Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.

241日/366日　241日目　残り日数　125日
目標設定期日まで残り125日となってしまいました。

今日の名言・格言・諺（a saying ; a famous saying ; a well-known saying ; a proverb）
[Life isn’t about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself]
By George Bernard Shaw
[人生とは自分を見つけることではない。人生とは自分を創ることである]


presumption n 　 (=assumption) présomption f
→ the presumption that a defendant is innocent until proved guilty
presumption of innocence présomption d'innocence
to make presumptions faire des suppositions
(=boldness) audace f
→ They were angered by his presumption.

Turbulent　 [times, days, years, career] mouvementé (e)
→ ... in the turbulent days that followed.
[region] agité (e)
[sea] agité (e)
[weather conditions] agité (e)
[air currents] fort (e)

Lawful　　adj (=allowed by law) légal (e)
→ Hunting is a lawful activity.
it is lawful to ... il est légal de ...
→ It was lawful for the doctors to treat her in whatever way they considered was in her best interests.
No, come to think of it, he was always getting hurt.
Non, penses-y, il finissait toujours par se blesser.
Come to think of it, my guidance counselor was kind of worthless.
En y pensant, mon conseiller d'orientation était plutôt inutile.
Yes, now I come to think of it, she always was alone.
Maintenant que j'y pense, elle était toujours seule.
Come to think of it, he never did get it.
Quand j'y pense, il ne l'a même pas lue.
Come to think of it, she could choke on the rice.
En y pensant, elle pourrait s'étouffer avec le riz.
Come to think of it, I've never landed a plane in my life.
En fait, jamais de ma vie je n'ai fait atterrir un avion.
Come to think of it It's the same everywhere
En fait, c'est pareil dans toutes les villes.
Come to think of it they were always fat.
En fait, elles ont toujours été grosses.
Come to think of it... ...I never have understood any woman before.
En y réfléchissant je n'ai jamais compris aucune femme auparavant.
And come to think of it, Lucy, it wasn't me did the chasing.
Et en y réfléchissant, ce n'est pas moi qui t'ai couru après.

whichever adj (=whatever) n'importe quel (le)
Take whichever book you prefer.
Prenez le livre que vous préférez, peu importe lequel.
whichever book you take quel que soit le livre que vous preniez
whichever way you do it (=however)
de quelque façon que vous vous y preniez, quelle que soit la manière dont vous vous y prenez
whichever way you look at it quel que soit l'angle sous lequel on se place
→ Whichever way you look at it, nuclear power is the energy of the future.
pron quel (le) que soit
Whichever you choose, I hope you're happy with it.
Quel que soit celui que vous choisirez, j'espère que vous en serez content.
whichever you prefer selon ce que vous préférez
We will gladly exchange your goods, or refund your money, whichever you prefer.
Nous serons ravis d'échanger vos produits ou de vous rembourser, quelle que soit la solution que vous retiendrez.

I'm tired of waiting around for you to make time for us.　
Je suis fatiguée d'attendre que tu prennes du temps pour nous.
But I'm tired of waiting for you to prove it.　　　　　　　　
Mais je suis fatigué d'attendre pour te le prouver.
I'm tired of waiting for stockholders to write to me.　　
Je suis fatigué d'attendre qu'ils m'écrivent.
I'm tired of waiting till you have the fancy.　　
Je suis fatigué d'attendre tes envies.
And I'm tired of waiting to see if it does.　　　
Et je suis fatigué d'attendre de voir si c'est le cas.
I'm tired of waiting for someone else to take care of it.　
J'en ai marre d'attendre que quelqu'un d'autre s'en occupe.
I'm tired of waiting for things to happen. And my money's on today.　
J'en ai marre d'attendre, et j'ai parié sur aujourd'hui.
Ash was supposed to call me hours ago, but I'm tired of waiting.　
Ash devait m'appeler il y a des heures, mais j'en ai assez d'attendre.
Linda, tell Pa I'm tired of waiting, you hear?　
Dis à papa que j'en ai assez d'attendre.
I am gonna get sick of you and your stupid habits.　　
Je vais en avoir marre de toi et de tes stupides habitudes.
Don't you get sick of it just being the two of us?　　
Tu n'en a pas marre qu'on soit que tous les deux?
I bet in a year or two Audrey will get sick of us living here. feeding us....
D'ici un an ou deux Audrey en aura marre qu'on vive ici, de nous nourrir...
Did she get sick of being abused, fought back?　　
Elle en avait marre d'être abusée et a répliqué ?
I can tell you that they're gonna get sick of that.　　
Je- Je peux te dire qu'ils vont être malade de ça.
I can tell you that they're gonna get sick of that.　　
Je peux te dire qu'ils vont être malades de ça.
I got sick of reading all this crap about two folders in.　　
J'étais malade de lire toute cette merde sur ces deux dossiers.
I got sick of hearing people confess to me.　　　
J'étais malade de voir les gens se confesser à moi.
I　was constantly struggling to do what they did with ease. I got sick of that.　
Je me débattais constamment, je devais m'acharner pour faire ce qu'ils faisaient sans effort. J'en ai eu assez.
I got sick of playing Little Red Riding Hood to that old guy.　　
J'en avais assez de ce vieux bonhomme.
- I quit because I got sick of listening to the guy who runs the Zamboni machine.
- Je le quitte, parce que j'en ai assez d'entendre les instructions d'un conducteur de Zamboni.
No, Amanda kept dangling the carrot and I got sick of waiting.

Dangle: ぶら下がる、ぶらぶら揺れる、付きまとう（after, about, around, round）(hangが一般的)
He’s always dangling after(about, around) her.　彼はいつも彼女の尻を追っかけまわしている。（つきまとっている）

Non, Amanda continue de faire des promesses et j'en ai eu marre d'attendre.
I used to sell my work in other galleries in Washington, D.C. and New Orleans, but I got sick of dealing with somebody in the middle selling my work.
Avant je vendais mon travail dans d'autres galeries à Washington D.C. et la Nouvelle Orléans, mais j'en ai eu marre d'avoir un intermédiaire pour vendre mon travail.
I just need a job. I got sick of it, anyway.
J'ai besoin de travailler, j'en ai marre.
I got bored, and I got sick of looking at that thing.
Je m'ennuyais, et j'en avais marre de le voir.

