共通テスト英語はセンター試験英語と比較して大幅に量が増えたものの、読解力と聴解力があれば確実に点が取れる試験です。そのためには、語彙と語順を身につけることが欠かせません。
センター試験の過去問から共通テスト英語攻略のための整序＆英英挟み撃ち問題をお届けします。整序問題は文意が通じるように並べて、英英挟み撃ち問題は青字の英英定義を参照して単語を文脈に合う形に完成させてください。青字の英英定義はすべて大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に収録されたものです。
1993追試-(5)改題
□Humans, in trying to understand the world, tend to ①(expect / find / they / what) to find. Moreover, through their actions, they may even ②(to / cause / become / their expectations) fact without being aware of it, as the following example shows.
□In an experiment carried out at an elementary school, teachers were told that certain children would “bloom” in their school work, although they were not chosen according to ability. They ③(expected / perform / were / to) better, and the results showed that they did. It seems that the teachers actively, though probably unconsciously, brought about the expected improvement in the students by the way they ④tre---- 【to deal with someone or something in a particular way】 them. Although the teachers believed they had no effect, the improvement was, in fact, the result of their behavior based on the predictions. In the classroom, ⑤(form / teachers / of / impressions) students from such things as appearance, behavior and previous test scores, and give them “labels.” When the expectations are high as in the experiment, the students may improve, but if the teachers have low expectations, the students may ⑥(progress / to / fail / make).
□Schools are certainly not the only places where people label others and then form expectations based on these possibly incorrect labels. For example, some criminals who have been released from prison ⑦(crime / to / because / return) society does not expect them to change. Or, in some societies, people of a certain color or class are often found to be most successful at school and in their professions. This may be because they have always been positively labeled, whereas other groups are expected to fail.
□We must recognize that using a label is a dangerous way to ⑧jud---- 【to form an opinion about someone or something】 a person: people's personalities develop and their lives change. We should understand that another person's behavior may result from our own ⑨pre---- 【an unreasonable feeling of dislike for a person or group】 towards that person. By being aware that expectations may produce their own ⑩out---- 【the final result of an action or event】, we can avoid labeling and allow every person an equal chance in life.
解答)①(find what they expect) ②(cause their expectations to become) ③(were expected to perform)④treated⑤(teachers form impressions of)⑥(fail to make progress)⑦(return to crime because)⑧judge⑨prejudice⑩outcome
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
□Humans, in trying to understand the world, tend to find what they expect to find. Moreover, through their actions, they may even cause their expectations to become fact without being aware of it, as the following example shows.
□In an experiment carried out at an elementary school, teachers were told that certain children would “bloom” in their school work, although they were not chosen according to ability. They were expected to perform better, and the results showed that they did. It seems that the teachers actively, though probably unconsciously, brought about the expected improvement in the students by the way they treated them. Although the teachers believed they had no effect, the improvement was, in fact, the result of their behavior based on the predictions. In the classroom, teachers form impressions of students from such things as appearance, behavior and previous test scores, and give them “labels.” When the expectations are high as in the experiment, the students may improve, but if the teachers have low expectations, the students may fail to make progress.
□Schools are certainly not the only places where people label others and then form expectations based on these possibly incorrect labels. For example, some criminals who have been released from prison return to crime because society does not expect them to change. Or, in some societies, people of a certain color or class are often found to be most successful at school and in their professions. This may be because they have always been positively labeled, whereas other groups are expected to fail.
□We must recognize that using a label is a dangerous way to judge a person: people's personalities develop and their lives change. We should understand that another person's behavior may result from our own prejudice towards that person. By being aware that expectations may produce their own outcome, we can avoid labeling and allow every person an equal chance in life.
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、８００の例文と大学受験生向けに新作した８００の英英定義文の中に２０００語以上の共通テストのキーワードになる英単語・熟語を網羅的に組み込み、四択問題と英英挟み撃ち問題からなる練習問題にしました。以下は、高校教科書レベルの基本的な単語から大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語と全く同じ形式で作成した練習問題です。
左ページ
①～④の単語に合致する(A)～(D)の英英定義を例文を参照して選んでください。
(1)
①enjoy【indʒɔ'i】(Ex:I *enjoy fishing every weekend.)(001)
②imagine【imǽdʒin】(Ex: In an *increasingly *connected world, many people can't *imagine life without the Internet.)(002)
