Masaca's Blog 2

独り言・日記・愚痴・戯言・備忘録・・・。なんとでもお呼び下され(笑)。

Science News | June 3(3), 2008

2008-06-03 20:27:20 | Science News
  • Biotechnology Japan | 08年4月設立の東大オーミクス情報センター長に服部正平教授が就任、5月29日に記者発表
  • 東京大学大学院新領域創成科学研究科附属施設　オーミクス情報センター
  • 独立行政法人 理化学研究所 オミックス基盤研究領域
    　# つまり、両方とも理研GSCから長が出たことになるわけね
  • アルツハイマー病の原因となる酵素の活性調節機構を解明 | 独立行政法人 理化学研究所プレスリリース
  • Crystal Structure of an Active Form of BACE1, an Enzyme Responsible for Amyloid β Protein Production.
    Hideaki Shimizu, Asako Tosaki, Kumi Kaneko, Tamao Hisano, Takashi Sakurai, Nobuyuki Nukina.
    Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 3663-3671 (2008) | doi:10.1128/MCB.02185-07
    BACE1 (β-secretase) is a transmembrane aspartic protease that cleaves the β-amyloid precursor protein and generates the amyloid β peptide (Aβ). BACE1 cycles between the cell surface and the endosomal system many times and becomes activated interconvertibly during its cellular trafficking, leading to the production of Aβ. Here we report the crystal structure of the catalytically active form of BACE1. The active form has novel structural features involving the conformation of the flap and subsites that promote substrate binding. The functionally essential residues and water molecules are well defined and play a key role in the iterative activation of BACE1. We further describe the crystal structure of the dehydrated form of BACE1, showing that BACE1 activity is dependent on the dynamics of a catalytically required Asp-bound water molecule, which directly affects its catalytic properties. These findings provide insight into a novel regulation of BACE1 activity and elucidate how BACE1 modulates its activity during cellular trafficking.
    結晶化ってpHをそんなに厳密に反映させられるんだ…
  • 飲酒と肺がんの発生率との関係について　-- 概要 --
  • Alcohol and risk of lung cancer among Japanese men: data from a large-scale population-based cohort study, the JPHC study.
    Taichi Shimazu, Manami Inoue, Shizuka Sasazuki, Motoki Iwasaki, Norie Kurahashi, Taiki Yamaji, Shoichiro Tsugane, The JPHC Study Group.
    Cancer Causes and Control, Online First | DOI:10.1007/s10552-008-9173-2
    Objective Although large-scale studies, including meta-analyses, on the association between alcohol consumption and lung cancer have been reported, the risk of lung cancer in extremely high consumption groups (≥450 g ethanol/week) in both current smokers and nonsmokers remains unclear. Here, we investigated the association between alcohol consumption and lung cancer incidence.
    Methods We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study in 46,347 Japanese men aged 40–69 years with no history of cancer at baseline in 1990–1994. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of lung cancer incidence according to alcohol consumption.
    Results During the 14-year follow-up period, we documented 651 cases of lung cancer. We found a positive association between alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk confined to current smokers. Compared with occasional drinkers, the multivariate HRs (95% CI) in the highest category (≥450 g ethanol/week) were 1.31 (0.89–1.94) among total participants, 0.58 (0.26–1.30) (p for trend = 0.49) among nonsmokers, and 1.69 (1.05–2.72) (p for trend = 0.02) among current smokers.
    Conclusions Among this population with a large variation in alcohol consumption, alcohol consumption was not an independent risk factor for lung cancer except for current smokers.
    　# 喫煙者にのみ飲酒と肺ガンの相関が見られたそうです…
  • 脳腫瘍の治療にヘルペスウイルス用のワクチンを利用 | WIRED VISION
  • Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma.
    Duane A. Mitchell, Weihua Xie, Robert Schmittling, Chris Learn, Allan Friedman, Roger E. McLendon, John H. Sampson.