Whoever　　だれでも、どんな人でも、誰が、　いったい誰が
誰でも来る人は歓迎します。Whoever comes is welcome.
Whoever said so? いったい誰がそう言ったのか？Whoever said so?
来たい人はだれでも歓迎する。Whoever wants to come will be welcomed.
誰がそう言おうと私は信じない。Whoever may say so, I won’t believe.
来たい人は誰でも招待してよい。 You may invite whoever wants to come.
pron
(subject of clause) whoever finds it quiconque le trouve
Whoever wins this year is going to be famous for life.
Quiconque gagnera cette année sera célèbre pendant toute sa vie.
Everybody here, whoever they are, is at risk of being taken hostage.
Chacun ici, qui que ce soit, court le risque d'être pris en otage.
Whoever was responsible for this crime is a dangerous man.
Qui que soit l'auteur de ce crime, il s'agit d'un homme dangereux.
[+object of clause]
whoever he marries qui que soit celle qu'il épousera
→ Whoever he marries, she'll have to get used to his friends.
ask whoever you like demandez à qui vous voulez
You can ask whoever you like to visit you.
Vous pouvez demander à qui vous voulez de vous rendre visite.
with whoever avec qui
We should be free to negotiate with whoever we want.
Nous devrions être libres de négocier avec qui nous voulons.
(for emphasis) qui donc
Whoever told you that?
Qui a bien pu vous dire ça?　　 Qui donc vous a dit ça?
→ Whoever thought up that joke?
→ Ridiculous! Whoever suggested such a thing?

Wherever you live is the best place. 住めば都。
I will follow you wherever you go.　あなたの行くところならどこへでも付いていきます。
He may go wherever he like.　彼はどこでも好きなところへ行ってよい。
Wherever (it’s) possible, he tries to help.　可能な場合は彼はいつでも力を貸そうと努める。
Wherever I am, I think of you.　私は何処にいてもあなたのことを思っています。
Wherever did you find it? 一体それをどこで見つけたのか？
I can go wherever. どこにでも行くことができます。
You can swim wherever you like. 好きなところで泳いでよい。
I go wherever my feet take me. 足の向くまま何処へでも行く。
To walk around wherever one whishes　気の向くままに歩き回る
You may sit wherever you like. 何処でも好きなところに座ってよい。
Sit wherever you like. 何処へでも好きなところに座りなさい。

adv (in questions) où donc
Wherever have you been?
Où donc étais-tu?
Wherever did you get that idea?
Où donc as-tu été chercher ça?
conj où que + subj
I hope that wherever they are now, they are together.
J'espère que, où qu'il soient maintenant, ils sont ensemble.
Some people enjoy themselves wherever they are.
Certaines personnes se plaisent où qu'elles soient.
Sit wherever you like.
Asseyez-vous où vous voulez.

Whatever その他何でも、とか何とか、何なりと、何でも、～することは何でも、
いかに～でも、いったい何が、全体何を
どんな～でも、少しの～も，何らの～も、

Every weekend they go to the movies, or a restaurant, or whatever.
週末ごとに彼らは映画とかレストランとか何とかに出かける
Why don’t you come with me? I would if I could. Whatever.
一緒に来ないか？　行けたらね。　まあ、好きなように。

You may do whatever you like. 君は何でも好きなことをしてよい。
Whatever happens, I will do it. 何が起こっても私はそれをするのだ。

Whatever are you going to say? 一体全体何を言おうとしているのです？
You can have whatever magazine you like. どんな雑誌でも君にあげよう。

There’s no doubt whatever. 何の疑いもない。
Is there any chance whatever? すこしでも見込みはありますか？

Whatever’s fine.　　何でもいいよ。
Whatever the result may be.　結果がどうであれ。
I have no plans whatever.　　案は全然ない。
He says whatever he wants to say.　彼は言いたいことを何でも言う。
They say whatever they feel like. 彼らは好き勝手に言っている。

今日始めなかったことは、明日終わることはない。 What is not started today is never finished tomorrow.

240日/366日　240日目　残り日数　126日
目標設定期日まで残り126日となってしまいました。

今日の名言・格言・諺（a saying ; a famous saying ; a well-known saying ; a proverb）

What is not started today is never finished tomorrow.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
今日始めなかったことは、明日終わることはない。

今日は、毎日発音と表現と英単語習得の為にお世話になっている無料アプリを紹介します。
このアプリは、無料でありながらも、非常に良くできています。
英会話を学習するのであれば、このMOKAがお勧めです。
まあ、どう活用するかは、ご本人次第ですが。。。。
毎週月曜日は、マンデーモーニングと題した、「定例単語テスト」があります。レベルが15段階に別れています。是非、試してみてください。

本気の人の英語学習 えいご漬けMOKA
http://app-liv.jp/606656665/

ここで疑問？
あなたは、英語を勉強する時下記のAとB、どの順序で覚えていますか？
多分、普通はAが一般的だとおもいますが、
SORE DAME~　それダメ～！

A:　英語から日本語
Worring will get you nowhere.
心配したところでどうなるわけでもない。
The idea got us nowhere.
その考えは何の役にも立たなかった。
I studied English for two years but I got nowhere.
英語を2年間やったが物にならなかった。

B:日本語から英語
この仕事は結局無駄に終わるかもしれない。
This work may lead nowhere.(This work may not lead anywhere)
違うことに挑戦しても損はないと思うよ。
It doesn’t hurt trying different things.
聞いてみてもかまわないんじゃないの？
It doesn’t hurt to ask.
やってみても損はないでしょう
It doesn’t hurt to ask.
やってみても損はないでしょう。
It can’t hurt to try.
やってみる価値はあるみただね
I think it's worth a try.

A方式とB方式では、記憶力が大幅に違います。
では、どれほどの違いがあるか？　試してみてください。
上記の例文AとBを覚えて、2，3日経ってから、どれだけ記憶しているか自分でテストしてみると、B方式の方がはるかに多くの単語や文章を「正確」に覚えていることに気付くはずです。
ちょっとした違いが、大きな進歩につながりますよ。
インプットの仕方も色々ありますが、日本語から英語へを実践しましょう。

B2(1)-1/8
それで、金曜の夜にあの新作映画を見に行くつもりだったよね。でも、次の金曜日に変えてくれないかな？大学の友達が今週の金曜日に出かけたいっていうんだよ。
ええ、大丈夫だと思うわ。でもそれをすごく楽しみにしていたのよ。
いい考えがある。君も僕らと一緒に来ない？　駅で7時に待ち合わせて、それからその先にあるバーに飲みに行くことにしているんだ。
それはよさそうね。本当にお友達気にしないかしら？
きっと君にとっても会いたがると思うよ。

A: So you know we were meant to go and see that new movie on Friday night, but could you we change it to the following Friday? My friends from university want to go out this Friday.
B: Well, I guess that would be all right. But I was really looking forward to it.
A: I have an idea. Why don’t you come with us? We are meeting at seven at the station, and then going to the bar down the road for a drink.
B: That sounds great. Are you sure your friends won’t mind?
A: I’m sure they’d love to meet you.

