series of in vitro and in vivo studies, we analyze the effects of blocking OPN expression at the wound, and determine which inflammatory cells, and which paracrine factors from these cells, may be responsible for triggering OPN expression in wound fibroblasts. Delivery of OPN antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into mouse skin wounds by release from Pluronic gel decreases OPN protein levels at the wound and results in accelerated healing and reduced granulation tissue formation and scarring. To identify which leukocytic lineages may be responsible for OPN expression, we cultured fibroblasts in macrophage-, neutrophil-, or mast cell–conditioned media (CM), and found that macrophage- and mast cell–secreted factors, specifically platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), induced fibroblast OPN expression. Correspondingly, Gleevec, which blocks PDGF receptor signaling, and PDGF-Rβ–neutralizing antibodies, inhibited OPN induction by macrophage-CM. These studies indicate that inflammation-triggered expression of OPN both hinders the rate of repair and contributes to wound fibrosis. Thus, OPN and PDGF are potential targets for therapeutic modulation of skin repair to improve healing rate and quality.# osteopontinのアンチセンスDNA製剤だそうです…けど、化膿しやくすくもなるらしい…