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2008-03-29 04:56:23 | Economist
American foreign policy¡§All change?
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Economist¡§Mar 27th 2008
Whether it is Clinton, McCain or Obama, the world will still quarrel with America's foreign policy

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TO JUDGE by the polls, millions of people in America and around the world are gasping to see the back of George Bush. With his going, America can extract itself from a catastrophic war in the Middle East, stop its preaching and bullying, win back lost friends and rediscover its founders' advice to show a decent respect for the opinions of mankind. Or so the millions hope. They had better prepare for a disappointment.

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There are several ways in which the next president can indeed act fast to restore America's world standing. But the list is short. The mere fact of not being Bush will bring a dividend of goodwill. On top of this, he or she should send out an early message that on some issues the change of guard will mean a change of heart. An America that closed Guant­Ïamo, imposed a clear ban on any sort of torture (by the CIA as well as the army) and shut the CIA's secret prisons could once again claim to lead the free world by example and not just by military power. A new president should also say more forthrightly than Mr Bush ever dared that America means to co-operate in the fight against global warming, and will consider joining the International Criminal Court. Mr Bush's cavalier rejection of the Kyoto protocol, and his hostility to the ICC, did much to antagonise the world even before the war in Iraq.

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After the easy wins¡Ê°Â°×¤Ê¾¡Íø¤Î¸å¡Ë

All these would be welcome changes of substance and symbolism. But even this short list will throw up difficulties. Closing Guant­Ïamo may require America to try the suspected terrorists it can build a case against but let the others go free - free, if nobody else takes them, on American soil. And although it is easy for a president to promise international co-operation on climate change, it is hard to make Congress enact laws that trample on vested interests, threaten to hamper growth or price Americans out of their huge cars. The Senate would not have ratified Kyoto even if Mr Bush had asked it to.

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Besides, these "easy" early wins do not come close to encompassing the broad sweep of policy that the wider world wants the new broom to change. Millions of Europeans (including the faithful Brits - see our poll) want America to stop playing world sheriff and submit to the same rules as everyone else under the United Nations. A billion or more Muslims want America to boot Israel out of the West Bank, if not dismantle the Jewish state altogether. Strong constituencies at home and abroad are impatient to see America quit Iraq and Afghanistan. It is not just Russians who find America's plans for missile defence in Europe provocative, or Iranians who say the sanctions against Iran's nuclear programme reek of double standards. Most of the world sympathised with America after September 11th, but a large and prickly chunk of it now sees its war against terrorism as a war against Islam.

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You have only to inspect this catalogue of things different parts of the world want America to do or to stop doing to see that the new president's honeymoon will be short. No president can satisfy this great welling up of external demands.

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And none, of course, should try. Showing a decent respect for the opinions of mankind does not mean competing in a global popularity contest at the expense of sound policy. Much of the next president's foreign policy will, rightly, continue the present one. Its central aims will include preserving the NATO alliance (see article), holding the line against nuclear proliferation, and undergirding the security of allies such as Japan, Taiwan and South Korea in Asia and Israel and the Gulf Arabs in the Middle East. America under a new president will need to adapt to the relentless rise of China without seeking refuge in a self-defeating protectionism, keep a weather eye on a newly obstreperous Russia and - yes - continue to seek out and fight al-Qaeda and other terrorists.

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America has a tradition of bipartisanship in foreign policy. As our special report this week argues, Iraq makes this election different. For the Republicans, John McCain has said that America must finish the job even if it lasts a hundred years. Both Democrats promise to start withdrawing troops in early 2009. A stark choice, at first blush. But look beyond the hyperbole. Barack Obama promises to have most combat troops out within 16 months, but would leave some behind; and Hillary Clinton will commit herself only to 2013 - if possible. Though many Democrats are angered by such wriggles, the candidates are wise not to box themselves into a corner on Iraq (as, alas, they almost have on NAFTA and free trade).

