リスニングもリーディングも大幅に量が増えた共通テスト英語を攻略するにはできるだけ和訳せず英語を英語のまま理解する意識が不可欠です。全文訳にこだわるような英語教育に長いこと馴染んでいると和訳せずには理解できないような状態になり伸び悩みます。以下にお示しするのは和訳せずに理解度を確認できる長文整序問題で、共通テスト英語対策に有効です。
1990センター試験第５問改題
□□About fifteen hundred years ago the Japanese ①(many aspects / imported / Chinese culture / of): the writing system, political institutions, and perhaps most important, Buddhism. Buddhist priests were expected to eat only vegetables, and tôfu, made from the soybean, was a very important food in their diet. When Buddhism ②(China / introduced / was / from), tôfu was also brought to Japan.
□Tôfu ③(in / developed / in China / different ways) and Japan. While the Chinese often changed the taste of tôfu by mixing it with strongly-flavored vegetables or meat, the Japanese ④(eat / to / it / preferred ) using only a simple sauce. Even now, ⑤(Japanese / preserves / traditional / cooking) the original delicacy of tôfu, though ⑥(served / it / the way / is) may change from season to season. In summer, for example, it is simply served cold, while in winter it is often eaten as part of a hot dish.
□The soybean was introduced to the West in the eighteenth century, but little interest was taken in it; only scientists recognized its high food value. During the Second World War, when meat was in short supply, the U.S. government ⑦(eat / the American people / encouraged / to) soybean products. However, they never became very popular and, after the war, interest in them dropped off as ⑧(meat / the supply / became / of) plentiful again.
□In recent years, people in the West have become increasingly aware of the dangers of eating too much animal fat, and as a result, they have turned more and more to soybean products. This is mainly because the soybean provides almost the ⑨(meat / food value / same / as), and in addition is a lot more healthful. Much of the margarine, salad oil, and cooking oil in daily use is now produced from soybean oil. Tôfu, a representative soybean product and originally one of the main foods in the diet of Chinese priests, is considered to be one of the healthiest ⑩(to / available / man / foods).
※解答①(imported many aspects of Chinese culture)②(was introduced from China)③(developed in different ways in China)④(preferred to eat it) ⑤(traditional Japanese cooking preserves)⑥(the way it is served) ⑦(encouraged the American people to eat)⑧(the supply of meat became) ⑨(same food value as meat)⑩(foods available to man)
□About fifteen hundred years ago the Japanese imported many aspects of Chinese culture: the writing system, political institutions, and perhaps most important, Buddhism. Buddhist priests were expected to eat only vegetables, and tôfu, made from the soybean, was a very important food in their diet. When Buddhism was introduced from China, tôfu was also brought to Japan.
□Tôfu developed in different ways in China and Japan. While the Chinese often changed the taste of tôfu by mixing it with strongly-flavored vegetables or meat, the Japanese preferred to eat it using only a simple sauce. Even now, traditional Japanese cooking preserves the original delicacy of tôfu, though the way it is served may change from season to season. In summer, for example, it is simply served cold, while in winter it is often eaten as part of a hot dish.
□The soybean was introduced to the West in the eighteenth century, but little interest was taken in it; only scientists recognized its high food value. During the Second World War, when meat was in short supply, the U.S. government encouraged the American people to eat soybean products. However, they never became very popular and, after the war, interest in them dropped off as the supply of meat became plentiful again.
□In recent years, people in the West have become increasingly aware of the dangers of eating too much animal fat, and as a result, they have turned more and more to soybean products. This is mainly because the soybean provides almost the same food value as meat, and in addition is a lot more healthful. Much of the margarine, salad oil, and cooking oil in daily use is now produced from soybean oil. Tôfu, a representative soybean product and originally one of the main foods in the diet of Chinese priests, is considered to be one of the healthiest foods available to man..