～することになっている。～しなければならない　Be meant to do：　
9時までに帰らなければならないことになっている。We are meant to be back by 9:00p.m.

B2(2)-1/25
それで、新しい ショッピングセンターはいつオープンするの？
四月末よ。今、スタッフを求めて広告を出していて、来週ショッピングセンターで面接を予定しているわ。
私、アルバイトに申し込もうと考えているのよ。時給がいいし、そこで働くのは楽しいだろうと思うの。
どんな仕事に就きたいの？
お客さんと話したり、質問に答えたり、困っている場合手伝ったりできるように、インフォメーション・カウンターの担当のひとりになりたいの。
君はそういう仕事に向いていると思うよ。頑張って。

So when is the new shopping center going to open?
At the end of April. They are advertising for staff now and are scheduling interviews at the center next week.
I’ve been thinking about applying for a part-time job. The hourly wage is quite good and I think it’d be fun to work there.
What kind of job do you want to get?
I want to be one of the people on the information counter so that I can talk with the customers, answer their questions and help them with any problems they have.
I think you’d be good at that kind of job. Good luck.

B2(2)-2/25
春休みに、僕や友達と一緒に旅行に行きたいとまだ思ってる？
まだヨーロッパに行く計画をしているの？　もしそうなら、ぜひ行きたいわ。
よかった。旅行に行くほかのメンバーと会ったり、みんなが旅程について話せる機会を持てるように、来週の火曜の午後8時に、ぼくの家で情報交換の夕べを準備しているんだ。
それはいいわね。何か持っていきましょうか？
う～ん、僕が紅茶とコーヒーを用意して、ジーンがケーキを持ってきてくれるんだ。だから大丈夫だと思うけど、君に任せるよ。

Do you still want to go on a tour with my friends and me in the spring vacation?
Are you still planning to go to Europe? If that’s the case, I’d love to go.
Great, I’m arranging an information evening at my house next Tuesday at 8p.m. so that you can meet the other people going on the tour and everyone has a chance to talk about the itinerary.
That sounds great. Can I bring anything?
Well, I’ll have tea and coffee and Jean is bringing a cake, so I think we’re fine, but I’ll leave it up to you.

B2(2)-3/25
それで、来週予定されるウェブサイト・デザイン・セミナーに行こうと思ってるの？
うん、新聞で情報を見たんだけど、とても面白そうだからね。
わあ、よかった。メアリーからちょうどセミナーを見逃しちゃあだめだって言われたところだから、詳細を教えてくれる。
ええと、来週の土曜日から始まって、2日間にわたってあるんだ。初日は使うための一番いいツールを取り上げて、それから2日目はデザイン要素についての深い議論があるんだよ。
よさそうね。でもそれって高そうね。わかったわ。上司がそれにお金を出してくれるか確認するわ。

So are you thinking about going to the website design seminar that’s going to be held next week?
Yes, I saw the information in the paper and it looks really interesting.
Oh, great. Can you give me some details as Mary just told me it was something I shouldn’t miss?
Well, it’s over two days beginning next Saturday. On the first day they’ll be covering the best tools to use and then on the second day there will be an in depth discussion about design elements.
That sounds good. But I guess it’s expensive. I know. I’ll see if my boss will pay for it.

B2(2)-4/25
それでクラスの同窓会についての情報は全部もらった？実は私は行こうと思っているの。一緒に行かない？
僕は高校が嫌いだったから、同窓会になんか絶対に行きたくないよ。
でもこの20年でみんなに何があったか見るのって楽しそうよ。会は7月24日の土曜日に、ダウンタウンの新しくできたホテルで開かれるのよ。
友達が言ってたんだけど、 パーティをするフレンチ・レストランはすごくいいんだって。楽しいわよ。それとノーっていう答えは認めないから。
わかったよ。でもホテルがみたいからただ行くだけだよ、それにどうせ君はぼくがイエスって言うまでずっと頼み続けるだろうから。

So did you get all the information about the class reunion? I’m actually thinking about going. Why don’t we go together?
I hated high school so there’s no way I want to go to the reunion.
But it would be fun to see what’s happened to everyone in the last 20 years. And it will be held at the new hotel downtown on Saturday the 24th of July.
My friend said that the French restaurant where we will have the party is just wonderful. It’ll be fun, and I’m not talking no for an answer.
OK. But I’m only going because I want to see the hotel and because you’ll keep asking me until I say yes anyway.

B2(2)-5/25
お医者さんはあなたの足のこと、何て言ってた？
足を温めたほうがいいって言ってたよ。でもどうしてかわからないな。
ええと、まず足の怪我をしたときは、腫れがひくように怪我に氷を当てたほうがいいの。でもあなたの怪我はすでに数日経っているから、今は温めたほうがいいわ。
熱は血の循環をよくするから、足の血の巡りがよくなるの。そして血流が増えると、怪我の部分をきれいにしてくれるのよ。
なるほど。では温めることは足を速く治すことの役に立つんだね。よかった。ありがとう。

What did your doctor say about your foot?
He said I should put heat on it. But I don’t understand why.
Well, when you first injure your foot, you should put ice on it to decrease the swelling. But your injury is already a few days old, so now heat is better.
The heat gets your circulation going, so your foot will have more blood going through it. And when there’s more blood flow, it cleans up the area faster.
I see. So heat will help my foot heal faster. That’s great. Thanks.
Que votre docteur a-t-il dit de votre pied ?

