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2009-09-30 20:37:17 | Telegraph (UK)

Japan deflation fears grow as prices fall at record pace
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Telegraph¡§29 Sep 2009
Prices in Japan tumbled at a record pace in August amid growing worries about jobs and wages, the government said.

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The country's key consumer price index, which excludes volatile fresh food prices, fell 2.4pc from a year earlier. The figure marks the steepest decline since officials began compiling comparable data in 1971.

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Core CPI has now dropped for six straight months, indicating that deflation is strengthening its grip on the world's second largest economy.

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The core CPI for Tokyo retreated 2.1pc in September. The result suggests that prices nationwide are expected to fall further. Prices in the nation's capital are considered a leading barometer of price trends across Japan.

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Lower prices may seem like a good thing, but deflation can hamper growth by depressing company profits and causing consumers to postpone purchases, leading to production and wage cuts. It can also increase debt burdens.

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Japan underwent a destabilizing bout of deflation during the 1990s, and again earlier this decade.

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The country emerged from a yearlong recession in the April-June quarter, but the economy remains fragile as unemployment climbs.

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2009-09-30 20:30:36 | Telegraph (UK)
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Japan tips ever deeper into deflation
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By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Telegraph¡§29 Sep 2009
Japan is sliding into the deepest deflation since the Second World War, forcing the new-broom Democrats to abandon their strong yen policy within weeks of taking office.

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Core inflation fell a record 2.4pc in September, a steeper drop than at any time during the country's Lost Decade. A surging yen is twisting the knife further. The currency has risen 22pc against the euro, 27pc against the dollar, and 43pc against sterling since mid-2007.

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Hirohisa Fujii, finance minister, ditched his non-intervention policy yesterday, saying Tokyo would "take necessary steps" to prevent disorderly currency moves.

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Yen strength is asphyxiating Japanese exporters and feeding a self-reinforcing spiral of lower prices and wages. This 1930s process increases the real burden of debts. Corporate debt alone is 180pc of GDP.

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Junko Nishioka from RBS said a yen near \90 to dollar has broken through the "break-even rate" for manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, and Sony. "Exporters face the possibility of exchange losses," she said.

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The crisis engulfing the world's second economy is remarkable. Profits fell 53pc in the second quarter. Total cash earnings have dropped 7.1pc this year. Tax revenues have plunged 27pc. While the economy is no longer in recession, GDP has shrunk by 8pc from its peak and exports are down 36pc (in yen).

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Andy Xie, a leading consultant in Asia, said Japan's Democrats have been handed a poisoned chalice. "The bursting of the global credit bubble in 2008 brought down Japan's export machine. Of all OECD countries, Japan's looks most like a depression."

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It is Japan's misfortune that the yen tends to rise in times of turmoil as its own citizens repatriate savings. But other complex forces are also at work. The fall in rates to near zero in the West has closed the yield gap.

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Tokyo's grim experience is a lesson for Europe, where a mini-deflation scare is emerging. September inflation was -1.2pc in Belgium, -1pc in Spain, -0.3pc in Germany. Governments have been expecting a short bout of deflation as lower oil prices (from last year's peak) feed through. However, a pattern has emerged where the downward pressure is proving more persistent than expected in a string of countries.

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Gabriel Stein from Lombard Street Research said the European Central Bank is taking a gamble assuming that prices will rebound safely in 2010. "What is remarkable is that the ECB seems so unconcerned. The M3 money supply has been contracting since April. The ECB's quantitative easing (€60bn) has been just 0.5pc of GDP. We think they should be doing 5pc of GDP. Germans have this fear that inflation is an ever-present danger, but deflation can be a bigger danger," he said.

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For now it is Japan in the deflation hotseat. The Democrats long opposed action to cap the yen when in opposition, saying the policy favoured corporate elites, hurt consumers, and perpetuated a dysfunctional export model. But they have taken office in circumstances that make it nigh impossible to do what they want.

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Japan stayed afloat in its Lost Decade by holding down the yen and exporting into a booming global economy. The DPJ is condemned to repeating this, though it will be harder this time.

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Simon Derrick from the Bank of New York Mellon said Japan spent $600bn in the exchange markets to weaken the yen from 1993 to 2004. Private savings also leaked abroad, fleeing zero rates to chase higher yields from Iceland, to New Zealand and Britain through the "carry trade".

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None of this can be repeated easily. The Anglo-Saxons, Swiss, and Swedes are pursuing covert or overt devaluation. The dollar has become a rival funder for the carry trade.

