# 本記事はこちらへ移動しました
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# 興味深い試みなのだが、極の氷床の維持が問題になっているだけにちょっと考えてしまうな
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# 近くて遠い水星…
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# 紙ヒコーキで大気圏突入…考えもしなかった
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# まずはどのくらいの精度で分布を把握できるか…
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# 研究者は余計に気をつけなければなりません…
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# と、都市鉱山ですか…前々から廃棄物に含まれる金属が再利用できないものか疑問だったのですが、ここまでの量とは…
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Andrew H. Lee, Sarah Werning.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Early Edition | doi:10.1073/pnas.0708903105
Recent histological studies suggest relatively rapid growth in dinosaurs. However, the timing of reproductive maturity (RM) in dinosaurs is poorly known because unambiguous indicators of RM are rare. One exception is medullary bone (MB), which is an ephemeral bony tissue that forms before ovulation in the marrow cavities of birds as a calcium source for eggshelling. Recently, MB also was described in a single specimen of the saurischian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Here, we report two other occurrences of MB: in another saurischian dinosaur, Allosaurus, and in the ornithischian dinosaur Tenontosaurus. We show by counting lines of arrested growth and performing growth curve reconstructions that Tenontosaurus, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were reproductively mature by 8, 10, and 18 years, respectively. RM in these dinosaurs coincided with a transition from growth acceleration to deceleration. It also far precedes predictions based on the growth rates of living reptiles scaled to similar size. Despite relatively rapid growth, dinosaurs were similar to reptiles in that RM developed before reaching asymptotic size. However, this reproductive strategy also occurs in medium- to large-sized mammals and correlates with a strategy of prolonged multiyear growth. RM in actively growing individuals suggests that these dinosaurs were born relatively precocial and experienced high adult mortality. The origin of the modern avian reproductive strategy in ornithuran birds likely coincided with their extreme elevations in growth rate and truncations to growth duration.# 身体が大きくても寿命が短ければ成熟も早くなるということですかね
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# 消化管の内容物までそのまま残っているとは…
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# う~ん、よかったというべきか、残念というべきか…
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# 一ヶ月未満って、派遣なの?出張じゃないの?
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# まだ論文は見当たりません
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Naomi Ohnishi, Hitomi Yuasa, Shinya Tanaka, Hirofumi Sawa, Motohiro Miura, Atsushi Matsui, Hideaki Higashi, Manabu Musashi, Kazuya Iwabuchi, Misao Suzuki, Gen Yamada, Takeshi Azuma, Masanori Hatakeyama.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Early Edition | doi:10.1073/pnas.0711183105
Infection with cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of B cell origin. The cagA-encoded CagA protein is delivered into gastric epithelial cells via the bacterial type IV secretion system and, upon tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases, specifically binds to and aberrantly activates SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase, a bona fide oncoprotein in human malignancies. CagA also elicits junctional and polarity defects in epithelial cells by interacting with and inhibiting partitioning-defective 1 (PAR1)/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK) independently of CagA tyrosine phosphorylation. Despite these CagA activities that contribute to neoplastic transformation, a causal link between CagA and in vivo oncogenesis remains unknown. Here, we generated transgenic mice expressing wild-type or phosphorylation-resistant CagA throughout the body or predominantly in the stomach. Wild-type CagA transgenic mice showed gastric epithelial hyperplasia and some of the mice developed gastric polyps and adenocarcinomas of the stomach and small intestine. Systemic expression of wild-type CagA further induced leukocytosis with IL-3/GM-CSF hypersensitivity and some mice developed myeloid leukemias and B cell lymphomas, the hematological malignancies also caused by gain-of-function SHP-2 mutations. Such pathological abnormalities were not observed in transgenic mice expressing phosphorylation-resistant CagA. These results provide first direct evidence for the role of CagA as a bacterium-derived oncoprotein (bacterial oncoprotein) that acts in mammals and further indicate the importance of CagA tyrosine phosphorylation, which enables CagA to deregulate SHP-2, in the development of H. pylori-associated neoplasms.# 内容再掲…誰が「8日付」やねん
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Kazuhiro Nakamura, Shaun F Morrison.
Nature Neuroscience 11, 62-71 (2007) | doi:10.1038/nn2027
Defending body temperature against environmental thermal challenges is one of the most fundamental homeostatic functions that are governed by the nervous system. Here we describe a somatosensory pathway that essentially constitutes the afferent arm of the thermoregulatory reflex that is triggered by cutaneous sensation of environmental temperature changes. Using in vivo electrophysiological and anatomical approaches in the rat, we found that lateral parabrachial neurons are pivotal in this pathway by glutamatergically transmitting cutaneous thermosensory signals received from spinal somatosensory neurons directly to the thermoregulatory command center, the preoptic area. This feedforward pathway mediates not only sympathetic and shivering thermogenic responses but also metabolic and cardiac responses to skin cooling challenges. Notably, this 'thermoregulatory afferent' pathway exists in parallel with the spinothalamocortical somatosensory pathway that mediates temperature perception. These findings make an important contribution to our understanding of both the somatosensory system and thermal homeostasis―two mechanisms that are fundamental to the nervous system and to our survival.# 「寒い」という認識と体温調節中枢への温度情報伝達とは別物…意識と反応は異なるのね
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# エンジンが出来ただけでも凄いかも…
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# 検診被曝による発ガンという本末転倒が解消されるかも…
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# 「タミフルを投薬された患者が服用前に起こした異常行動を、投薬されなかった患者の異常行動として扱った点が誤りだ」…どういうこと?
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# こういう採用がもっと増えてくるといいなぁ
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# 人工空耳?…またおもろいこと考えますなぁ
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