③learn【lə'ːrn】(Ex:I *learned English from a Canadian teacher. )(003)
④join【dʒɔ'in】(Ex:When did Japan *join the United Nations?)(004)
(A)to form a picture of something in your mind
(B)to get pleasure from something
(C)to become a member of something such as a club, company, or other organization
(D)to get knowledge or skill in a particular subject or activity
(2)
①approach【əpróutʃ】(Ex: There were two *vehicles on the road *approaching the signal.) (005)
②travel【trǽvəl】(Ex: Sound *travels at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air.)(006)
③deliver【dilívər】(Ex: Photographs will be *delivered within three business days.) (007)
④hit【hít】(Ex:She suddenly *hit me on the head.)(008)
(A)to bring your hand against someone or something quickly and hard
(B)to move closer to someone or something
(C)to go from one place to another
(D)to take something to the requested place
右ページ
(1)
①enjoy：楽しむ(Ex:私は毎週末に釣りを楽しむ)
②imagine：想像する(Ex: ますますつながっている世界で、多くの人々はインターネットなしの生活を想像することはできない)
③learn：学ぶ(Ex:私は英語をカナダ人の先生から学んだ )
④join：参加する(Ex:日本はいつ国連に加入したのだろうか)
(A)何かの絵を心に作ること
(B)何かから喜びを得ること
(C)クラブ、会社、その他の組織の会員になること
(D)特定の学科や活動で知識や技能を得ること
(1)①(B)②(A)③(D)④(C)
(2)
①approach：近づく(Ex: 道路上には信号に近づく二台の車があった)(2010センター)
②travel：移動する(Ex: 音は、気温によって異なった速度で移動する)(2014関西学院大)
③deliver：配達する(Ex: 写真は三営業日以内に配達されます)(2012センター) (007)
④hit：たたく(Ex:彼女は突然私の頭をたたいた)(008)
(A)自分の手を誰かあるいは何かに対して素早く強く持っていくこと
(B)誰かあるいは何かに対してより近くに移動すること
(C)ひとつの場所から別な場所に行くこと
(D)何かを依頼された場所に持っていくこと
(2) ①(B)②(C)③(D)④(A)
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(3)
①wear【wéər】(Ex: He always *wears black shirt.)(009)
②sleep【slíːp】(Ex: Fred was so excited that he couldn't *sleep.)(010)
③float【flóut】(Ex: Why do boats *float and rocks *sink? )(011)
④catch【kǽtʃ】(Ex: Learning how to *catch a football is an important football skill.)(012)
(A)to stay on the surface of a liquid without sinking
(B)to rest your mind and body with your eyes closed, usually while lying down
(C) to stop and hold something that is moving, especially in the hands
(D)to have something on your body
(4)
①destroy【distrɔ'i】(Ex: *Rainforests are likely to make more money if they are not *destroyed.)(013)
②escape【iskéip】(Ex: When *escaping from fires, smoke and gases should be *avoided.)(014)
③judge【dʒʌ'dʒ】(Ex: You should know better than to *judge by *appearance.)(015)
④notice 【nóutis】(Ex: I opened the door quietly so that the teacher wouldn't *notice me.)(016)
(A)to get away from a dangerous situation
(B)to break something down *completely
(C)to become *aware of someone or something
(D)to *form an *opinion about someone or something
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(3)
①wear：身につける(Ex: 彼はいつも黒いシャツを着ている)
②sleep：眠る (Ex: フレッドはとても興奮して眠れなかった)
③float：浮く(Ex: なぜボートは浮いて岩は沈むのだろうか )
④catch：捕らえる(Ex: いかにフットボールを掴むか学ぶことは重要なフットボールの技術である。)
(A)液体の表面に沈まないでとどまること
(B)通常は横になって、目を閉じて心と体を休めること
(C) 特に手で、動いている何かを止めて掴むこと
(D)何かを身につけること
(3)①(D)②(B)③(A)④(C)
(4)
①destroy：破壊する(Ex: 熱帯雨林は破壊されなければもっと金になりそうだ。)(2009センター)
②escape：逃れる(Ex: 火から逃れるとき、煙とガスは避けるべきだ。)(2016センター追試)
③judge：判断する(Ex: 外見で判断するような馬鹿なことをすべきではない。）(2015昭和大）
④notice：気づく(Ex: 先生が気づかないように、私はドアを静かに開けた。)
(A)危険な状況から立ち去ること
(B)何かを完全に壊すこと
(C)誰かあるいは何かに気がつくこと
(D)誰かあるいは何かについて意見を形成すること
(4)①(B)②(A)③(D)④(C)
左ページ
定義文を読んでから例文を完成してください。音読するとさらに効果的です。
(001)I enj------- fishing every weekend.
【to get pleasure from something】
(002)In an increasingly connected world, many people can't ima------- life without the Internet.
【to form a picture of something in your mind】
(003)I lea------- English from a Canadian teacher.
【to get knowledge or skill in a particular subject or activity】
(004)When did Japan joi------- the United Nations?
【to become a member of something such as a club, company, or other organization】
(005)There were two vehicles on the road app------- the signal.
【to move closer to someone or something】
(006)Sound tra------- at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air.
【to go from one place to another】
(007)Photographs will be del------- within three business days.
【to take something to the requested place】
(008)She suddenly hi------- me on the head.
【to bring your hand against someone or something quickly and hard】
(001)enjoy(002)imagine(003)learned(004)join
(005)approaching(006)travels(007)delivered(008)hit
右ページ
(009)He always wea------- black shirt.
【to have something on your body】
(010)Fred was so excited that he couldn't sle-------.
【to rest your mind and body with your eyes closed, usually while lying down】
(011)Why do ships flo------- and rocks sink?
【to stay on the surface of a liquid without sinking】
(012)Learning how to cat------- a football is an important football skill.
【to stop and hold something that is moving, especially in the hands】
(013)Rainforests are likely to make more money if they are not des-------.
【to break something down completely】
(014)When esc------- from fires, smoke and gases should be avoided.
【to get away from a dangerous situation】
(015)You should know better than to jud------- by appearance.
【to form an opinion about someone or something】
(016)I opened the door quietly so that the teacher wouldn't not------- me.