    Neuro Oncol 10, 10-18 (2008) | DOI:10.1215/15228517-2007-035
    Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been described to be associated with several human malignancies, though the frequency of detection remains controversial. It is unclear whether HCMV plays an active role in malignant tumor progression or becomes reactivated under pathologic conditions that result in chronic inflammation or immunosuppression. In this study, we report on the investigation of detecting HCMV in the tumors and peripheral blood of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of viral DNA, the detection of HCMV was investigated in tumor and blood specimens from patients with GBM as well as in the peripheral blood of normal volunteers and patients undergoing craniotomy for diagnoses other than GBM. We found that a high percentage (>90%) of GBM tumors, not surrounding normal brain, are associated with HCMV nucleic acids and proteins. Furthermore, a significant proportion of patients (80%) with newly diagnosed GBM have detectable HCMV DNA in their peripheral blood, while seropositive normal donors and other surgical patients did not exhibit detectable virus, suggesting either a systemic reactivation of HCMV within patients with GBM or shedding of viral DNA from infected tumor cells into the periphery. These results confirm the association of HCMV with malignant gliomas and demonstrate that subclinical HCMV viremia (presence of viral DNA in blood without clinical symptoms of infection) is a previously unrecognized disease spectrum in patients with GBM.
    　# 子宮頸ガンの主要因がHPVというのは聞いたことがあったが、多形性膠芽腫にサイトメガロウィルスが関係しているとは知らんかった…
  • 「藻」から再生可能ガソリンを精製する技術が登場 - ITmedia News
  • Sapphire Energy - Press Release
  • 「海藻原油」プラント構想は成功するか | WIRED VISION
    　# 持続的エネルギーとしてではなく、エネルギー転換期の過渡的な代替手段としては有効かも…
  • 研究実績ゼロの教授がなぜ主任研究官に成り得たのか？：日経メディカル オンライン
    　# 医者というのは、未だに一般人が理解し難い社会で生きているらしい…
  • asahi.com： 瑠璃色に輝くザリガニ　小樽で公開 - サイエンス
    　# 何で青くなるんだったっけ？
  • asahi.com： 学び続けた３０年　天才アイのダイアリー - サイエンス
    　# そういや、「知の遺伝子」ってのはどこへ行ったんだっけか？
  • asahi.com： これって氷？　火星探査機、「らしき」物体撮影 - サイエンス
  • やっぱり、火星に氷？…着陸探査機の下に「ようなもの」 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
  • 火星に氷発見か、探査機が撮影　写真2枚　国際ニュース : AFPBB News
  • NASA - Camera on Arm Looks Beneath NASA Mars Lander
    　# うぉぉ…いよいよ火星に水か？

  • 2008年6月2日「火星探査機が火星の土採取」　サイエンスポータル編集ニュース　科学技術 全て伝えます サイエンスポータル / SciencePortal
  • 探査機フェニックス、火星表面に雪男の「足跡」残す？！　国際ニュース : AFPBB News
  • NASA - NASA's Phoenix Lander Makes an Impression on Mars
    　# すみません…スペースシャトルの100倍くらいこちらに関心があります…
  • 日本初官民共同開発・ＧＸロケット中止へ…コストなど問題 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
    　# 中止かよ…今までのコストは水の泡か…
  • 社会不安障害を「社交不安障害」に…精神神経学会が用語改定 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
    　# 「人格障害」を「パーソナリティ障害」に変えても単に英語に変えただけであまり変わらんと思うんだが…
  • 秋田県で目撃のタンチョウ、津軽海峡を渡ったと確認 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
    　# あら、江戸時代には日本各地にいたってことは、追いやられたものが戻っただけって話？
  • 東大が国内最速スパコン運用開始、実力は世界１０位相当 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
    　# あれ？地球シミュレータって更新したんじゃなかったっけ？30位以下って更新後の順位？
  • 有人宇宙船：シャトル後継機「オリオン」、初飛行は２年遅れ－－ＮＡＳＡ - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)
    　# なんかかんかいいながら、現役が一番長いソユーズ…
  • asahi.com：慶大医学院生、博士課程に最高２４０万円支給 - 社会
    　# なんで医学部だけかなぁ…

    • Science News | June 3(2), 2008

    2008-06-03 20:27:08 | Science News
  • 思考でロボットアームを操作、猿で成功 - ITmedia News
  • Neuroscience: Brain control of a helping hand.