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No matter where you stood in 2003, and we argued for the invasion (see article), it is impossible to deny that the war in Iraq turned into a humanitarian calamity. Its fifth anniversary coincided with the loss of the 4,000th American soldier and a new outbreak of fighting (see article). But the overall trend since the start of General David Petraeus's "surge" last year has been positive. For a future president to decide now what to do in Iraq a year hence would be folly. However flawed the reasons for invading Iraq, the consequences of a premature exit could be worse, not just for America's own standing in a region vital to its economic and security interests, but for the Iraqis too.

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It is peculiar how often foreigners are surprised to learn that American presidents serve American interests, not those of the world at large. Often, these interests overlap. America and the rest of mankind will benefit alike from tackling climate change and from spreading democracy, free markets and a liberal trading system - and the peace on which such a system depends. A new president needs to make this case anew. But they do not always overlap. And in a world that is still Hobbesian, the country that is for now still the world's sole superpower is going to continue to put its own interests first.

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That is why Mr Bush's promise of a "humble" foreign policy could not survive the extraordinary attack that fell on America on September 11th and sucked him into Afghanistan and Iraq. By the second term a chastened administration was once again seeing the value of working with allies when that is possible. But when it is not possible, America relies on itself. The instinct of the next president will be no different.

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2008-03-29 01:38:28 | Economist
Tibet and the Beijing Olympics¡§A sporting chance
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Economist¡§Mar 27th 2008
It is not time for a boycott of the Beijing Olympics. Yet

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BERLIN, Tokyo, Mexico, Moscow, Los Angeles, Seoul: the Olympic games are often ¡Èpolitical¡É events, occasions for the flaunting of national progress, or for protesters to enjoy global publicity. The Beijing Olympics this August were never going to be any different. Indeed, when it competed for the right to play host to the games, China used a political argument: that this would help China's ¡Èreform and opening¡É. But the games are now overshadowed by the spectre of nationalist unrest in Tibet and China's unyielding response to it. In some Western countries there have been calls for governments to back a boycott of the games. To heed such calls now would be misguided.

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It would not only be counterproductive, encouraging a more intense frenzy of the xenophobic Chinese nationalism foreign reporting of events in Tibet has already provoked (see, for example, some of the comments on our own website). It would also mean relinquishing one of the best levers the outside world has had in recent years over China's government: its obsession with making a success of the Beijing Olympics.

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It is now plain that this month's rioting in Lhasa was not an isolated venting of anti-Chinese spleen (see article). It was part of a broader outpouring of fury felt across the Tibetan plateau. China has responded in time-worn, depressing fashion: with massive numbers of troops; with the trundling out of Cultural Revolution-era political invective (¡ÈThe Dalai Lama is a jackal wrapped in a habit, a monster with human face and animal's heart.¡É For pity's sake); and with the exclusion of the foreign press from affected areas. But it has not quelled all protest, nor suppressed news of clashes, in some of which Chinese troops have opened fire. In the age of the mobile phone and internet, photographic evidence soon circles the globe.

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That is one reason for China's relative restraint, compared with the last big protests it faced in Lhasa, in 1989, and indeed in Beijing later that year. But the Olympics are another. China may rail against those seeking to ¡Èpoliticise¡É a sporting occasion. But it knows that it has itself introduced the most political elements: a torch relay taking the Olympic flame round the world and, provocatively, through Tibet; and an opening ceremony to which it has invited the world's leaders.

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The eternal flame¡Ê±Ê±ó¤Î±ê¡Ë

Outside China, the torch relay will attract protests about Tibet, about the suppression of the Falun Gong spiritual movement, and about China's links with Sudan and Myanmar. China will be confronted with the anger felt by ordinary citizens. And, if it does not moderate its behaviour, it will face the risk that foreign statesmen¡½as France's Nicolas Sarkozy has already threatened¡½may find it politically impossible to attend the opening ceremony. China's big party may be a damp squib. Beyond that, it risks foreign governments leading a sporting boycott, devaluing all those medals its athletes will win.