【to become aware of someone or something】
(009)wears(010)sleep(011)float(012)catch
(013)destroyed(014)escaping(015)judge(016)notice
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記と同じ形式の練習問題を１６語×５０サイクル練習するため、語彙力、読解力、聴解力を効率的に養成できます。センター試験に比較してリーディングもリスニングも大幅に量が増えた共通テストを迎え撃つ極意は、できるだけ和訳せず英語を英語で理解することです。英英定義に親しむと英語を英語で理解する英語頭ができてくる結果、リーディングで時間が足りない、リスニングのスピードについていけないという悩みを大幅に解消できます。
左ページ
①～④の単語に合致する(A)～(D)の英英定義を例文を参照して選んでください。
(5)
①marry【mǽri】(Ex: She decided to *marry him.)(017)
②protect【prətékt】(Ex:Why should we *protect our environment? )(018)
③kick【kík】(Ex:She *kicked the door open. )(019)
④remember【rimémbər】(Ex:Do you *remember how we met?)(020)
(A)to hit someone or something with the foot
(B)to become the husband or wife of someone
(C)to keep someone or something safe from harm
(D)to have an image of someone or something in the past in your memory
(6)
①provide【prəváid】(Ex: Cows *provide us with milk.) (021)
②forget【fərgét】(Ex:I wrote down her name so I wouldn't *forget it. )(022)
③belong【bilɔ'ːŋ】(Ex: I used to *belong to the tennis club when I was a student.) (023)
④collect【kəlékt】(Ex:I didn't know you collected old coins. )(024)
(A)to be unable to remember
(B)to be a member of an organization
(C)to bring things together from different places
(D)to supply somebody with something
右ページ
(5)
①marry：結婚する(Ex: 彼女は彼と結婚すると決めた)
②protect：守る(Ex:なぜ我々は環境を守るべきなのだろうか)
③kick：蹴る(Ex:彼女はドアを蹴って開けた)
④remember：覚えている(Ex:あなたは私たちがどのように出会ったか覚えていますか)
(A)誰かあるいは何かを足で叩くこと
(B)誰かの夫あるいは妻になること
(C)誰かあるいは何かを害から安全に保つこと
(D)過去における誰かあるいは何かの画像を記憶の中に持つこと
(5)①(B)②(C)③(A)④(D)
(6)
①provide：提供する(Ex: 牛は私たちに牛乳を提供する)
②forget：忘れる(Ex:私は忘れないように彼女の名を書きとめた)
③belong：所属する(Ex: 私は学生の頃テニスクラブに所属していたものだ)
④collect：集める(Ex:君が古銭を集めていたとは知らなかった)
(A)思い出すことができないこと
(B)組織のメンバーであること
(C)異なる場所から物を集めること
(D)誰かに何かを供給すること
(6)①(D)②(A)③(B)④(C)
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(7)
①cancel【kǽnsəl】(Ex:How do I cancel my order? )(025)
②introduce【ìntrədjúːs】(Ex:She *introduced her daughter to me. )(026)
③exchange【ikstʃéindʒ】(Ex:Do you know how to *exchange business cards in Japan?)(027)
④lend【lénd】(Ex:Would you *lend me your dictionary?)(028)
(A)to say that an event that was planned will not now happen
(B)to give something and receive something else in return
(C)to allow someone to use something for a short time
(D)to bring one person to another person so that they can meet
(8)
①elect【ilékt】(Ex: Lincoln was the first member of the Republican Party elected to the presidency. )(029)
②invite【invɑ'it】(Ex: Thank you for *inviting me to your birthday party.)(030)
③sell【sél】(Ex:What is the quickest way to *sell a car?)(031)
④wait【wéit】(Ex:I'm sorry to have kept you *waiting.)(032)
(A)to stay in a particular place until someone arrives
(B)to give something in exchange for money
(C) to ask someone to come to an event
(D)to choose someone by voting
右ページ
(7)
①cancel：取り消す(Ex:どうすれば注文を取り消せるだろうか)
②introduce：紹介する(Ex:彼女は娘を私に紹介した)
③exchange：交換する(Ex:日本ではどのように名刺を交換するのかわかりますか)
④lend：貸す(Ex:辞書を貸していただけませんか)
(A)計画された出来事が起きないと言うこと
(B)誰かに何かを与えてその代わりに何かを受け取ること
(C)誰かが何かを短い間使うことを許すこと
(D)出会うことができるように一人の人を別な人の所に連れて行くこと
(7)①(A)②(D)③(B)④(C)
(8)
①elect：選出する(Ex: リンカーンは共和党で初めて大統領に選ばれた)
②invite：(Ex: 誕生パーティに招待いただき有り難うございます)
③sell：売る(Ex:クルマを売るのに一番手っ取り早い方法は何だろうか)
④wait：待つ(Ex:お待たせして申し訳ないです)
(A)誰かが来るまで特定の場にとどまること
(B)金と引き替えに何かを与えること
(C) 誰かに行事にくるよう頼むこと
(D)投票によって誰かを選ぶこと
(8)①(D)②(C) ③(B)④(A)
左ページ
定義文を読んでから例文を完成してください。音読するとさらに効果的です。
(017)She decided to mar------- him.【to become the husband or wife of someone】
(018)Why should we pro------- our environment? 【to keep someone or something safe from harm】
(019)She kic------- the door open. 【to hit someone or something with the foot】
(020)Do you rem------- how we met?
【to have an image of someone or something in the past in your memory】
(021)Cows pro------- us with milk.【to supply somebody with something】
(022)I wrote down her name so I wouldn't for------- it. 【to be unable to remember】
(023)I used to bel------- to the tennis club when I was a student.
【to be a member of an organization】
(024)I didn't know you col------- old coins. 【to bring things together from different places】
(017)marry(018)protect (019)kicked(020)remember
(021)provide(022)forget it(023)belong(024)collected
右ページ
(025)How do I can------ my order? 【to say that an event that was planned will not now happen】
(026)She int------ her daughter to me. 【to bring one person to another person so that they can meet】
(027)Do you know how to exc------ business cards in Japan?
【to give something and receive something else in return】
(028)Would you len------ me your dictionary?【to allow someone to use something for a short time】
(029)Lincoln was the first member of the Republican Party ele------ to the presidency.