    John F. Kalaska.
    Nature, Advance online publication | doi:10.1038/nature06366
    Paralysed patients would benefit if their thoughts could become everyday actions. The demonstration that monkeys can use brain activity for precise control of an arm-like robot is a step towards that end.
  • Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding.
    Meel Velliste, Sagi Perel, M. Chance Spalding, Andrew S. Whitford, Andrew B. Schwartz.
    Nature, Advance online publication | doi:10.1038/nature06996
    Arm movement is well represented in populations of neurons recorded from the motor cortex. Cortical activity patterns have been used in the new field of brain–machine interfaces to show how cursors on computer displays can be moved in two- and three-dimensional space. Although the ability to move a cursor can be useful in its own right, this technology could be applied to restore arm and hand function for amputees and paralysed persons. However, the use of cortical signals to control a multi-jointed prosthetic device for direct real-time interaction with the physical environment ('embodiment') has not been demonstrated. Here we describe a system that permits embodied prosthetic control; we show how monkeys (Macaca mulatta) use their motor cortical activity to control a mechanized arm replica in a self-feeding task. In addition to the three dimensions of movement, the subjects' cortical signals also proportionally controlled a gripper on the end of the arm. Owing to the physical interaction between the monkey, the robotic arm and objects in the workspace, this new task presented a higher level of difficulty than previous virtual (cursor-control) experiments. Apart from an example of simple one-dimensional control, previous experiments have lacked physical interaction even in cases where a robotic arm was included in the control loop, because the subjects did not use it to interact with physical objects―an interaction that cannot be fully simulated. This demonstration of multi-degree-of-freedom embodied prosthetic control paves the way towards the development of dexterous prosthetic devices that could ultimately achieve arm and hand function at a near-natural level.
    　# もしかして、脳で自由に動かせる擬体って、そんなに遠くない未来に一般社会で使えるようになるんだろうか…
  • asahi.com：日本の洪水被害年１兆円増、ブナ林消滅　温暖化続けば - 社会
  • 温室ガス排出このままなら…白神ブナ林、今世紀末に消滅も : 環境 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
  • 記者発表2008年5月29日地球環境研究総合推進費戦略的研究プロジェクト「温暖化影響総合予測プロジェクト」成果発表のお知らせ ～　地球温暖化「日本への影響」－最新の科学的知見－
  • 『温暖化影響総合予測プロジェクト報告書の概要』 (PDF)
  • 『温暖化影響総合予測プロジェクト報告書　『地球温暖化「日本への影響－最新の科学的知見－』 (PDF)
    　# かなり気合いの入った研究報告書になってます
  • asahi.com： ３３０年前「幻」の超新星、正体わかった　国立天文台 - サイエンス
  • こだま現象：超新星爆発示す、光の「こだま」　３００年遅れ、日米独チーム観測 - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞) (6/10追加)
  • ASTRONOMY: A Blast from the Past.
    Andrew C. Fabian.
    Science 320, 1167-1168 (2008) | DOI: 10.1126/science.1158538
  • The Cassiopeia A Supernova Was of Type IIb.
    Oliver Krause, Stephan M. Birkmann, Tomonori Usuda, Takashi Hattori, Miwa Goto, George H. Rieke, Karl A. Misselt.
    Science 320, 1195-1197 (2008) | DOI: 10.1126/science.1155788
    Cassiopeia A is the youngest supernova remnant known in the Milky Way and a unique laboratory for supernova physics. We present an optical spectrum of the Cassiopeia A supernova near maximum brightness, obtained from observations of a scattered light echo more than three centuries after the direct light of the explosion swept past Earth. The spectrum shows that Cassiopeia A was a type IIb supernova and originated from the collapse of the helium core of a red supergiant that had lost most of its hydrogen envelope before exploding. Our finding concludes a long-standing debate on the Cassiopeia A progenitor and provides new insight into supernova physics by linking the properties of the explosion to the wealth of knowledge about its remnant.