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Already, the Olympics seem to have encouraged modest changes in China's policy towards Sudan and Myanmar. They may have influenced this week's decision to give Chinese internet users access to the BBC's website. This hardly amounts to the reformist surge optimists hoped the Olympics might bring. But it does suggest that at least some Chinese leaders recognise that it is their behaviour, not that of foreign governments, that will determine the success of the Beijing games.

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2008-03-28 23:52:54 | Economist
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The Dalai Lama's role¡Ê¥À¥é¥¤¡¦¥é¥Þ¤ÎÌò³ä¡Ë

Chinese officials have been divided over whether greater contact with the Dalai Lama would help to pacify Tibet. Between 2002 and July last year Chinese officials held six rounds of talks with the Dalai Lama's representatives. Laurence Brahm, an American author who has tried to mediate, says the discussions reached a high point in 2005 when the Chinese appeared to recognise that the Dalai Lama was crucial to resolving Tibet's tensions. At one stage the Chinese even considered allowing the Dalai Lama to visit Wutai Mountain in Shanxi province as a confidence-building measure, but they got cold feet. Talks eventually foundered over China's refusal to accept the Dalai Lama's statements that all he wants is Tibet's autonomy within China.

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With troops on the streets, dialogue looks unlikely in the near future. China has accused the ¡ÈDalai Lama clique¡É of organising the riots. The Dalai Lama has denied involvement and has accused the Chinese of carrying out ¡Ècultural genocide¡É in his homeland. But he also needs to worry about the future of Han Chinese in Tibet. Many Han business people in Lhasa say they are planning to leave. Tourism from the interior, crucial to Lhasa's economy, is likely to be hard hit too. In the end, China may have a point with its obsession about economics. The recent boom has not won the loyalty or affection of Tibetans, but a slump would make them all the more angry.

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2008-03-28 23:52:25 | Economist
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Richer, but not happier¡Ê¤â¤Ã¤È¶â»ý¤Á¤Ç¤â¡¢Á°¤è¤êÉÔ¹¬¡Ë

The longer-term challenge for China is to rethink its Tibet policy. One reason why Chinese officials appeared so surprised by the unrest is that Tibet has not behaved like the rest of China, where rapid economic growth appears to have staved off a repeat of Tiananmen-style protests. A surge of government spending on infrastructure in recent years and strong growth in Tibet's tourism industry (made easier by the new infrastructure, especially the rail link, which was opened in 2006) have helped the region's GDP growth rate stay above 12% for the past seven years. In 2007 it was 14%, more than two points higher than the national rate.

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Incomes have been rising fast too. Officials predict a 13% increase this year for rural residents, a sixth straight year of double-digit growth. Urban residents enjoyed a 24.5% increase in disposable income last year. Robbie Barnett of America's Columbia University says a new middle class has emerged in Lhasa in recent years. But, he says, this has made very little difference to what Tibetans think about politics.

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AFPA man not easily angered¡ÊAFPA¤Î¿Í´Ö¤Ï¤Ê¤«¤Ê¤«Åܤé¤Ê¤¤¡Ë

In the old Tibetan quarter, many see the Han Chinese as the biggest beneficiaries of economic growth. Hans not only run most of the shops, but are moving into the Tibetan part of the city. Some Tibetans believe Han Chinese now make up around half of the city's population, with the railway bringing in ever more. (An official, however, points out that it is now also easier for Tibetans to reach Lhasa from distant parts of the plateau.)

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The economic statistics may be misleading. Incomes may have been growing fast on average, but in the countryside averages have been skewed by soaring demand in the rest of China for a type of traditional medicine known as caterpillar fungus. Tibetans in rural areas where this fungus grows have seen their incomes rocket (and fights have broken out among them over the division of fungus-producing land). In the cities, many complain about fast-rising prices of goods imported from other parts of China. Inflation is a big worry elsewhere in China too, but Tibetan bystanders watching the riots said that Chinese officials had promised the rail link would help bring prices down. The near-empty expanse of the Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Area suggests that officials are having trouble replicating in Tibet the manufacturing boom seen elsewhere in China.