【to choose someone by voting】
(030)Thank you for inv------ me to your birthday party.【to ask someone to come to an event】
(031)What is the quickest way to sel------ a car?【to give something in exchange for money】
(032)I'm sorry to have kept you wai------ .【to stay in a particular place until someone arrives】
(025)cancel(026)introduced(027)exchange(028)lend
(029)elected(030)inviting(031)sell (032)waiting
(9)
①discussion【diskʌ'ʃən】(We should avoid *discussion of religion and politics at the dinner table.)(033)
②background【bǽkgrɑùnd】(Ex:People from different *background gather in workplaces. )(034)
③advice【ædváis】(Ex: Her *advice is always helpful to me. )(035)
④elevator【éləvèitər】(Ex: In the event of fire, don't use the *elevator. )(036)
(A)an opinion that someone gives others about what they should do
(B)the type of career, training, or education that shapes somebody's life
(C)the process of talking about something important
(D)a machine that carries people and goods up and down in a building
(10)
①fashion【fǽʃən】(Ex:It is very expensive to keep up with the latest *fashions.)037)
②economy【ikɑ'nəmi】(Ex:Why is trade so important to Japan's *economy?)(038)
③gesture【dʒéstʃər】(Ex:Hand *gestures can mean very different things in different cultures.)(039)
④dream【dríːm】(Ex:What does it mean when you see fire in your *dream?)(040)
(A)the system by which a place's money and goods are made and used
(B)a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are asleep
(C)the fact that something is popular at a particular time
(D)a movement of your body that communicates a feeling or instruction
右ページ
(9)
①discussion：議論(われわれはディナーの席上で宗教と政治の議論は避けるべきだ。)
②background：背景(Ex:異なる背景の人々が職場に集まる。)
③advice：助言(Ex: 彼女の助言はいつも私の助けになる。)
④elevator：エレベーター(Ex: 火事に際して、エレベーターを使ってはいけない。)
(A)何をすべきかについて誰かが他者に与える意見
(B)誰かの人生を形作る経歴、訓練、あるいは教育の種類
(C)何か重要なことについて話す過程
(D)人々あるいは品物をビルの上や下に運ぶ機械
①(C)②(B)③(A)④(D)
(10)
①fashion：流行(Ex:最新の流行についていくにはとても金がかかる。)
②economy：経済(Ex:なぜ貿易は日本の経済にそれほど重要なのだろうか。)
③gesture：身ぶり(Ex:手のジェスチュアは文化によってとても違ったことを意味する。)
④dream：夢(Ex:夢に火を見るのは何を意味するのだろう。)
(A)ある地域の金や品物が作られ使われるあり方
(B)眠っている間に心の中で起きる一連の出来事や画像
(C)ある特定の時期に何かが人気があるという事実
(D)感情あるいは支持を伝える体の動き
①(C)②(A)③(D)④(B)
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(11)
①imagination【imæ`dʒənéiʃən】(Ex:How does reading help children's *imagination?)(041)
②hobby【hɑ'bi】(Ex:My *hobby is taking pictures of wild animals.)(042)
③noise【nɔ'iz】(Ex:There was so much *noise in the classroom that Hisako could not make herself heard.)(2012センター)(043)
④means【míːnz】(Ex:The bus is the common *means of public transportation.)(044)
(A)an activity that someone does for pleasure in their free time
(B)the ability to create pictures or ideas in your mind
(C)a loud or unpleasant sound
(D)a way of doing or achieving something
(12)
①salary【sǽləri】(Ex:He was earning a large *salary when he retired.)(045)
②talent【tǽlənt】(Ex:He has a great *talent for music.)046)
③penalty【pénəlti】(Ex:There are severe *penalties in Japan for drinking and driving. )(047)
④rival【ráivəl】(Ex: Two *rivals have different policies on several key issues.)(048)
(A)a punishment for breaking a rule
(B)a person or thing that competes with another
(C)the money that a person receives each month or year from their job
(D)a natural skill or ability to do something well
右ページ
(11)
①imagination：想像力(Ex:いかに読書は子どもの想像力を助けるのだろうか。)
②hobby：趣味(Ex:私の趣味は野生動物の写真を撮ることだ。)
③noise：騒音(Ex:教室の騒音がひどくてヒサコは自分の声を届けられなかった。)
④means：手段(Ex:バスは公共交通の一般的な手段だ。)
(A)誰かが自由時間に楽しみで行う活動
(B)心の中に画像や考えを作り出す能力
(C)大きなあるいは不快な音
(D)何かを行ったり達成したりするやり方
①(B)②(A)③(C)④(D)
(12)
①salary：給料(Ex:彼は退職時に多額の給料を稼いでいた。)
②talent：才能(Ex:彼は大した音楽の才能がある。)
③penalty：罰則(Ex:日本では飲酒運転にきびしい罰則がある。)
④rival【ráivəl】(Ex: ふたりのライバルは重要問題に異なる方針を持っている。)
(A)ルールを破ったことに対する罰
(B)互いに競う人や物
(C)人が毎月あるいは毎年仕事から受け取る金
(D)何かをうまく行うためのもって生まれた能力
①(C)②(D)③(A)④(B)
左ページ
定義文を参考に例文を完成してください。定義文→例文の順で音読すると一層効果的です。
(033)We should avoid dis------- of religion and politics at the dinner table.
【the process of talking about something important】
(034)People from different bac------- gather in workplaces.
【the type of career, training, or education that shapes somebody's life】
(035) Her adv------- is always helpful to me.
【an opinion that someone gives others about what they should do】
(036)In the event of fire, don't use the ele------- .
【a machine that carries people and goods up and down in a building】
(037)It is very expensive to keep up with the latest fas-------
【the fact that something is popular at a particular time】
(038)Why is trade so important to Japan's eco------- ?
【the system by which a place's money and goods are made and used】
(039)Hand ges------- can mean very different things in different cultures.
【a movement of your body that communicates a feeling or instruction】
(040)What does it mean when you see fire in your dre------- ?
【a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are asleep】
(033)discussion(034)background(035)advice(036)elevator
(037)fashions(038)economy(039)gestures(040)dream
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(041)How does reading help children's ima------- ?
【the ability to create pictures or ideas in your mind】
(042)My hob------- is taking pictures of wild animals.
【an activity that someone does for pleasure in their free time】
(043)There was so much noi------- in the classroom that Hisako could not make herself heard.
【a loud or unpleasant sound】
(044)The bus is the common mea------- of public transportation.
【a way of doing or achieving something】
(045)He was earning a large sal------- when he retired.
【the money that a person receives each month or year from their job】
(046)He has a great tal------- for music.
【a natural skill or ability to do something well】
(047)There are severe pen------- in Japan for drinking and driving.
【a punishment for breaking a rule】
(048)Two riv------- have different policies on several key issues.