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As the oldest society on earth, Japan is a laboratory for structural decline. Its workforce has been declining since 2005. The savings rate has fallen to 2pc of GDP, below America. The IMF says public debt will reach 227pc of GDP next year, the result of past stimulus packages.

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Japan has been able to fund its deficits cheaply through a captive bond market. Bond yields are currently 1.29pc. "Can these benign conditions be expected to continue in the face of even-larger increases in public debt?" asked the IMF. Hardly. Japan's top pension fund became a seller of state bonds this year.

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The Democrats can only weep. After waiting half century to launch their child-care, health, and welfare policies, they have taken power only to find an empty exchequer.

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2009-09-30 19:25:28 | Telegraph (UK)

Chinese rivalry for oil assets has silver lining
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By Fiona Maharg Bravo, Breakingviews.com
Telegraph¡§29 Sep 2009
China and Nigeria have just given western oil majors another reason to worry.

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Up until now, Chinese oil firms were hunting for oil in risky places where the majors didn't already have a big presence or where they were keen to sell, including Iraq and Argentina. But now China is moving into Nigeria in a big way, according to the Financial Times. CNOOC, one of the three largest Chinese oil companies, is said to be bidding for 6bn barrels of oil reserves.

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This is a change of tack. Nigeria is different because Western oil firms - Shell, Total, Chevron and ExxonMobil - are already active in this risky country. The Chinese want to get into blocks already part-owned by these majors.

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The terms of any deal letting Chinese in, or forcing the Western companies out, are unclear. Anything like a seizure looks unlikely, as the Nigerians need the Western expertise and would be a legal mess. But with relations between the oil majors and the government strained, Nigeria could be trying to use the Chinese to get better terms off the existing holders.

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The rich Chinese are an increasing competitive threat to the Western companies. But this also has a silver lining. Shell looks increasingly fed up with the security situation in Nigeria and is already selling some acreage in the country. With a willing buyer, it may be keen to sell more. In Argentina, the Chinese appear to be the only bidders interested in the whole of YPF, controlled by Spain's Repsol.

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What's more, pragmatic Western oil firms are finding that the Chinese can make good partners. BP and Shell, for example, teamed up with Chinese oil firms in the recent Iraqi oil auction. Most observers had expected Sinopec, CNOOC and CNPC to band together to outbid the westerners.

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In reality, the oil majors want to deepen relations with China, and vice versa. China needs the technological expertise that only big majors can provide to exploit its unconventional oil reserves. The country is also set soon to become the world's largest oil importer. Chinese oil and gas firms are clearly going to be big players in the industry. If you can't beat 'em, join 'em.

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2009-09-30 18:08:18 | Telegraph (UK)

Merkel warns on spending cuts, fearing Depression era
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By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Telegraph¡§28 Sep 2009
The era of cosy consensus in German politics is over. The election victor is arch-Thatcherite Guido Westerwelle, who led his pro-business Free Democrats to their best result ever with acerbic attacks on the welfare state and trade unions – which he called a "plague on our country".

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The era of cosy consensus in German politics is over. The election victor is arch-Thatcherite Guido Westerwelle, who led his pro-business Free Democrats to their best result ever with acerbic attacks on the welfare state and trade unions – which he called a "plague on our country".

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Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats and Bavarian allies survived the vote with a clipped mandate. She will have to give ground to Mr Westerwelle in the Centre-Right coalition as he presses for his great shrinkage of Germany's Leviathan state – tax cuts, spending cuts, subsidy cuts, labour reform, and emasculation of the state Landesbanken – whatever her own preference for playing the consensual role of national "Mutti" (Mum).

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"German policies will likely shift towards a pro-growth agenda: this is a significant positive for German equities," said Holger Schmieding from Bank of America.

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The shares of energy giants E.ON and RWE jumped 4pc on the expected reprieve for Germany's nuclear power plants. Solar companies wilted, punished with their Social Democrat patrons.

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Ms Merkel urged caution yesterday at her press conference, evoking the memories of the Great Depression. "It is not wise to talk about austerity measures so long as we are in this trough. We must do everything to avoid repeating what the Americans did at the end of the 30s – namely to wreck the small upturn then visible by retrenching too soon."

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This is a reference to US policy in 1936 and 1937 when Washington tightened policy too soon, believing the coast was clear. It tipped the economy back into depression.

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Ms Merkel may have been complacent at the onset of the crisis last year but now seems acutely aware that Germany's industrial export machine remains vulnerable to the vagaries of world trade. The economy rebounded slightly in the second quarter with 0.3pc growth but GDP has shrunk by 6.7pc and will not regain its former level before 2013, according to the Bundesbank.