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Tibetans also resent the hardline policies of Tibet's party chief, Zhang Qingli. Mr Zhang, who is a Han (China apparently does not yet trust Tibetans to hold this crucial post), was appointed in 2005 after a spell spent crushing separatism in Xinjiang. When he took charge, neglected rules banning students and the families of civil servants from taking part in religious activities began once more to be rigorously enforced. Mr Zhang also stepped up official invective against the Dalai Lama, who is widely revered. (Many Tibetans in Lhasa defiantly hang portraits of him in their homes, or did until the troops moved in.) Mr Zhang urged more ¡Èpatriotic education¡É in monasteries, part of which involves denouncing the Dalai Lama. He banned the display of portraits of the Karmapa Lama, who fled to India in 1999 and enjoys a devoted following in Tibet.

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2008-03-28 23:51:48 | Economist
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The government's decision not to declare martial law, or any emergency restrictions, reflected its concern about the Olympics. In March 1989 the authorities imposed martial law in Lhasa to quell separatist unrest. Its measures were barely distinguishable from those now in force in the city. The old Tibetan area has been sealed off by gun-carrying troops, but officials prefer to refer euphemistically to ¡Èspecial traffic-control measures¡É. This time foreign tourists in Lhasa have been ¡Èadvised¡É rather than ordered to leave. On March 18th police and troops began moving the 100 or so remaining tourists to hotels far from the site of the riots. In 1989 foreign journalists were expelled from Lhasa. This time your correspondent was allowed to stay, but only until his permit expired on March 19th. No others were allowed in.

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For all the government's attempts to appear unruffled, the recent unrest in Tibet exceeds the challenge it faced in 1989. Since March 10th protests have been reported not only in Lhasa's main monasteries (Drepung, Sera and Ganden), but also at Samye Monastery about 60km east of Lhasa, Labrang Monastery in Gansu province, Kirti Monastery in Sichuan province and Rongwo Monastery in Qinghai province. Tibet's traditional boundaries stretch into these provinces. Outside Labrang Monastery Tibetans attacked Han Chinese shops on March 15th. TibetInfoNet, a news service based in Britain, reported several protests in various parts of Gansu on March 16th. Unlike in the ethnic violence in Lhasa, it said, the protesters' main targets were symbols of state power and government-owned properties.

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The challenge is partly a security one. The martial-law regulations imposed in Lhasa in March 1989 were not lifted until May the following year. This time China will need to move faster to restore a semblance of normality. On June 20th the Olympic flame, having been carried up the Tibetan side of Mount Everest the previous month, is due to arrive in Lhasa, where a big ceremony is planned. Barring journalists and flooding Lhasa's streets with troops would be embarrassing. More so would be cancelling the event.

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But easing the clampdown would be risky. Many Tibetans see the Olympics as a golden opportunity to bring the world's attention to their problems under Chinese rule. Tibetans living outside China, particularly in India, have been taking advantage of the Olympics to step up their publicity efforts. This is an annoyance to India, which does not want to disrupt relations with China by appearing to condone efforts to disrupt the games. Indian police have blocked efforts, launched on March 10th by hundreds of dissident Tibetans, to stage a march across the mountains into their homeland.

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China worries too about the possibility that other ethnic minorities in China, particularly Muslim Uighurs in the far western region of Xinjiang, may be emboldened by Tibetan activism if it is left unchecked. The Chinese authorities have played up reports about recent alleged terrorist activities in Xinjiang (as an excuse to suppress peaceful dissent, say sceptics), including what officials say was an attempt by a Uighur woman to start a fire on board a flight bound for Beijing on March 7th.

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