【a person or thing that competes with another】
(041)imagination(042)hobby(043)noise(044)means
(045)salary(046)talent(047)penalties(048)rivals
高校生のための英英辞典入門(65)～(128)に続く。
センター試験の過去問から共通テスト英語攻略のための整序＆英英挟み撃ち問題をお届けします。整序問題は文意が通じるように並べて、英英挟み撃ち問題は青字の英英定義を参照して単語を文脈に合う形に完成させてください。青字の英英定義はすべて大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に収録されたものです。
1993追試-(5)改題
□Humans, in trying to understand the world, tend to ①(expect / find / they / what) to find. Moreover, through their actions, they may even ②(to / cause / become / their expectations) fact without being aware of it, as the following example shows.
□In an experiment carried out at an elementary school, teachers were told that certain children would “bloom” in their school work, although they were not chosen according to ability. They ③(expected / perform / were / to) better, and the results showed that they did. It seems that the teachers actively, though probably unconsciously, brought about the expected improvement in the students by the way they ④tre---- 【to deal with someone or something in a particular way】 them. Although the teachers believed they had no effect, the improvement was, in fact, the result of their behavior based on the predictions. In the classroom, ⑤(form / teachers / of / impressions) students from such things as appearance, behavior and previous test scores, and give them “labels.” When the expectations are high as in the experiment, the students may improve, but if the teachers have low expectations, the students may ⑥(progress / to / fail / make).
□Schools are certainly not the only places where people label others and then form expectations based on these possibly incorrect labels. For example, some criminals who have been released from prison ⑦(crime / to / because / return) society does not expect them to change. Or, in some societies, people of a certain color or class are often found to be most successful at school and in their professions. This may be because they have always been positively labeled, whereas other groups are expected to fail.
□We must recognize that using a label is a dangerous way to ⑧jud---- 【to form an opinion about someone or something】 a person: people's personalities develop and their lives change. We should understand that another person's behavior may result from our own ⑨pre---- 【an unreasonable feeling of dislike for a person or group】 towards that person. By being aware that expectations may produce their own ⑩out---- 【the final result of an action or event】, we can avoid labeling and allow every person an equal chance in life.
解答)①(find what they expect) ②(cause their expectations to become) ③(were expected to perform)④treated⑤(teachers form impressions of)⑥(fail to make progress)⑦(return to crime because)⑧judge⑨prejudice⑩outcome
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
□Humans, in trying to understand the world, tend to find what they expect to find. Moreover, through their actions, they may even cause their expectations to become fact without being aware of it, as the following example shows.
□In an experiment carried out at an elementary school, teachers were told that certain children would “bloom” in their school work, although they were not chosen according to ability. They were expected to perform better, and the results showed that they did. It seems that the teachers actively, though probably unconsciously, brought about the expected improvement in the students by the way they treated them. Although the teachers believed they had no effect, the improvement was, in fact, the result of their behavior based on the predictions. In the classroom, teachers form impressions of students from such things as appearance, behavior and previous test scores, and give them “labels.” When the expectations are high as in the experiment, the students may improve, but if the teachers have low expectations, the students may fail to make progress.
□Schools are certainly not the only places where people label others and then form expectations based on these possibly incorrect labels. For example, some criminals who have been released from prison return to crime because society does not expect them to change. Or, in some societies, people of a certain color or class are often found to be most successful at school and in their professions. This may be because they have always been positively labeled, whereas other groups are expected to fail.
□We must recognize that using a label is a dangerous way to judge a person: people's personalities develop and their lives change. We should understand that another person's behavior may result from our own prejudice towards that person. By being aware that expectations may produce their own outcome, we can avoid labeling and allow every person an equal chance in life.
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、８００の例文と大学受験生向けに新作した８００の英英定義文の中に２０００語以上の共通テストのキーワードになる英単語・熟語を網羅的に組み込み、四択問題と英英挟み撃ち問題からなる練習問題にしました。以下は、高校教科書レベルの基本的な単語から大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語と全く同じ形式で作成した練習問題です。
左ページ
①～④の単語に合致する(A)～(D)の英英定義を例文を参照して選んでください。
(1)
①enjoy【indʒɔ'i】(Ex:I *enjoy fishing every weekend.)(001)