B2(2)-6/25
ポーランド旅行のことですごく緊張しているの。海外に行ったことがないから、何を予期したらいいのかもわからないわ。それにポーランド語も話せないし。
そんなに心配することないよ。ポーランドで飛行機を降りたら、ただそのほかの乗客全員についていって手荷物の受取所まで行けばいいんだよ。きっとポーランド語だけではなく英語の標識もあるよ。
でも税関を通らないといけないわ！
うん、でも君は犯罪者じゃないんだから、大丈夫なはずだよ。そのうえ、きっと税関だってポーランド語を話せない乗客が沢山来ることに慣れているよ。
入国管理官はただポーランドのどのくらい滞在するのか、旅行の目的は何か、そして持ち込みが禁止されている物を持っていないか聞くだけよ。
それは簡単そうだわ。うまくいくといいんだけど。

I’m really nervous about my trip to Poland. I’ve never been overseas, so I don’t know what to expect, and I can’t speak Polish.
Don’t worry so much. When you get off your plane in Poland, you’ll just follow all of the other passengers to the baggage claim. I’m sure the signs are in English as well as Polish, too.
But I have to go through customs!
Yeah, but you’re not a criminal, so you should be fine. And besides, I’m sure they’re used to having a lot of passengers coming through who can’t speak Polish.
The immigration officers will just ask how long you’ll be in Poland, what the purpose of your trip is, and if you have any restricted items with you.
That sounds easy enough. I hope it goes well.

B2(2)-7/25
化学の教授が、僕たちは自分で選んだ元素について研究レポートを書かなければならないって言ってるんだけど、金曜日が期限なんだ。でも今週は調べてレポートを書く時間がないよ。どうしたらいいんだろう？
あなたの教授に話に行って、期限を延長してくれるか確かめなさいよ。教授たちはふつうはそううることにすごく寛大よ。
分かった。そうは言っても、どうやってレポートを書くの？君は去年、その科学の授業を取ったよね。何をしたの？
そうねえ、まず調べる元素を選んだの。それから図書館に行って、その元素に関する情報が載った本を何冊か見つけたわ。
全部の情報をカテゴリーに分けて、それからそれぞれのカテゴリーについて段落を書いたの。それだけよ。
う～ん、それなら自分に何ができるかやってみるよ。ありがとう。

My chemistry professor says we have to write a research paper on the element of our choice, and it’s due on Friday. But I don’t have time to research and write a paper this week! What can I do?
Go talk to your professor and see it he’ll give you an extension. Professors are usually very good about doing that.
All right. But then how do I write the paper? You took that chemistry class last year. What did you do?
Well, first I chose an element to research. Then I went to the library and found several books with information about it.
I put all of the information into categories and then wrote a paragraph about each of them. That’s it.
Well, I’ll see what I can do, then. Thanks.

B2(2)-8/25
このカボチャ、どう？　私の庭で採れたんだ。
なんだって？　でも12月だよ！　どうやってそんなに長い間新鮮さを保ったの？
ええと、これは冬カボチャで、それは10月に収穫したものなの。外の日の当たるところに3日間置いておいて、必ず時々ひっくり返すようにしたわ。
それをやったら、細菌や虫が全部死んだから、そのあと冬カボチャは何か月も保存しても大丈夫だったのよ。
それはすごいね。いつかやってみようと思うよ。

How do you like this squash? It’s from my garden.
What? But it’s December! How did it stay fresh so long?
Well, this is winter squash, which I picked in October. I put it outside in the sun for three days and made sure to turn it over from time to time.
After doing that, all of the bacteria and bugs were dead, so then it was safe to keep the squash for months and months.
That’s wonderful. I think I’ll try it sometime.

B2(2)-9/25
あなたはボッチェというゲームが好きよね？私に説明してくれる。
勿論。まず、ジャックと呼ばれる小さな球を27メートルあるコートの端に向かって投げる。それから、ボッチェの球をジャックの一番近くに来るように投げるんだ。一番近くに投げた人が誰であれポイントを貰えるんだよ。
私はあんまり得意じゃないと思う。球をまったく正確に投げられないのよ。
ちょっと練習すればいいだけだよ。きっとうまくいくよ。

You like the game bocce, right? Can you explain it to me?
Sure. First, you throw a small ball, called a jack, toward the end of the 27-meter long court. Then, you try to throw the bocce ball closest to the jack. Whichever person throws it closest gets a point.
I don’t think I’d be very good at that. I can’t throw balls accurately at all.
You just need to practice a bit. I’m sure you’d do just fine.

B2(2)-10/25
今の仕事が本当に嫌だから、履歴書をまとめ始めて、それから新しい仕事を探し始めようと思っているの。手伝ってもらえるかしら？
勿論。いい履歴書に関して最も重要なことは、前の職歴に関連する情報を入れることだ。
例えば、君の前の職責が、君の志望している仕事でどう役立つかとかね。
ありがとう、すばらしいアドヴァイスだわ。
それから忘れずに学歴なんかも入れるんだよ。

I really hate my job at the moment so I’m going to start getting my resume together and then start looking for a new job. Can you help me with it?
Sure. The most important thing about a good resume is that you include relevant information about your previous work experience.
For example, how your previous responsibilities will help you in the job you are applying for.
Thanks, that’s great advice.
And don’t forget to put in your educational qualifications and so on.

B2(2)-11/25
インターネットで知り合った子と来週末にデートするんだ。
そうなんだ。あなたがインターネットでデート相手を見つけるのに興味があるなんて知らなかったわ。じゃあデートの前に新しい服を買ったほうがいいわね。
今着ているもので大丈夫だと思わない？
だめよ。第一印象はすごく重要でしょう、だから新しい上着とそれに合う素敵なズボンを買うべきね。その時に、新しいシャツ２，３枚とかも買ったほうがいいわ。
買い物は大嫌いなんだ。今、君に話したことを後悔しているよ。

I’ve got a date next weekend with someone I met over the Internet.
Really. I didn’t know that you were interested in Internet dating. Well, I think you’d better buy some new clothes before the date.
Don’t you think what I’m wearing is fine?
No, I don’t. You know that first impressions are very important, so I think you should buy a new jacket and some nice pants to go with it. While you’re at it, you should get a couple of new shirts and so on.
I hate shopping. Now I’m sorry I told you my news.

B2(2)-12/25
私が買ったこの新しいホウキを見てよ！すごくいろんなことに使えるよ！
どういうこと？
ええと、たとえば、ホウキの部分をねじり取って、この別のアタッチメントに付けることができるの。シーリング・ファンみたいな高いところのほこりを取ることができるのよ。それにモップをつけることもできるのよ。すごくない？
よさそうだね。君が楽しく掃除する役に立つなら、僕は満足だよ。

Look at this new broom that I bought! It can be used for so many things!
What do you mean?
Well, for instance, I can twist off the broom part and put on this other attachment. It lets me dust high-up places like ceiling fans. And I can attach a mop to it, too. Isn’t that great?
I guess so. As long as it helps you enjoy cleaning, I’m happy.

