世界人種差別地図

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A fascinating map of the world's most and least racially tolerant countries
（世界人種差別地図）
By Max Fisher
Washington Post:Updated: May 15, 2013

When two Swedish economists set out to examine whether economic freedom made people any more or less racist, they knew how they would gauge economic freedom, but they needed to find a way to measure a country's level of racial tolerance. So they turned to something called the World Values Survey, which has been measuring global attitudes and opinions for decades.

スウェーデン人エコノミスト2人が、経済的自由により人種差別傾向が変わるかどうかの検証に乗り出した際、二人は経済的自由の測定方法は知っていましたが、国の人種間の寛容さを測定する方法を見つける必要がありました。
そこで2人は、数十年に亘って世界の姿勢や見解を測定してきた、世界価値観調査を採り上げました。

Among the dozens of questions that World Values asks, the Swedish economists found one that, they believe, could be a pretty good indicator of tolerance for other races. The survey asked respondents in more than 80 different countries to identify kinds of people they would not want as neighbors. Some respondents, picking from a list, chose "people of a different race." The more frequently that people in a given country say they don't want neighbors from other races, the economists reasoned, the less racially tolerant you could call that society. (The study concluded that economic freedom had no correlation with racial tolerance, but it does appear to correlate with tolerance toward homosexuals.)

世界価値観調査の質問数十項目の内、2人は他の人種に対する寛容さの良い指標と考えるものを見つけました。
調査は80か国以上で参加者に、隣人として望まない人々を特定するよう求めました。
回答者の一部は、望まない人々の項目リストの中から、「違う人種の人」を選択しました。
両エコノミストは、隣人に違う人種の人を望まない回答者が多い国ほど、人種間の寛容さが低い社会だと考えました。
（同研究の結論は、経済的自由は人種間の寛容さと相関関係がないというものでしたが、同性愛者に対する寛容さとは関連性があるようでした。）

Unfortunately, the Swedish economists did not include all of the World Values Survey data in their final research paper. So I went back to the source, compiled the original data and mapped it out on the infographic above. In the bluer countries, fewer people said they would not want neighbors of a different race; in red countries, more people did.

残念ながら、このスウェーデン人エコノミストは世界価値観調査の全てのデータを論文に含めていません。
そこで私はソースに立ち戻り、オリジナルのデータをまとめてこのような地図にまとめました。
青い国ほど、隣人に違う人種の人を望まないという回答率の低い国で、赤い国はより高い国です。

If we treat this data as indicative of racial tolerance, then we might conclude that people in the bluer countries are the least likely to express racist attitudes, while the people in red countries are the most likely.

本データを人種間の寛容さの指標とすると、我々は青い国ほど人種差別的な態度を表明する確率が低く、赤い国の人は高い、という結論が導かれるかもしれません。

Before we dive into the data, a couple of caveats. First, it's entirely likely that some people lied when answering this question; it would be surprising if they hadn't. But the operative question, unanswerable, is whether people in certain countries were more or less likely to answer the question honestly. For example, while the data suggest that Swedes are more racially tolerant than Finns, it's possible that the two groups are equally tolerant but that Finns are just more honest. The willingness to state such a preference out loud, though, might be an indicator of racial attitudes in itself. Second, the survey is not conducted every year; some of the results are very recent and some are several years old, so we're assuming the results are static, which might not be the case.

データを見る前に、2つほど注意があります。
先ず、一部の回答者はこの質問に嘘を答えた可能性は全く否定出来ないということであり、嘘を吐いていなかったら驚くべきことです。
しかし、問題は、回答不能ですが、特定の国の人はこの質問に正直に答えそうかどうかということです。
例えば、データはスウェーデン人はフィンランド人よりも人種的に寛容だとしていますが、2つのグループは両方とも同じくらい寛容なのに、フィンランド人はスウェーデン人よりも正直なだけかもしれません。
とはいえ、そのような好みを進んで表明することはそのものが、人種間の寛容さの指標になっている可能性があります。
第2に、本調査は毎年行われているものではありません。
一部の結果は最近のものですが、数年前のものもありますから、結果が固定的ではないかもしれません。

Here's what the data show:

以下、データより：

• Anglo and Latin countries most tolerant. People in the survey were most likely to embrace a racially diverse neighbor in the United Kingdom and its Anglo former colonies (the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and in Latin America. The only real exceptions were oil-rich Venezuela, where income inequality sometimes breaks along racial lines, and the Dominican Republic, perhaps because of its adjacency to troubled Haiti. Scandinavian countries also scored high.

・南米諸国は最も寛容。人種的に最も多様な隣人OKは、英国と元英領（米国、カナダ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド）と南米。南米の例外はベネズエラとドミニカ共和国。北欧も寛容。

• India, Jordan, Bangladesh and Hong Kong by far the least tolerant. In only three of 81 surveyed countries, more than 40 percent of respondents said they would not want a neighbor of a different race. This included 43.5 percent of Indians, 51.4 percent of Jordanians and an astonishingly high 71.8 percent of Hong Kongers and 71.7 percent of Bangladeshis.