②imagine【imǽdʒin】(Ex: In an *increasingly *connected world, many people can't *imagine life without the Internet.)(002)
③learn【lə'ːrn】(Ex:I *learned English from a Canadian teacher. )(003)
④join【dʒɔ'in】(Ex:When did Japan *join the United Nations?)(004)
(A)to form a picture of something in your mind
(B)to get pleasure from something
(C)to become a member of something such as a club, company, or other organization
(D)to get knowledge or skill in a particular subject or activity
(2)
①approach【əpróutʃ】(Ex: There were two *vehicles on the road *approaching the signal.) (005)
②travel【trǽvəl】(Ex: Sound *travels at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air.)(006)
③deliver【dilívər】(Ex: Photographs will be *delivered within three business days.) (007)
④hit【hít】(Ex:She suddenly *hit me on the head.)(008)
(A)to bring your hand against someone or something quickly and hard
(B)to move closer to someone or something
(C)to go from one place to another
(D)to take something to the requested place
右ページ
(1)
①enjoy：楽しむ(Ex:私は毎週末に釣りを楽しむ)
②imagine：想像する(Ex: ますますつながっている世界で、多くの人々はインターネットなしの生活を想像することはできない)
③learn：学ぶ(Ex:私は英語をカナダ人の先生から学んだ )
④join：参加する(Ex:日本はいつ国連に加入したのだろうか)
(A)何かの絵を心に作ること
(B)何かから喜びを得ること
(C)クラブ、会社、その他の組織の会員になること
(D)特定の学科や活動で知識や技能を得ること
(1)①(B)②(A)③(D)④(C)
(2)
①approach：近づく(Ex: 道路上には信号に近づく二台の車があった)(2010センター)
②travel：移動する(Ex: 音は、気温によって異なった速度で移動する)(2014関西学院大)
③deliver：配達する(Ex: 写真は三営業日以内に配達されます)(2012センター) (007)
④hit：たたく(Ex:彼女は突然私の頭をたたいた)(008)
(A)自分の手を誰かあるいは何かに対して素早く強く持っていくこと
(B)誰かあるいは何かに対してより近くに移動すること
(C)ひとつの場所から別な場所に行くこと
(D)何かを依頼された場所に持っていくこと
(2) ①(B)②(C)③(D)④(A)
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(3)
①wear【wéər】(Ex: He always *wears black shirt.)(009)
②sleep【slíːp】(Ex: Fred was so excited that he couldn't *sleep.)(010)
③float【flóut】(Ex: Why do boats *float and rocks *sink? )(011)
④catch【kǽtʃ】(Ex: Learning how to *catch a football is an important football skill.)(012)
(A)to stay on the surface of a liquid without sinking
(B)to rest your mind and body with your eyes closed, usually while lying down
(C) to stop and hold something that is moving, especially in the hands
(D)to have something on your body
(4)
①destroy【distrɔ'i】(Ex: *Rainforests are likely to make more money if they are not *destroyed.)(013)
②escape【iskéip】(Ex: When *escaping from fires, smoke and gases should be *avoided.)(014)
③judge【dʒʌ'dʒ】(Ex: You should know better than to *judge by *appearance.)(015)
④notice 【nóutis】(Ex: I opened the door quietly so that the teacher wouldn't *notice me.)(016)
(A)to get away from a dangerous situation
(B)to break something down *completely
(C)to become *aware of someone or something
(D)to *form an *opinion about someone or something
右ページ
(3)
①wear：身につける(Ex: 彼はいつも黒いシャツを着ている)
②sleep：眠る (Ex: フレッドはとても興奮して眠れなかった)
③float：浮く(Ex: なぜボートは浮いて岩は沈むのだろうか )
④catch：捕らえる(Ex: いかにフットボールを掴むか学ぶことは重要なフットボールの技術である。)
(A)液体の表面に沈まないでとどまること
(B)通常は横になって、目を閉じて心と体を休めること
(C) 特に手で、動いている何かを止めて掴むこと
(D)何かを身につけること
(3)①(D)②(B)③(A)④(C)
(4)
①destroy：破壊する(Ex: 熱帯雨林は破壊されなければもっと金になりそうだ。)(2009センター)
②escape：逃れる(Ex: 火から逃れるとき、煙とガスは避けるべきだ。)(2016センター追試)
③judge：判断する(Ex: 外見で判断するような馬鹿なことをすべきではない。）(2015昭和大）
④notice：気づく(Ex: 先生が気づかないように、私はドアを静かに開けた。)
(A)危険な状況から立ち去ること
(B)何かを完全に壊すこと
(C)誰かあるいは何かに気がつくこと
(D)誰かあるいは何かについて意見を形成すること
(4)①(B)②(A)③(D)④(C)
左ページ
定義文を読んでから例文を完成してください。音読するとさらに効果的です。
(001)I enj------- fishing every weekend.
【to get pleasure from something】
(002)In an increasingly connected world, many people can't ima------- life without the Internet.
【to form a picture of something in your mind】
(003)I lea------- English from a Canadian teacher.
【to get knowledge or skill in a particular subject or activity】
(004)When did Japan joi------- the United Nations?
【to become a member of something such as a club, company, or other organization】
(005)There were two vehicles on the road app------- the signal.
【to move closer to someone or something】
(006)Sound tra------- at different speeds, depending on the temperature of the air.
【to go from one place to another】
(007)Photographs will be del------- within three business days.
【to take something to the requested place】
(008)She suddenly hi------- me on the head.
【to bring your hand against someone or something quickly and hard】
(001)enjoy(002)imagine(003)learned(004)join
(005)approaching(006)travels(007)delivered(008)hit
右ページ
(009)He always wea------- black shirt.
【to have something on your body】
(010)Fred was so excited that he couldn't sle-------.
【to rest your mind and body with your eyes closed, usually while lying down】
(011)Why do ships flo------- and rocks sink?
【to stay on the surface of a liquid without sinking】
(012)Learning how to cat------- a football is an important football skill.
【to stop and hold something that is moving, especially in the hands】
(013)Rainforests are likely to make more money if they are not des-------.
【to break something down completely】
(014)When esc------- from fires, smoke and gases should be avoided.
【to get away from a dangerous situation】
(015)You should know better than to jud------- by appearance.
【to form an opinion about someone or something】
(016)I opened the door quietly so that the teacher wouldn't not------- me.