例、実例、事例、実証（of）Instance :
彼は多くの実例を挙げた。He cited many instances.
この場合、この場合には　In this instance :
の依頼（要請）により　At the instance of..
例えば　For instance...　
第一に、まず　　In the first instance　
過去の事例　A past instance 　　
一事が万事　One instance shows all

最悪！パソコンチェァーが壊れたあ～～～！！！！

全く！　なんてこったぁ～！
椅子が壊れてしまった。

4年愛用の椅子だったのに。

溶接部分の継ぎ目が完全にいかれてしまった。
修理は不可能か？

新しいのを買った方がよさそうだな。
ということで、これから探してみるか！

ショック！！！！！！

イタリア語、スペイン語、フランス語の新聞を読んでみよう！

239日/366日　239日目　残り日数　127日
目標設定期日まで残り127日となってしまいました。

今日は土曜日なので時間がたっぷりあります。Englishの学習をメインに置いているので、フランス語、スペイン語、イタリア語になるべく触れないようにしているのだが、まあ、土曜日と日曜日は、新聞でも読んで感覚を養おうということで、Le monde フランスの新聞、El Paisスペイン語の新聞、Corriere della Sera イタリア語の新聞からベルギー関連の記事をピックアップしてみました。

Une personne a été arrêtée, vendredi 25 mars, avenue Rogier, dans la commune bruxelloise de Schaerbeek, selon le parquet fédéral belge.
L’homme, blessé à la jambe, a été interpellé lors d’une importante opération antiterroriste, vendredi après-midi.
Deux perquisitions ont également été menées vendredi dans des communes bruxelloises : l’une, à Forest, a permis d’arrêter un certain Tawfik A., également blessé à la jambe, et l’autre, à Saint-Gilles, a abouti à l’arrestation du nommé Salah A., a précisé le parquet fédéral belge.
Lien avec l’opération de jeudi à Argenteuil
Selon les informations du Monde, confirmées par le parquet belge, ces opérations sont liées à celle qui s’est déroulée jeudi soir en France, à Argenteuil (Val-d’Oise), dans le cadre de l’équipe commune d’enquête franco-belge. Un projet d’attentat sur le sol français aurait ainsi été déjoué, a assuré le ministère de l’intérieur, avec l’interpellation d’un suspect : Reda Kriket, 34 ans.
Un arsenal a été découvert dans l’appartement que ce dernier occupait à Argenteuil : cinq kalachnikovs, un fusil-mitrailleur, huit chargeurs d’AK-47, sept armes de poing, ainsi que de très nombreuses munitions.
Lire : Explosifs et armement retrouvés au domicile d’un proche d’Abaaoud interpellé à Argenteuil
Reda Kriket, né à Courbevoie (Hauts-de-Seine), avait fait l’objet d’une condamnation par contumace en juillet 2015 par la justice belge, à une peine d’emprisonnement de dix ans du chef de participation aux activités d’un groupe terroriste et recel, selon le parquet. Ce procès avait également vu la condamnation par contumace d’Abdelhamid Abaaoud, instigateur présumé des attentats du 13 novembre à Paris et Saint-Denis.
Reda Kriket était activement recherché depuis le 17 août 2015, date à laquelle un mandat d’arrêt européen a été émis. Il a eu un rôle actif auprès d’un des plus gros recruteurs de combattants djihadistes syriens, Khalid Zerkani.
« A ce stade, aucun élément tangible ne relie ce projet aux attentats de Paris et de Bruxelles », avait déclaré jeudi soir le ministre de l’intérieur, Bernard Cazeneuve.
En savoir plus sur http://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2016/03/25/operation-de-police-antiterroriste-a-bruxelles_4890205_1653578.html#FxdbBL07r83McZLj.99

Attentati Bruxelles: anche le centrali atomiche nel mirino dei terroristi
In dicembre trovato filmato di 10 ore sulla casa del direttore del programma di ricerca e sviluppo nucleare del Belgio. Da inizio di marzo gli impianti presidiati dai soldati
BRUXELLES - Prendere le distanze dagli attentati in Belgio e, per quanto possibile, ridimensionare il proprio ruolo portandolo da quello di stratega delle azioni terroristiche di Bruxelles a quello più «modesto» di mancato kamikaze che quando si è trattato di farsi saltare in aria a Parigi all’ultimo momento non ha avuto il coraggio di ammazzare nessuno, a partire da se stesso. La difesa di Salah Abdeslam si muove con questa strategia annunciando che non si opporrà all’estradizione in Francia ma la figura del 26enne di origini marocchine diventa sempre più importante secondo la stampa belga: avrebbe dovuto far parte di un terzo commando che martedì aveva l’obiettivo di sparare per strada per replicare a Bruxelles il terrore di Parigi e nel progetto di attacco a una centrale nucleare.
Salah vuole andare in Francia
Dopo l’arresto della settimana scorsa, Sven May, avvocato del terrorista più ricercato d’Europa, aveva detto a botta calda che il suo assistito non avrebbe mai acconsentito ad essere estradato, ora lo stesso legale cambia rotta e di fronte al palazzo di giustizia di Bruxelles, dove è arrivato per l’udienza di convalida dell’arresto, rinviata, ma soprattutto davanti alle telecamere e ai taccuini dei giornalisti, annuncia che il suo cliente «desidera andare in Francia il prima possibile per dare spiegazioni». Forse quello che preoccupa il giovane nato a Bruxelles sono i collegamenti sempre più stretti che le indagini belghe continuano a scoprire tra lui e i kamikaze che hanno seminato la morte nell’aeroporto di Zaventem e alla stazione della metropolitana di Maelbeek
«Non sapeva»
«Non sapeva» degli attentati e non «vorrei che si fermasse in quello che ha da dire, se si ferma ci esporremmo ancora ad altri Zaventem o Bataclan ed è questo che voglio evitare», dichiara il legale prefigurando, quasi promettendo che, arrivato a Parigi, Abdeslam potrebbe essere disponibile a parlare. Prima, però, dovrebbe spiegare quali erano i suoi piani per martedì scorso.
Due ricercati non identificati
Gli investigatori sono convinti che avesse il compito di scendere per strada con Mohamed Belkaid e Amine Choukri e uccidere all’impazzata a colpi di kalashnikov. Ma l’azione delle forze dell’ordine lo ha costretto a cambiare i suoi piani: Choukri è stato catturato con lui a Molenbeek mentre Belkaid è stato ucciso il 15 marzo da un cecchino della Polizia durante la sparatoria seguita all’irruzione nel covo di Forest. Sul fronte delle indagini si cercano almeno due giovani che non sarebbero stati ancora identificati e che anche loro all’ultimo momento potrebbero essersi tirati indietro evitando la morte. Uno è l’uomo con il cappellino scuro e la giacca bianca ritratto con i fratelli-kamikaze Ibrahim El Bakraoui e Najim Laachraoui all’aeroporto, l’altro è un personaggio che, secondo la tv belga Rtbf, le telecamere della metropolitana hanno ripreso con una grossa valigia poco prima dell’esplosione, anche se non si esclude che possa essere morto anche lui nella deflagrazione.
Assalto alle centrali nucleari
Prende quindi corpo l’idea di un gruppo di terroristi che godeva di una rete di complicità estesa e che inizialmente aveva in progetto, secondo il sito di informazione belga Dh, di assaltare una delle due centrali nucleari del Belgio, ma ha cambiato obiettivi dopo l’arresto di Salah Abdeslam. Citando fonti nella Polizia, Dh scrive che a dicembre, durate una perquisizione nelle indagini sugli attentati di Parigi, gli agenti trovarono un filmato di dieci ore realizzato con una telecamera che, nascosta tra i cespugli in un’area delle Fiandre, inquadrava la casa del direttore del programma di ricerca e sviluppo nucleare del Belgio. A piazzarla sarebbero stati proprio i fratelli El Bakraoui, ma non si sa se sono sempre loro i due uomini che le telecamere di sorveglianza ripresero a novembre mentre recuperavano l’apparecchio pochi giorni dopo le stragi di Parigi. Una minaccia presa in seria considerazione dalle autorità belghe, visto che all’inzio di marzo i soldati dell’esercito sono stati dislocati a sorvegliare i siti nucleari del Paese e martedì, dopo gli attentati di Bruxelles, è stato evacuato tutto il personale non strettamente indispensabile mentre già nei giorni precedenti undici persone si erano viste ritirare il permesso di accesso all’improvviso.