まずは、
(1)
①accept(Ex: In *accepting a *formal *invitation, it is important to *respond *appropriately)(.001)
②provide(Ex: Our *company *provides our *customers with clothing at *reasonable prices)(.002)
③display(Ex: He is an artist whose paintings are *displayed in a *museum in Paris. )(003)
④imagine(Ex: In an *increasingly *connected world, many people can't *imagine life without the Internet)(.004)
(A)to form a picture of something in your mind
(B)to give something to someone or make it available to them
(C)to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily
(D)to take something that is offered
次に以下のような英英挟み撃ち問題に取り組みます。定義文を読んでから例文を 作成するのがおすすめで、音読するとさらに有効です。
(001)In acc------- a formal invitation, it is important to respond appropriately. 【to take something that is offered】
(002)Our company pro------- our customers with clothing at reasonable prices. 【to give something to someone or make it available to them】
(003)He is an artist whose paintings are dis------- in a museum in Paris. 【to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily】
(004)In an increasingly connected world, many people can't ima------- life without the Internet. 【to form a picture of something in your mind】
日本人が英語を学習するにあたって、和訳は理解度を確認する有効な手段です。ただ、和訳には時間がかかり日本語語の思考回路を起動させてしまうという大きな欠点があります。全文訳にこだわるような英語教育に長いこと馴染んでいると和訳せずには理解できないような状態になり伸び悩みます。以下にお示しするのは、和訳せずに理解度を確認できる長文整序問題です。
2020センター試験追試第6問改題
□Milk is considered an important food around the world. Some advertisements even call it “the perfect food.” This has some truth as milk ①(protein / contains / muscles / to build), calcium for strengthening bones, and vitamins that are essential for good health. The importance of milk in our diets has a long history. In fact, since people started to breed farm animals, they have consumed animal milk.
□The oldest ②(milk consumption / evidence / was found / of ) at sites more than 10,000 years old. Surprisingly, it was not cow’s milk but sheep’s milk. People raised sheep for their meat, wool, and milk long before they began to raise cows. They turned this milk into the first types of cheese. Sheep’s milk has over 50% more fat than cow’s milk along with about twice the amount of protein. As fat content plays an important part in making cheese, sheep’s milk is often used to produce a number of cheeses. Goats, another animal raised before cows, also provide milk. Goat’s milk has a similar level of fat to cow’s milk, but less sugar. More recent examples of animal milk include deer’s milk and horse’s milk. Deer’s milk has higher levels of protein and fat than cow’s milk. Horse’s milk has less protein than cow’s milk, but six times as much vitamin C.
□At the present time, most milk ③(from / in stores / sold / comes) cows. The worldwide dairy industry depends on cows, which consistently ④(far / milk / produce / more) than other animals. The milk is sold to be drunk or turned into dairy products such as cheese, butter, yogurt, or ice cream. Regardless of how it is used, nowadays, most raw milk ⑤(get rid of / is / to / heated) harmful bacteria. Modern methods of treating milk and careful inspection of milk products have helped to ensure that the milk we consume today is safe. It has become one of the most highly ⑥(many countries / foods / regulated / in).
□Not all people, however, can digest milk. Although infants are able to take in milk easily, ⑦(declines / ability / in / this) a certain percentage of adults. Some of them can still eat products made from milk, like cheese or ice cream, while others are ⑧(to digest / unable / in / milk products ) any form. They know that having a bowl of delicious ice cream is only going to cause them torment. For these people, milk is certainly not the perfect food.
□Recently, different kinds of milk made from plants have appeared in supermarkets. These are especially ⑨(who cannot / popular / digest / with people) animal milk as well as with people seeking better health. A variety of plants are used, and each plant milk differs in its original state. The most popular type of plant milk is made from soybeans. Soy milk is similar in the amount of protein to cow’s milk but lacks calcium. Rice milk has a lower sugar content and less protein than cow’s milk. Coconut milk, which is common in Southeast Asia, has about half the calories of cow’s milk and less protein. In short, each of these plant milks ⑩(different amounts / nutrition / offers / of) to consumers.
□Currently, ⑪(milk / the decision / making / to drink) requires that we examine our options and choose the ones that are best for us. Each offers different benefits, allowing us to select the levels of protein or fat we want in order to satisfy our nutritional needs. No matter what these requirements are, milk in all its forms will continue to find a place in people’s diets.
※解答①(contains protein to build muscles)②(evidence of milk consumption was found) ③(sold in stores comes from) ④(produce far more milk) ⑤(is heated to get rid of) ⑥(regulated foods in many countries)⑦(this ability declines in)⑧(unable to digest milk products in)⑨(popular with people who cannot digest) ⑩(offers different amounts of nutrition) ⑪(making the decision to drink milk)
□Milk is considered an important food around the world. Some advertisements even call it “the perfect food.” This has some truth as milk contains protein to build muscles, calcium for strengtheningbones, and vitamins that are essential for good health. The importance of milk in our diets has a long history. In fact, since people started to breed farm animals, they have consumed animal milk.