【to become aware of someone or something】
(009)wears(010)sleep(011)float(012)catch
(013)destroyed(014)escaping(015)judge(016)notice
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記と同じ形式の練習問題を１６語×５０サイクル練習するため、語彙力、読解力、聴解力を効率的に養成できます。センター試験に比較してリーディングもリスニングも大幅に量が増えた共通テストを迎え撃つ極意は、できるだけ和訳せず英語を英語で理解することです。英英定義に親しむと英語を英語で理解する英語頭ができてくる結果、リーディングで時間が足りない、リスニングのスピードについていけないという悩みを大幅に解消できます。
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①～④の単語に合致する(A)～(D)の英英定義を例文を参照して選んでください。
(5)
①marry【mǽri】(Ex: She decided to *marry him.)(017)
②protect【prətékt】(Ex:Why should we *protect our environment? )(018)
③kick【kík】(Ex:She *kicked the door open. )(019)
④remember【rimémbər】(Ex:Do you *remember how we met?)(020)
(A)to hit someone or something with the foot
(B)to become the husband or wife of someone
(C)to keep someone or something safe from harm
(D)to have an image of someone or something in the past in your memory
(6)
①provide【prəváid】(Ex: Cows *provide us with milk.) (021)
②forget【fərgét】(Ex:I wrote down her name so I wouldn't *forget it. )(022)
③belong【bilɔ'ːŋ】(Ex: I used to *belong to the tennis club when I was a student.) (023)
④collect【kəlékt】(Ex:I didn't know you collected old coins. )(024)
(A)to be unable to remember
(B)to be a member of an organization
(C)to bring things together from different places
(D)to supply somebody with something
右ページ
(5)
①marry：結婚する(Ex: 彼女は彼と結婚すると決めた)
②protect：守る(Ex:なぜ我々は環境を守るべきなのだろうか)
③kick：蹴る(Ex:彼女はドアを蹴って開けた)
④remember：覚えている(Ex:あなたは私たちがどのように出会ったか覚えていますか)
(A)誰かあるいは何かを足で叩くこと
(B)誰かの夫あるいは妻になること
(C)誰かあるいは何かを害から安全に保つこと
(D)過去における誰かあるいは何かの画像を記憶の中に持つこと
(5)①(B)②(C)③(A)④(D)
(6)
①provide：提供する(Ex: 牛は私たちに牛乳を提供する)
②forget：忘れる(Ex:私は忘れないように彼女の名を書きとめた)
③belong：所属する(Ex: 私は学生の頃テニスクラブに所属していたものだ)
④collect：集める(Ex:君が古銭を集めていたとは知らなかった)
(A)思い出すことができないこと
(B)組織のメンバーであること
(C)異なる場所から物を集めること
(D)誰かに何かを供給すること
(6)①(D)②(A)③(B)④(C)
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(7)
①cancel【kǽnsəl】(Ex:How do I cancel my order? )(025)
②introduce【ìntrədjúːs】(Ex:She *introduced her daughter to me. )(026)
③exchange【ikstʃéindʒ】(Ex:Do you know how to *exchange business cards in Japan?)(027)
④lend【lénd】(Ex:Would you *lend me your dictionary?)(028)
(A)to say that an event that was planned will not now happen
(B)to give something and receive something else in return
(C)to allow someone to use something for a short time
(D)to bring one person to another person so that they can meet
(8)
①elect【ilékt】(Ex: Lincoln was the first member of the Republican Party elected to the presidency. )(029)
②invite【invɑ'it】(Ex: Thank you for *inviting me to your birthday party.)(030)
③sell【sél】(Ex:What is the quickest way to *sell a car?)(031)
④wait【wéit】(Ex:I'm sorry to have kept you *waiting.)(032)
(A)to stay in a particular place until someone arrives
(B)to give something in exchange for money
(C) to ask someone to come to an event
(D)to choose someone by voting
右ページ
(7)
①cancel：取り消す(Ex:どうすれば注文を取り消せるだろうか)
②introduce：紹介する(Ex:彼女は娘を私に紹介した)
③exchange：交換する(Ex:日本ではどのように名刺を交換するのかわかりますか)
④lend：貸す(Ex:辞書を貸していただけませんか)
(A)計画された出来事が起きないと言うこと
(B)誰かに何かを与えてその代わりに何かを受け取ること
(C)誰かが何かを短い間使うことを許すこと
(D)出会うことができるように一人の人を別な人の所に連れて行くこと
(7)①(A)②(D)③(B)④(C)
(8)
①elect：選出する(Ex: リンカーンは共和党で初めて大統領に選ばれた)
②invite：(Ex: 誕生パーティに招待いただき有り難うございます)
③sell：売る(Ex:クルマを売るのに一番手っ取り早い方法は何だろうか)
④wait：待つ(Ex:お待たせして申し訳ないです)
(A)誰かが来るまで特定の場にとどまること
(B)金と引き替えに何かを与えること
(C) 誰かに行事にくるよう頼むこと
(D)投票によって誰かを選ぶこと
(8)①(D)②(C) ③(B)④(A)
左ページ
定義文を読んでから例文を完成してください。音読するとさらに効果的です。
(017)She decided to mar------- him.【to become the husband or wife of someone】
(018)Why should we pro------- our environment? 【to keep someone or something safe from harm】
(019)She kic------- the door open. 【to hit someone or something with the foot】
(020)Do you rem------- how we met?
【to have an image of someone or something in the past in your memory】
(021)Cows pro------- us with milk.【to supply somebody with something】
(022)I wrote down her name so I wouldn't for------- it. 【to be unable to remember】
(023)I used to bel------- to the tennis club when I was a student.
【to be a member of an organization】
(024)I didn't know you col------- old coins. 【to bring things together from different places】
(017)marry(018)protect (019)kicked(020)remember
(021)provide(022)forget it(023)belong(024)collected
右ページ
(025)How do I can------ my order? 【to say that an event that was planned will not now happen】
(026)She int------ her daughter to me. 【to bring one person to another person so that they can meet】
(027)Do you know how to exc------ business cards in Japan?
【to give something and receive something else in return】
(028)Would you len------ me your dictionary?【to allow someone to use something for a short time】
(029)Lincoln was the first member of the Republican Party ele------ to the presidency.