    　# よくそんなことまで分かるもんだ
  • ヒダカソウ：１００年で１週間開花早まる　温暖化で - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞)
    　# 桜だけでなく各種花の開花時期というのは科学的に重要な指標になるものです
  • 細胞の運命決めるスイッチ　理研が遺伝子発見　再生医療に光 - MSN産経ニュース
  • 2008年6月3日「多能性細胞から外胚葉への分化決定遺伝子発見」　サイエンスポータル編集ニュース　科学技術 全て伝えます サイエンスポータル / SciencePortal
  • 多能性細胞から外胚葉への分化を決定する遺伝子を解明 | 独立行政法人 理化学研究所プレスリリース
  • Ectodermal Factor Restricts Mesoderm Differentiation by Inhibiting p53.
    Noriaki Sasai, Rieko Yakura, Daisuke Kamiya, Yoko Nakazawa, Yoshiki Sasai.
    Cell 133, 878-890 (2008) | DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.035
    During gastrulation of the amphibian embryo, specification of the three germ layers, endo-, ecto-, and mesoderm, is regulated by maternal and zygotic mechanisms. Although it is known that mesoderm specification requires the cooperation between TGF-β signaling and p53 activity and requires maternal factors, essential zygotic factors have been elusive. Here, we report that the Zn-finger protein XFDL156 is an ectodermal, zygotic factor that suppresses mesodermal differentiation. XFDL156 overexpression suppresses mesodermal markers, and its depletion induces aberrant mesodermal differentiation in the presumptive ectoderm. Furthermore, we find that XFDL156 and its mammalian homologs interact with the C-terminal regulatory region of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 target gene induction and mesodermal differentiation. Thus, XFDL156 actively restricts mesodermal differentiation in the presumptive ectoderm by controlling the spatiotemporal responsiveness to p53.
    　# 実際にXFDL156をES細胞で発現させて分化させたわけじゃないのか…
  • モデル植物シロイヌナズナの遺伝子発現地図を完成・公開 | 独立行政法人 理化学研究所プレスリリース
  • The AtGenExpress hormone and chemical treatment data set: experimental design, data evaluation, model data analysis and data access.
    Hideki Goda, Eriko Sasaki, Kenji Akiyama, Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita, Kazumi Nakabayashi, Weiqiang Li, Mikihiro Ogawa, Yukika Yamauchi, Jeremy Preston, Ko Aoki, Takatoshi Kiba, Suguru Takatsuto, Shozo Fujioka, Tadao Asami, Takeshi Nakano, Hisashi Kato, Takeshi Mizuno, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Shinjiro Yamaguchi, Eiji Nambara, Yuji Kamiya, Hideki Takahashi, Masami Yokota Hirai, Tetsuya Sakurai, Kazuo Shinozaki, Kazuki Saito, Shigeo Yoshida Yukihisa Shimada.
    The Plant Journal, OnlineEarly Articles | doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03510.x
    We analyzed global gene expression in Arabidopsis in response to various hormones and in related experiments as part of the AtGenExpress project. The experimental agents included seven basic phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, abscisic acid, jasmonate and ethylene) and their inhibitors. In addition, gene expression was investigated in hormone-related mutants and during seed germination and sulfate starvation. Hormone-inducible genes were identified from the hormone response data. The effects of each hormone and the relevance of the gene lists were verified by comparing expression profiles for the hormone treatments and related experiments using Pearson's correlation coefficient. This approach was also used to analyze the relationships among expression profiles for hormone responses and those included in the AtGenExpress stress-response data set. The expected correlations were observed, indicating that this approach is useful to monitor the hormonal status in the stress-related samples. Global interactions among hormones-inducible genes were analyzed in a pairwise fashion, and several known and novel hormone interactions were detected. Genome-wide transcriptional gene-to-gene correlations, analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), indicated that our data set is useful for identification of clusters of co-expressed genes, and to predict the functions of unknown genes, even if a gene's function is not directly related to the experiments included in AtGenExpress. Our data are available online from AtGenExpressJapan; the results of genome-wide HCA are available from PRIMe. The data set presented here will be a versatile resource for future hormone studies, and constitutes a reference for genome-wide gene expression in Arabidopsis.