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The slow damage is what will play havoc with German public finances in the end. The International Monetary Fund says Germany's public debt will rise to 91.4pc of GDP by 2014 (Britain will be at 87.8pc), a serious concern for a country with a declining workforce.

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Hans Heinrich Driftmann, head of Germany's Chamber of Commerce, said the last coalition had failed to take advantage of the boom years to push through root-and-branch reform. "We need iron discipline: all government spending must come under review. The state isn't a cash cow [Goldesel]," he said.

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Berlin's revenues will fall short by almost €350bn (£322bn) over four years. The unemployment fund is already €20bn in deficit and facing strain over the next two years. The Labour Agency expects the jobless rate will rise from 2.8m to as high as 4.5m by 2011.

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The risk for Germany is that the economy tips into a double-dip recession as emergency stimulus subsides. Its cash-for-clunkers scheme expired earlier this month after a rush of sales over the summer. The Centre for Automotive Research says sales will fall by a million next year in "the largest downturn ever suffered by the German car industry".

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The state's "Kurzarbeit" scheme subsidises firms to keep staff on their books at full pay for part-time work but this is costly for companies and cannot continue much longer.

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"The second wave has yet to hit us," said Laurenz Meyer, economics spokesman for the Christian Democrats. The economics ministry is drawing up plans to alleviate a credit crunch over the winter as small firms exhaust their credit lines. Yet the European Central Bank has stuck to a tight policy course, allowing credit to firms and household in the eurozone to contract over the last six months.

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Hans Redeker, currency chief at BNP Paribas, said the ECB risks a serious error. "They think the financial system will recover as if this were a normal cycle but it's not. Credit is falling like a rock. Bank are tightening lending to meet the new rules on higher capital ratios. We really could repeat what the Fed did in the 1930s," he said.

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Charles Dumas from Lombard Street Research said Germany is drifting into Japanese-style deflation. The "output gap" is minus 7pc and profits have been squeezed by 30pc. "That means huge lay-offs, and even more severe cuts in wages," he said

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Mr Dumas said German industry is facing a serious challenge from Asia as Chinese producers move up the technology "food chain". The effect is further price deflation for German goods, made worse by the strong euro.

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What this crisis has shown is that Germany's export-led model has its limits. It depends on debt-driven consumption by the Anglo-Saxons, Spain, and other deficit spenders to keep afloat. They are all tightening their belts.

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A few German economists have asked whether the country needs a new strategy, perhaps along the lines of neighbouring France – which has weathered the crisis better (so far) – but hardly a word crossed into the campaign.

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Ms Merkel has always dismissed talk of global imbalances as an "Ersatz" debate, of little relevance to Germany. Events will determine whether she is right.

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2009-09-29 18:07:26 | Telegraph (UK)

China seeks a sixth of Nigeria's oil reserves
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By Peter Foster
Telegraph¡§29 Sep 2009
China is seeking to massively expand its African oil reserves by bidding for up to a sixth of Nigeria's crude reserves, according to a leaked letter from the office of the President of Nigeria.

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The move by CNOOC, the Chinese state-controlled oil giant, to acquire concessions in 23 prime blocks could create conflict with western oil groups including Shell, Chevron, Total and ExxonMobil who already own stakes in the blocks.

Ãæ¹ñ¤Î¹ñ±ÄÀÐÌýÂç¼êCNOOC¤Î¡¢23¤Î¥×¥é¥¤¥à¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯¤ÇºÎ·¡¸¢¤ò³ÍÆÀ¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ëư¤­¤Ï¡¢´û¤Ë¤³¤Î¹Û¶è¤ÇºÎ·¡¸¢¤òÊÝÍ­¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥·¥§¥ë¡¢¥·¥§¥Ö¥í¥ó¡¢¥È¥¿¥ë¡¢¥¨¥¯¥½¥ó¡¦¥â¡¼¥Ó¥ë¤ò´Þ¤à²¤ÊƤÎÀÐÌý¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¤È¤ÎÂÐΩ¤òÀ¸¤¸¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£

If all CNOOC¡Çs bids were accepted they would double China¡Çs oil reserves in Africa where China has sealed a number of successful oil-for-infrastructure deals in recent years in countries like Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