La fiscalía belga traza el primer nexo entre las matanzas de París y Bruselas
El segundo kamikaze del aeropuerto, Najim Laachroui, participó en los ataques de París
La fiscalía ha confirmado el primer vínculo oficial entre los atentados de Bruselas y París. El ministerio fiscal ha identificado a Najim Laachraoui como el segundo suicida del atentado del aeropuerto bruselense. Se trata de un yihadista cuyas huellas fueron encontradas en varios explosivos utilizados en París. Es también la persona que alquiló -con una identidad falsa- una casa en la localidad francesa de Auvelais y otra en Bruselas "utilizadas por el grupo terrorista [de París]". La revelación se ha producido un día en el que la policía ha realizado dos grandes operaciones antiterroristas en Bruselas, con el resultado de dos sospechosos heridos (en ambos casos en una pierna, el método empleado cuando el detenido da señales de querer atacar) y un tercero detenido. Así lo ha confirmado la fiscalía, encargada de la investigación de los atentados de Bruselas y también de la rama belga de los atentados de París. Los dos registros guardan relación con el arresto el pasado jueves de un sospechoso de terrorismo en Francia.
Najim Laachraoui, al que algunos medios anglosajones identifican como artífice de diferentes explosivos utilizados por el Estado Islámico (ISIS), es una pieza clave en este nexo entre París y Bruselas. Laachraoui, de 24 años, partió a Siria en 2013. Más tarde, en septiembre de 2015, fue detectado junto a Abdeslam en un control en la frontera austrohúngara. Y tras los atentados de Francia, su ADN se halló "en un cinturón explosivo y en un trozo de pañuelo utilizado en el tiroteo de [la sala de conciertos] Bataclan, así como en un explosivo del Estadio de Francia", precisa la fiscalía.
Con la identificación de Laachraoui se completa una parte importante del rompecabezas de los atentados de Bruselas, que han provocado 31 muertos y 300 heridos. Este terrorista fue el segundo kamikaze que, junto a Ibrahim el Bakraoui, se hizo estallar en Zaventem. El tercer sospechoso de la foto que fue tomada en ese recinto continúa huido. En el segundo escenario de los ataques, la estación de metro Maelbeek, solo hay, hasta el momento, un presunto autor: Khalid el Bakraoui, también fallecido y hermano del suicida del aeropuerto. Se sospecha que hay un segundo implicado, pero no existe confirmación.
Además de revelar esta novedad, la fiscalía ha informado de tres detenciones realizadas en el marco de dos redadas. La de más envergadura se ha realizado en el barrio bruselense de Schaerbeek, donde crecieron los hermanos suicidas que perpetraron los atentados del martes. Un sospechoso relacionado con los atentados del martes, ha sido detenido y herido en una pierna. Toda la plaza de Meiser (el corazón del distrito) ha estado acordonada y muchas calles adyacentes también durante varias horas debido a la operación antiyihadista. Las autoridades han desplegado muchos furgones de policía y perros de detección de explosivos. El despliegue ha incluido, además de policías, militares, que vigilaban los accesos por carretera. Algunos medios belgas informan de que testigos han oído un par de pequeñas explosiones.
El ministerio fiscal confirma una segunda operación, en el distrito de Forest -donde la policía abatió a un terrorista pocos días antes de la detención de Salah Abdeslam-, con el resultado de un sospechoso, Tawfik A., detenido. También él ha resultado herido en la pierna. Hay una tercera detención de este viernes (de nombre Salah A., que coincide con las iniciales del artífice del drama de París), realizada en el barrio de Saint-Gilles.
Tres liberados
En su comunicación, la fiscalía incluye también información de las operaciones realizadas ayer en las inmediaciones de su propio edificio y en las comunas de Bruselas centro, Schaerbeek y Jette. Se confirma que fueron seis los detenidos, aunque tres de ellos (Khalid A. Mariam A. y Ali E.) han sido puestos en libertad. En cambio Fayçal C, Abou A. y otra persona de la que no se ofrece ninguna identidad continúan arrestados.
Pocas horas después del primer escrito, la fiscalía ha emitido un segundo comunicado relativo a los interrogatorios a Salah Abdeslam, por los que la prensa de todo el mundo ha cargado este viernes contra las autoridades belgas. Las autoridades precisan que interrogaron al terrorista el 19 de marzo, antes de los ataques de Bruselas, dos veces. La primera parte duró una hora y versó sobre los atentados de París. La segunda se refería a su orden de arresto europea y Abdeslam no quiso pronunciarse. El mismo día de los atentados, este yihadista fue interrogado de nuevo, pero "rechazó hacer la más mínima declaración".