    　# どでかいデータベースだな

    • Science News | June 3(1), 2008

    2008-06-03 20:26:52 | Science News
  • 東京新聞:恐怖記憶を書き換える　神経伝達抑える受容体を特定　ＰＴＳＤ治療短縮も:科学(TOKYO Web)
  • Activation of LVGCCs and CB1 receptors required for destabilization of reactivated contextual fear memories.
    Akinobu Suzuki, Takuya Mukawa, Akinori Tsukagoshi, Paul W. Frankland, Satoshi Kida.
    Learn. Mem. 15, 426-433 (2008) | doi:10.1101/lm.888808
    Previous studies have shown that inhibiting protein synthesis shortly after reactivation impairs the subsequent expression of a previously consolidated fear memory. This has suggested that reactivation returns a memory to a labile state and that protein synthesis is required for the subsequent restabilization of memory. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the restabilization of reactivated memories are being uncovered, those underlying the initial destabilization are not known at all. Using a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in mice, here we show that LVGCCs or CB1 receptors in hippocampus are required for the initial destabilization of reactivated memory. Either pharmacological blockade of hippocampal protein synthesis or genetic disruption of CREB-dependent transcription disrupts memory restabilization following reactivation. However, these effects were completely blocked when mice were treated with inhibitors of either LVGCCs or CB1 receptors, indicating that LVGCCs or CB1 receptors are required for the initial destabilization of reactivated memory. In control experiments, we show that blockade of LVGCCs or CB1 receptors does not interfere with the ability of ANI to block protein synthesis, or with the ability of ANI to impair initial consolidation. These experiments begin to reveal mechanisms underlying the destabilization of previously consolidated memories following reactivation and indicate the importance of activation of LVGCCs and CB1 in this process.
    　# 恐怖記憶の書換か…本人にとってはつらいだろうな…
    　# なんでもいいけど、東京新聞の科学記事って他者に比べて秀逸だな
  • 欧米で流行の鳥インフルＨ７型、人に感染しやすく変異 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
  • Contemporary North American influenza H7 viruses possess human receptor specificity: Implications for virus transmissibility.
    Jessica A. Belser, Ola Blixt, Li-Mei Chen, Claudia Pappas, Taronna R. Maines, Neal Van Hoeven, Ruben Donis, Julia Busch, Ryan McBride, James C. Paulson, Jacqueline M. Katz, Terrence M. Tumpey.
    PNAS 105 7558-7563 (2008) | doi:10.1073/pnas.0801259105
    Avian H7 influenza viruses from both the Eurasian and North American lineage have caused outbreaks in poultry since 2002, with confirmed human infection occurring during outbreaks in The Netherlands, British Columbia, and the United Kingdom. The majority of H7 infections have resulted in self-limiting conjunctivitis, whereas probable human-to-human transmission has been rare. Here, we used glycan microarray technology to determine the receptor-binding preference of Eurasian and North American lineage H7 influenza viruses and their transmissibility in the ferret model. We found that highly pathogenic H7N7 viruses from The Netherlands in 2003 maintained the classic avian-binding preference for α2–3-linked sialic acids (SA) and are not readily transmissible in ferrets, as observed previously for highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. However, H7N3 viruses isolated from Canada in 2004 and H7N2 viruses from the northeastern United States isolated in 2002–2003 possessed an HA with increased affinity toward α2–6-linked SA, the linkage type found prominently on human tracheal epithelial cells. We identified a low pathogenic H7N2 virus isolated from a man in New York in 2003, A/NY/107/03, which replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and was capable of transmission in this species by direct contact. These results indicate that H7 influenza viruses from the North American lineage have acquired sialic acid-binding properties that more closely resemble those of human influenza viruses and have the potential to spread to naïve animals.