CNOOC¤ÎÆþ»¥¤¬Á´¤ÆÄ̤ì¤Ð¡¢Ãæ¹ñ¤¬¶áǯ¡¢¥¢¥ó¥´¥é¤ä¥³¥ó¥´¶¦Ï¹ñ¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿¹ñ¡¹¤Ç¡¢Â¿¿ô¤Î¥ª¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Õ¥©¡¼¡¦¥¤¥ó¥Õ¥é·ÀÌó¤òÄù·ë¤·¤¿¥¢¥Õ¥ê¥«¤Ë³ÎÊݤ·¤¿ÀÐÌý¤ÎËä¢Î̤ϡ¢ÇÜÁý¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£

The letter, dated August 13 and published by the Financial Times newspaper detailed talks between CNOOC¡Çs representative in Nigeria, Sunrise, and the office of Nigeria's President Umaru Yar'Adua.

8·î13ÆüÉÕ¤±¤ÇFT»æ¤¬·ÇºÜ¤·¤¿ÌäÂê¤Î½ñ´Ê¤Ï¡¢CNOOC¤Î¥Ê¥¤¥¸¥§¥ê¥¢Âåɽ¼Ô¡¢¥µ¥ó¥é¥¤¥º¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¥Ê¥¤¥¸¥§¥ê¥¢¤Î¥¦¥Þ¥ë¡¦¥à¥µ¡¦¥ä¥é¥É¥¥¥¢ÂçÅýÎΤζ¨µÄ¤ò¡¢¾ÜºÙ¤Ëµ­¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡£

While rejecting CNOOC¡Çs initial offer – rumoured to be between $30bn-$50bn (£1.8bn-£31.4bn) and it added: ¡ÈYour interest in all the listed blocks will be considered if your revised offer is favourable.¡É

300-500²¯¥É¥ë¤È±½¤µ¤ì¤ëCNOOC¤ÎÅö½é¤Î¥ª¥Õ¥¡¡¼¤òµñÀ䤷¤Ê¤¬¤é¤â¡Öµ­¼Ô¤ÎÁ´¹Û¶è¤ËÂФ¹¤ë´Ø¿´¤Ï¡¢½¤Àµ¥ª¥Õ¥¡¡¼¤¬¹¥¤Þ¤·¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢¸¡Æ¤¤µ¤ì¤ë¡×¤ÈÉÕ¤±²Ã¤¨¤¿¡£

It remains unclear from the letter whether the 49pc stakes CNOOC is seeking would come from the holdings of western oil major or their joint-venture partner, Nigeria¡Çs state owned oil company.

CNOOC¤¬µá¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë49%¤Î¸¢Íø¤¬¡¢²¤ÊƤÎÀÐÌý¥á¥¸¥ã¡¼¤¬ÊÝÍ­¤¹¤ëʬ¤«¤é¤â¤¿¤é¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤«¡¢¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¡¢¹çÊÛ»ö¶È¤Î¥Ñ¡¼¥È¥Ê¡¼¡¢¥Ê¥¤¥¸¥§¥ê¥¢¤Î¹ñ±ÄÀÐÌý²ñ¼Ò¤«¤é¤â¤¿¤é¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤«¤Ï¡¢Æ±½ñ´Ê¤Ç¤ÏÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£

A spokesman for President Yar'Adua confirmed that negotiations with Sunrise/CNOOC and ¡Èall other¡É industry stakeholders were ongoing, adding that ¡Èthe federal government has not taken any final position on the issue.¡É

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A cash-rich China has used the global financial crisis as an opportunity for a strategic expansion in oil and other commodities that it needs to fuel its rapidly expanding economy.

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Nigeria¡Çs parliament is currently debating a bill to restructure the country¡Çs energy sector which is riddled with corruption and in desperate need of investment.

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However any deal between Nigeria and China would have to overcome a number of political hurdles following a number of failed oil-for-infrastructure deals with the previous administration which became mired in damaging corruption allegations.

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Those difficulties have led some analysts to speculate that the Nigerian authorities might be using the Chinese offer to extract more favourable terms from western companies already holding concessions.

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China¡Çs popular image in Nigeria was damaged by recent reports that China had requested permission to cremate 30 Nigerians who had died in Chinese jails after being arrested on fraud, immigration or drugs offences.

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A committee of Nigerian MPs responded by calling on Nigeria¡Çs government for a tit-for-tat investigation into the immigration status of the 20,000 Chinese estimated to be resident in Nigeria.

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Abike Dabiri-Erewa, the head of the House of Representatives Committee on the Diaspora, told a press conference that Nigeria could no longer accept a situation where its people were being "maltreated and dehumanised abroad".

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