【to choose someone by voting】
(030)Thank you for inv------ me to your birthday party.【to ask someone to come to an event】
(031)What is the quickest way to sel------ a car?【to give something in exchange for money】
(032)I'm sorry to have kept you wai------ .【to stay in a particular place until someone arrives】
(025)cancel(026)introduced(027)exchange(028)lend
(029)elected(030)inviting(031)sell (032)waiting
(9)
①discussion【diskʌ'ʃən】(We should avoid *discussion of religion and politics at the dinner table.)(033)
②background【bǽkgrɑùnd】(Ex:People from different *background gather in workplaces. )(034)
③advice【ædváis】(Ex: Her *advice is always helpful to me. )(035)
④elevator【éləvèitər】(Ex: In the event of fire, don't use the *elevator. )(036)
(A)an opinion that someone gives others about what they should do
(B)the type of career, training, or education that shapes somebody's life
(C)the process of talking about something important
(D)a machine that carries people and goods up and down in a building
(10)
①fashion【fǽʃən】(Ex:It is very expensive to keep up with the latest *fashions.)037)
②economy【ikɑ'nəmi】(Ex:Why is trade so important to Japan's *economy?)(038)
③gesture【dʒéstʃər】(Ex:Hand *gestures can mean very different things in different cultures.)(039)
④dream【dríːm】(Ex:What does it mean when you see fire in your *dream?)(040)
(A)the system by which a place's money and goods are made and used
(B)a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are asleep
(C)the fact that something is popular at a particular time
(D)a movement of your body that communicates a feeling or instruction
右ページ
(9)
①discussion：議論(われわれはディナーの席上で宗教と政治の議論は避けるべきだ。)
②background：背景(Ex:異なる背景の人々が職場に集まる。)
③advice：助言(Ex: 彼女の助言はいつも私の助けになる。)
④elevator：エレベーター(Ex: 火事に際して、エレベーターを使ってはいけない。)
(A)何をすべきかについて誰かが他者に与える意見
(B)誰かの人生を形作る経歴、訓練、あるいは教育の種類
(C)何か重要なことについて話す過程
(D)人々あるいは品物をビルの上や下に運ぶ機械
①(C)②(B)③(A)④(D)
(10)
①fashion：流行(Ex:最新の流行についていくにはとても金がかかる。)
②economy：経済(Ex:なぜ貿易は日本の経済にそれほど重要なのだろうか。)
③gesture：身ぶり(Ex:手のジェスチュアは文化によってとても違ったことを意味する。)
④dream：夢(Ex:夢に火を見るのは何を意味するのだろう。)
(A)ある地域の金や品物が作られ使われるあり方
(B)眠っている間に心の中で起きる一連の出来事や画像
(C)ある特定の時期に何かが人気があるという事実
(D)感情あるいは支持を伝える体の動き
①(C)②(A)③(D)④(B)
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(11)
①imagination【imæ`dʒənéiʃən】(Ex:How does reading help children's *imagination?)(041)
②hobby【hɑ'bi】(Ex:My *hobby is taking pictures of wild animals.)(042)
③noise【nɔ'iz】(Ex:There was so much *noise in the classroom that Hisako could not make herself heard.)(2012センター)(043)
④means【míːnz】(Ex:The bus is the common *means of public transportation.)(044)
(A)an activity that someone does for pleasure in their free time
(B)the ability to create pictures or ideas in your mind
(C)a loud or unpleasant sound
(D)a way of doing or achieving something
(12)
①salary【sǽləri】(Ex:He was earning a large *salary when he retired.)(045)
②talent【tǽlənt】(Ex:He has a great *talent for music.)046)
③penalty【pénəlti】(Ex:There are severe *penalties in Japan for drinking and driving. )(047)
④rival【ráivəl】(Ex: Two *rivals have different policies on several key issues.)(048)
(A)a punishment for breaking a rule
(B)a person or thing that competes with another
(C)the money that a person receives each month or year from their job
(D)a natural skill or ability to do something well
右ページ
(11)
①imagination：想像力(Ex:いかに読書は子どもの想像力を助けるのだろうか。)
②hobby：趣味(Ex:私の趣味は野生動物の写真を撮ることだ。)
③noise：騒音(Ex:教室の騒音がひどくてヒサコは自分の声を届けられなかった。)
④means：手段(Ex:バスは公共交通の一般的な手段だ。)
(A)誰かが自由時間に楽しみで行う活動
(B)心の中に画像や考えを作り出す能力
(C)大きなあるいは不快な音
(D)何かを行ったり達成したりするやり方
①(B)②(A)③(C)④(D)
(12)
①salary：給料(Ex:彼は退職時に多額の給料を稼いでいた。)
②talent：才能(Ex:彼は大した音楽の才能がある。)
③penalty：罰則(Ex:日本では飲酒運転にきびしい罰則がある。)
④rival【ráivəl】(Ex: ふたりのライバルは重要問題に異なる方針を持っている。)
(A)ルールを破ったことに対する罰
(B)互いに競う人や物
(C)人が毎月あるいは毎年仕事から受け取る金
(D)何かをうまく行うためのもって生まれた能力
①(C)②(D)③(A)④(B)
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定義文を参考に例文を完成してください。定義文→例文の順で音読すると一層効果的です。
(033)We should avoid dis------- of religion and politics at the dinner table.
【the process of talking about something important】
(034)People from different bac------- gather in workplaces.
【the type of career, training, or education that shapes somebody's life】
(035) Her adv------- is always helpful to me.
【an opinion that someone gives others about what they should do】
(036)In the event of fire, don't use the ele------- .
【a machine that carries people and goods up and down in a building】
(037)It is very expensive to keep up with the latest fas-------
【the fact that something is popular at a particular time】
(038)Why is trade so important to Japan's eco------- ?
【the system by which a place's money and goods are made and used】
(039)Hand ges------- can mean very different things in different cultures.
【a movement of your body that communicates a feeling or instruction】
(040)What does it mean when you see fire in your dre------- ?
【a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are asleep】
(033)discussion(034)background(035)advice(036)elevator
(037)fashions(038)economy(039)gestures(040)dream
右ページ
(041)How does reading help children's ima------- ?
【the ability to create pictures or ideas in your mind】
(042)My hob------- is taking pictures of wild animals.
【an activity that someone does for pleasure in their free time】
(043)There was so much noi------- in the classroom that Hisako could not make herself heard.
【a loud or unpleasant sound】
(044)The bus is the common mea------- of public transportation.
【a way of doing or achieving something】
(045)He was earning a large sal------- when he retired.
【the money that a person receives each month or year from their job】
(046)He has a great tal------- for music.
【a natural skill or ability to do something well】
(047)There are severe pen------- in Japan for drinking and driving.
【a punishment for breaking a rule】
(048)Two riv------- have different policies on several key issues.
【a person or thing that competes with another】
(041)imagination(042)hobby(043)noise(044)means
(045)salary(046)talent(047)penalties(048)rivals
高校生のための英英辞典入門(65)～(128)に続く。
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