時制の一致 Sequence of Tenses : One today is worth two tomorrow.

239日/366日　239日目　残り日数　127日
目標設定残り127日となってしまいました。

今日の名言・格言・諺（a saying ; a famous saying ; a well-known saying ; a proverb）をひとつ記憶するようにしています。勿論、Englishで記憶！！
One today is worth two tomorrow. Benjamin Franklin
今日という日は、明日という日の二日分の値打ちがある。

「時制の一致」英語で何というのだろう？
文法用語は最低でも知る必要があるといことで、今朝も4時起きで調べてみました。
フランス語では、Concordance des tempsって言いますが、英語のSequene oftensesは、いまいちピンときません。
下記サイトは、BUSUU.COMで友達になった、アメリカ人の教師（小学校）が、良いサイトがあるよと教えてくれたものです。
とても分かりやすいし、英英なので、英語の自然な表現などを覚えながら、文法も勉強できるので重宝してます。

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/540/01/

Sequence of Tenses 時制の一致
Strictly speaking, in English, only two tenses are marked in the verb alone, present (as in "he sings") and past (as in "he sang"). Other English language tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. Understanding the six basic tenses allows one to re-create much of the reality of time in their writing.
Simple Present: They walk 単純現在
Present Perfect: They have walked　現在完了
Simple Past: They walked　単純過去
Past Perfect: They had walked　現在完了
Future: They will walk　未来
Future Perfect: They will have walked　未来完了
Problems in sequencing tenses usually occur with the perfect tenses, all of which are formed by adding an auxiliary or auxiliaries to the past participle, the third principal part.
ring, rang, rung
walk, walked, walked
The most common auxiliaries are forms of "be," "can," "do," "may," "must," "ought," "shall," "will," "has," "have," "had," and they are the forms we shall use in this most basic discussion.
Present Perfect　現在完了
The present perfect consists of a past participle (the third principal part) with "has" or "have." It designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect of which still continues.
1. Betty taught for ten years. (simple past)
2. Betty has taught for ten years. (present perfect)
The implication in (1) is that Betty has retired; in (2), that she is still teaching.
1. John did his homework. He can go to the movies.
2. If John has done his homework, he can go to the movies.
Infinitives, too, have perfect tense forms when combined with "have," and sometimes problems arise when infinitives are used with verbs such as "hope," "plan," "expect," and "intend," all of which usually point to the future (I wanted to go to the movie. Janet meant to see the doctor.) The perfect tense sets up a sequence by marking the action which began and usually was completed before the action in the main verb.
1. I am happy to have participated in this campaign!
2. John had hoped to have won the trophy.
Thus the action of the main verb points back in time; the action of the perfect infinitive has been completed.
Ainsi l'action du verbe principal indique en arrière à temps(dans le temps)

Past Perfect過去完了
The past perfect tense designates action in the past just as simple past does, but the action of the past perfect is action completed in the past before another action.　　　　　Le temps de plus-que-parfait désigne l'action dans le passé comme le passé simple fait, mais l'action du plus-que-parfait est l'action complétée(achevée) dans le passé avant une autre action.
1. John raised vegetables and later sold them. (past)
2. John sold vegetables that he had raised. (past perfect)
The vegetables were raised before they were sold.
1. Renee washed the car when George arrived (simple past)
2. Renee had washed the car when George arrived. (past perfect)
In (1), she waited until George arrived and then washed the car. In (2), she had already finished washing the car by the time he arrived.
In sentences expressing condition and result, the past perfect tense is used in the part that states the condition.
1. If I had done my exercises, I would have passed the test.
2. I think George would have been elected if he hadn't sounded so pompous.
Future Perfect
The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future.
1. Saturday I will finish my housework. (simple future)
2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework. (future perfect)
Review
1. Judy saved thirty dollars. (past)
2. Judy will save thirty dollars. (future)
3. Judy has saved thirty dollars. (present perfect)
4. Judy had saved thirty dollars by the end of last month. (past perfect)
5. Judy will have saved thirty dollars by the end of this month. (future perfect)
1. Judy a économisé trente dollars. (passe compose)
2. Judy économisera trente dollars. (future simple)
3. Judy a économisé trente dollars. (Passé composé)
4. Judy avait économisé trente dollars d'ici à la fin du mois dernier. (Plus-que-parfait)
5. Judy aura économisé trente dollars d'ici à la fin de ce mois. (Futur antérieur)
Notice: There can be only one "would have" action group in a sentence.

Passive Verb Tenses
Simple Present　単純現在
Active: 能動態 Passive　受動態
•The company ships the computers to many foreign countries. •Computers are shipped to many foreign countries
Present Progressive　現在進行形
Active: Passive:
•The chef is preparing the food. •The food is being prepared.
Simple Past　単純過去
Active: Passive:
•The delivery man delivered the package yesterday. •The package was delivered yesterday.
Past Progressive　過去進行形
Active: Passive:
•The producer was making an announcement. •An announcement was being made.
Future　未来
Active: Passive:
•Our representative will pick up the computer. •The computer will be picked up.
Present Perfect　現在完了
Active: Passive:
•Someone has made the arrangements for us. •The arrangements have been made for us.
Past Perfect　過去完了
Active: Passive:
•They had given us visas for three months. •They had been given visas for three months.
Future Perfect　未来完了
Active: Passive:
•By next month we will have finished this job. •By next month this job will have been finished.
Modals　法助動詞
Active: Passive:
•You can use the computer. •The computer can be used.