・インド、ヨルダン、バングラデシュ、香港、圧倒的に最も差別的。回答者の40%以上が違う人種の隣人NOと回答した国は、81ヶ国ちゅうわずか3ヶ国。インドは43.5%、ヨルダンは51.4%、香港は71.8%、バングラデシュは71.7%。

• Wide, interesting variation across Europe. Immigration and national identity are big, touchy issues in much of Europe, where racial make-ups are changing. Though you might expect the richer, better-educated Western European nations to be more tolerant than those in Eastern Europe, that's not exactly the case. France appeared to be one of the least racially tolerant countries on the continent, with 22.7 percent saying they didn't want a neighbor of another race. Former Soviet states such as Belarus and Latvia scored as more tolerant than much of Europe. Many in the Balkans, perhaps after years of ethnicity-tinged wars, expressed lower racial tolerance.

・ヨーロッパは様々。より豊かで教育水準の高い西欧の方が東欧よりも寛容だと思われがちだが、必ずしもそうではない。フランスは最も差別的で22.7%が望まないと回答。一部の旧ソ連国（ベラルーシやラトビア）はヨーロッパの大半よりも寛容。バルカン半島の多くは差別的。

• The Middle East not so tolerant. Immigration is also a big issue in this region, particularly in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which often absorb economic migrants from poorer neighbors.

・中東も余り寛容ではない。移民は大問題（特にエジプトとサウジアラビア）。

• Racial tolerance low in diverse Asian countries. Nations such as Indonesia and the Philippines, where many racial groups often jockey for influence and have complicated histories with one another, showed more skepticism of diversity. This was also true, to a lesser extent, in China and Kyrgyzstan. There were similar trends in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.

・アジア諸国は様々。インドネシアやフィリピンは多様性に懐疑的。両国ほどではないが、中国とキルギスタンも懐疑的。サハラ以南アフリカ諸国の一部も同様の傾向。

• South Korea, not very tolerant, is an outlier. Although the country is rich, well-educated, peaceful and ethnically homogenous – all trends that appear to coincide with racial tolerance – more than one in three South Koreans said they do not want a neighbor of a different race. This may have to do with Korea's particular view of its own racial-national identity as unique – studied by scholars such as B.R. Myers – and with the influx of Southeast Asian neighbors and the nation's long-held tensions with Japan.

・韓国は余り寛容ではなく、異常値。豊かで、教育水準も高く、平和で、単一民族（人種間の寛容さが高い国は共有する傾向）の国にも拘わらず、韓国人の3人に1人が別人種はNOと回答。これは自らの人種的、民族的アイデンティティをユニークとする韓国独特の考え方（BRマイヤーズなどの学識者が研究）と関係があるかもしれない。また、東南アジアからの移民の大量流入と、長く続く日本との緊張関係とも関係があるかもしれない。

• Pakistan, remarkably tolerant, also an outlier. Although the country has a number of factors that coincide with racial intolerance – sectarian violence, its location in the least-tolerant region of the world, low economic and human development indices – only 6.5 percent of Pakistanis objected to a neighbor of a different race. This would appear to suggest Pakistanis are more racially tolerant than even the Germans or the Dutch.

・パキスタンは極めて寛容で、こちらも異常値。寛容ではない国と同じ要素を持ちながら、別人種NGと回答したパキスタン人はたった6.5%。ドイツやオランダよりも寛容。

Update: I've heard some version of one question from an overwhelming number of readers: "I've met lots of Indians and Americans and found the former more racially tolerant than the latter. How can these results possibly be correct?" I'd suggest three possible explanations for this, some combination of which may or may not be true. First, both India and the U.S. are enormous countries; anecdotal interactions are not representative of the whole, particularly given that people who are wealthy enough to travel internationally may be likely to encounter some subsets of these respective populations more than others.

追記：大変な数の読者から、表現は様々でしたが、次の質問を頂きました：「沢山のインド人やアメリカ人に会いましたが、インド人の方がアメリカ人よりも人種差別的ではありません。この調査の結果が正確である可能性なんてあるんですか？」。その答えは3つほど考えられます。その1。インドも米国も巨大な国；事例が全体を表すわけではない。

Second, the survey question gets to internal, personal preferences; what the respondents want. One person's experiences hanging out with Americans or Indians, in addition to being anecdotal, only tell you about their outward behavior. Both of those ways of observing racial attitudes might suggest something about racial tolerance, but they're different indicators that measure different things, which could help explain how one might contradict the other.

その2。回答は個人的な好みに左右される。

Third, the survey question is a way of judging racial tolerance but, like many social science metrics, is indirect and imperfect. I cited the hypothetical about Swedes and Finns at the top of this post, noting that perhaps some people are just more honest about their racial tolerance than others. It's entirely possible that we're seeing some version of this effect in the U.S.-India comparison; maybe, for example, Americans are conditioned by their education and media to keep these sorts of racial preferences private, i.e. to lie about them on surveys, in a way that Indians might not be. That difference would be interesting in itself, but alas there is no survey question for honesty.

その3。質問は間接的かつ不完全である。

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