    　# 脅威がH5N1型に限ったことではないという警鐘…
  • Biotechnology Japan | 記者発表、独立行政法人 理化学研究所、3種類の自動結晶化ロボットを利用して世界トップレベルの効率でタンパク質の立体構造を解析- 進展する「高度好熱菌 丸ごと一匹 プロジェクト」-
  • Crystallization screening test for the whole-cell project on Thermus thermophilus HB8.
    Hitoshi Iino, Hisashi Naitow, Yuki Nakamura, Noriko Nakagawa, Yoshihiro Agari, Mayumi Kanagawa, Akio Ebihara, Akeo Shinkai, Mitsuaki Sugahara, Masashi Miyano, Nobuo Kamiya, Shigeyuki Yokoyama, Ken Hirotsu, Seiki Kuramitsu.
    Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 64, 487-491 (2008) | doi:10.1107/S1744309108013572
    It was essential for the structural genomics of Thermus thermophilus HB8 to efficiently crystallize a number of proteins. To this end, three conventional robots, an HTS-80 (sitting-drop vapour diffusion), a Crystal Finder (hanging-drop vapour diffusion) and a TERA (modified microbatch) robot, were subjected to a crystallization condition screening test involving 18 proteins from T. thermophilus HB8. In addition, a TOPAZ (microfluidic free-interface diffusion) designed specifically for initial screening was also briefly examined. The number of diffraction-quality crystals and the time of appearance of crystals increased in the order HTS-80, Crystal Finder, TERA. With the HTS-80 and Crystal Finder, the time of appearance was short and the rate of salt crystallization was low. With the TERA, the number of diffraction-quality crystals was high, while the time of appearance was long and the rate of salt crystallization was relatively high. For the protein samples exhibiting low crystallization success rates, there were few crystallization conditions that were common to the robots used. In some cases, the success rate depended greatly on the robot used. The TOPAZ showed the shortest time of appearance and the highest success rate, although the crystals obtained were too small for diffraction studies. These results showed that the combined use of different robots significantly increases the chance of obtaining crystals, especially for proteins exhibiting low crystallization success rates. The structures of 360 of 944 purified proteins have been successfully determined through the combined use of an HTS-80 and a TERA.
    　# 凄い成果なんですよ…けど、こんなに大変な仕事なのに…
  • どんぶり直径１０００分の１ミリ「世界最小のラーメン」完成 : 科学 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）
    　# あかん…プレスリリースにも何にも行き当たらん…
  • 米国のCO2排出量分布を「高解像度」で表す地図：意外な結果も | WIRED VISION
  • The Vulcan Project | Home
  • Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 inversions to seasonal and interannual variations in fossil fuel emissions.
    Kevin Robert Gurney, Yu-Han Chen, Takashi Maki, S. Randy Kawa, Arlyn Andrews, Zhengxin Zhu.
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 110, D10308 (2005) | doi:10.1029/2004JD005373
    Estimates of fossil fuel CO2 are a critical component in atmospheric CO2 inversions. Rather than solving for this portion of the atmospheric CO2 budget, inversions typically include estimates of fossil fuel CO2 as a known quantity. However, this assumption may not be appropriate, particularly as inversions continue to solve for fluxes at reduced space and timescales. In this study, two different alterations are made to widely used fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimates, and these altered emissions are run through a series of atmospheric inversion experiments. The first alteration is the inclusion of a seasonal cycle which depends upon both season and latitude. The other alteration is the inclusion of year-by-year changes in the spatial distribution of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. All but the interannual inversion experiments are run with three models from the TransCom 3 atmospheric inversion intercomparison. These three models span the key components of atmospheric transport and hence can be expected to capture the range of potential bias caused by assumed fossil fuel CO2 emission estimates when interacting with transport processes. Key findings include the lack of seasonal rectification of the seasonally varying fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the annual mean. Examination of monthly fluxes in the seasonal inversion, however, indicates that significant bias is likely occurring and may be as large as 50% of the residual flux during certain times of the year. In this study, interannual variations were little effected by shifts in the spatial pattern of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. However, as the spatial scale of inversions is reduced, potential bias will likely increase.
    　# 東西半分でこんなに違うのか…