Active Verb Tenses
Simple Present　単純現在
Present or Action Condition General Truths
•I hear you.
•Here comes the bus. •There are thirty days in September.
Non-action; Habitual Action Future Time
•I like music.
•I run on Tuesdays and Sundays. •The train leaves at 4:00 p.m.
Present Progressive　現在進行
Activity in Progress Verbs of Perception　知覚動詞
•I am playing soccer now. •He is feeling sad.
Simple Past　単純過去
Completed Action Completed Condition
•We visited the museum yesterday. •The weather was rainy last week.
Past Progressive　過去進行
Past Action that took place over a period of time Past Action interrupted by another
•They were climbing for twenty-seven days. •We were eating dinner when she told me.
Future
With will/won't — Activity or event that will or won't exist or happen in the future With going to — future in relation to circumstances in the present
•I'll get up late tomorrow.
•I won't get up early •I'm hungry.
•I'm going to get something to eat.
Present Perfect
With verbs of state that begin in the past and lead up to and include the present To express habitual or continued action
•He has lived here for many years •He has worn glasses all his life.
With events occurring at an indefinite or unspecified time in the past — with ever, never, before
•Have you ever been to Tokyo before?
Present Perfect Progressive
To express duration of an action that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future
•David has been working for two hours, and he hasn't finished yet.
Past Perfect
To describe a past event or condition completed before another event in the past In reported speech　間接話法
•When I arrived home, he had already called. •Jane said that she had gone to the movies.
Future Perfect
To express action that will be completed by or before a specified time in the future
•By next month we will have finished the job.
•He won't have finished his work until 2:00.


Verb Tense Consistency
Throughout this document, example sentences with nonstandard or inconsistent usage have verbs in red.
Controlling shifts in verb tense
Writing often involves telling stories. Sometimes we narrate a story as our main purpose in writing; sometimes we include brief anecdotes（逸話） or hypothetical（仮説、仮想の） scenarios as illustrations（挿絵、図版、イラスト） or reference points（基準点、参照点、基点） in an essay.
Even an essay that does not explicitly（はっきりと、明白に） tell a story involves implied time frames for the actions discussed and states described. Changes in verb tense help readers understand the temporal　(時間的な) relationships among various narrated events. But unnecessary or inconsistent shifts in tense can cause confusion.
Generally, writers maintain one tense for the main discourse (講和、講演、論説、論文)　and indicate changes in time frame（時間枠、概算時間、時間フレーム） by changing tense relative to that primary tense, which is usually either simple past or simple present. Even apparently（実際はともかく、見たところでは、どうも、）non-narrative writing should employ verb tenses consistently（一貫して、矛盾なく、堅実に） and clearly.
General guideline: Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same.
Examples:
1. The instructor explains the diagram to students who asked questions during the lecture.
Explains is present tense, referring to a current state; asked is past, but should be present (ask) because the students are currently continuing to ask questions during the lecture period.
CORRECTED: The instructor explains the diagram to students who ask questions during the lecture.
2. About noon the sky darkened, a breeze sprang up（生ずる、飛び上がる、起こる）, and a low rumble（ゴロゴロという音、轟音、空中回転） announces the approaching storm.
Darkened and sprang up are past tense verbs; announces is present but should be past (announced) to maintain consistency within the time frame.
CORRECTED: About noon the sky darkened, a breeze sprang up, and a low rumble announced the approaching storm.
3. Yesterday we walk to school but later rode the bus home.
Walk is present tense but should be past to maintain consistency within the time frame (yesterday); rode is past, referring to an action completed before the current time frame.
CORRECTED: Yesterday we walked to school but later rode the bus home.
General guideline: Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame from one action or state to another.
Examples:
1. The children love their new tree house, which they built themselves.
Love is present tense, referring to a current state (they still love it now;) built is past, referring to an action completed before the current time frame (they are not still building it.)
2. Before they even began deliberations（審議、熟考、討議）, many jury members had reached a verdict.(評決。答申)、裁断、判断、意見）
Began is past tense, referring to an action completed before the current time frame; had reached is past perfect, referring to action from a time frame before that of another past event (the action of reaching was completed before the action of beginning.)
3. Workers are installing extra loudspeakers because the music in tonight's concert will need amplification.
Are installing is present progressive, referring to an ongoing　(進行中の) action in the current time frame (the workers are still installing, and have not finished;) will need is future, referring to action expected to begin after the current time frame (the concert will start in the future, and that's when it will need amplification.)
Controlling shifts in a paragraph or essay
General guideline: Establish a primary tense for the main discourse, and use occasional shifts to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.
Hints:
•Rely on past tense to narrate（物語る、話す） events and to refer to an author　(著者、作家、著作物、作品、創始者、立案者、起案者) or an author's ideas as historical entities(実態、実在、存在者) (biographical information about a historical figure or narration of developments in an author's ideas over time).
•Use present tense to state facts, to refer to perpetual or habitual actions, and to discuss your own ideas or those expressed by an author in a particular work. Also use present tense to describe action in a literary work, movie, or other fictional narrative. Occasionally, for dramatic effect, you may wish to narrate an event in present tense as though it were happening now. If you do, use present tense consistently throughout the narrative, making shifts only where appropriate.
•Future action may be expressed in a variety of ways, including the use of will, shall, is going to, are about to, tomorrow and other adverbs of time, and a wide range of contextual cues.
Using other tenses in conjunction with simple tenses
It is not always easy (or especially helpful) to try to distinguish perfect and/or progressive tenses from simple ones in isolation（隔離、分離、孤立、孤独）, for example, the difference between simple past progressive ("She was eating an apple") and present perfect progressive ("She has been eating an apple"). Distinguishing these sentences in isolation is possible, but the differences between them make clear sense only in the context of other sentences since the time-distinctions suggested by different tenses are relative to the time frame implied by the verb tenses in surrounding sentences or clauses.
Example 1: Simple past narration with perfect and progressive elements
On the day in question...
By the time Tom noticed the doorbell, it had already rung three times. As usual, he had been listening to loud music on his stereo. He turned the stereo down and stood up to answer the door. An old man was standing on the steps. The man began to speak slowly, asking for directions.
In this example, the progressive verbs had been listening and was standing suggest（提案する、提唱する、示唆する、暗示する、思いつかせる） action underway（進行中で、進行中） at the time some other action took place. The stereo-listening was underway when the doorbell rang. The standing on the steps was underway when the door was opened. The past perfect progressive verb had been listening suggests action that began in the time frame prior to the main narrative time frame and that was still underway as another action began.
If the primary narration is in the present tense, then the present progressive or present perfect progressive is used to indicate action that is or has been underway as some other action begins. This narrative style might be used to describe a scene from a novel, movie, or play, since action in fictional narratives is conventionally treated as always present. For example, we refer to the scene in Hamlet in which the prince first speaks (present) to the ghost of his dead father or the final scene in Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing, which takes place (present) the day after Mookie has smashed (present perfect) the pizzeria window. If the example narrative above were a scene in a play, movie, or novel, it might appear as follows.