□The oldest evidence of milk consumption was found at sites more than 10,000 years old. Surprisingly, it was not cow’s milk but sheep’s milk. People raised sheep for their meat, wool, and milk long before they began to raise cows. They turned this milk into the first types of cheese. Sheep’s milk has over 50% more fat than cow’s milk along with about twice the amount of protein. As fat content plays an important part in making cheese, sheep’s milk is often used to produce a number of cheeses. Goats, another animal raised before cows, also provide milk. Goat’s milk has a similar level of fat to cow’s milk, but less sugar. More recent examples of animal milk include deer’s milk and horse’s milk. Deer’s milk has higher levels of protein and fatthan cow’s milk. Horse’s milk has less protein than cow’s milk, but six times as much vitamin C.
□At the present time, most milk sold in stores comes from cows. The worldwide dairy industry depends on cows, which consistently produce far more milk than other animals. The milk is sold to be drunk or turned into dairy products such as cheese, butter, yogurt, or ice cream. Regardless of how it is used, nowadays, most raw milk is heated to get rid of harmful bacteria. Modern methods of treating milk and careful inspection of milk products have helped to ensure that the milk we consume today is safe. It has become one of the most highly regulated foods in many countries.
□Not all people, however, can digest milk. Although infants are able to take in milk easily, this ability declines in a certain percentage of adults. Some of them can still eat products made from milk, like cheese or ice cream, while others are unable to digest milk products in any form. They know that having a bowl of delicious ice cream is only going to cause them torment. For these people, milk is certainly not the perfect food.
□Recently, different kinds of milk made from plants have appeared in supermarkets. These are especially popular with people who cannot digest animal milk as well as with people seeking better health. A variety of plants are used, and each plant milk differs in its original state. The most popular type of plant milk is made from soybeans. Soy milk is similar in the amount of protein to cow’s milk but lacks calcium. Rice milk has a lower sugar content and less protein than cow’s milk. Coconut milk, which is common in Southeast Asia, has about half the calories of cow’s milk and less protein. In short, each of these plant milks offers different amounts of nutrition to consumers.
□Currently, making the decision to drink milk requires that we examine our options and choose the ones that are best for us. Each offers different benefits, allowing us to select the levels of protein or fat we want in order to satisfy our nutritional needs. No matter what these requirements are, milk in all its forms will continue to find a place in people’s diets.
まずは、
(1)
①accept(Ex: In *accepting a *formal *invitation, it is important to *respond *appropriately)(.001)
②provide(Ex: Our *company *provides our *customers with clothing at *reasonable prices)(.002)
③display(Ex: He is an artist whose paintings are *displayed in a *museum in Paris. )(003)
④imagine(Ex: In an *increasingly *connected world, many people can't *imagine life without the Internet)(.004)
(A)to form a picture of something in your mind
(B)to give something to someone or make it available to them
(C)to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily
(D)to take something that is offered
次に以下のような英英挟み撃ち問題に取り組みます。定義文を読んでから例文を 作成するのがおすすめで、音読するとさらに有効です。
(001)In acc------- a formal invitation, it is important to respond appropriately. 【to take something that is offered】
(002)Our company pro------- our customers with clothing at reasonable prices. 【to give something to someone or make it available to them】
(003)He is an artist whose paintings are dis------- in a museum in Paris. 【to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily】
(004)In an increasingly connected world, many people can't ima------- life without the Internet. 【to form a picture of something in your mind】
日本人が英語を学習するにあたって、和訳は理解度を確認する有効な手段です。ただ、和訳には時間がかかり日本語語の思考回路を起動させてしまうという大きな欠点があります。全文訳にこだわるような英語教育に長いこと馴染んでいると和訳せずには理解できないような状態になり伸び悩みます。以下にお示しするのは、和訳せずに理解度を確認できる長文整序問題です。
2020センター試験本試第6問改題
□Vending machines are so ①(Japan / in / that / common) you can find one almost anywhere you go. Some of these machines sell train or meal tickets, and others sell snacks or drinks. They are ②(useful / people / especially / for) who want to get something quickly and conveniently.
□While vending machines are found throughout the country today, ③(originally developed in / they / not / were) Japan. It is generally believed that the first one was constructed by a Greek mathematics teacher about 2,200 years ago. This machine sold special water used in prayers at temples. People who wanted to purchase the water put in a coin, which hit a metal lever attached to a string. Then, the weight of the coin let a specific ④(pour out / of / amount / water) until the coin fell off. This ⑤(that / ensured / received / people) an equal portion of the special water.
□ About 1,000 years ago, a vending machine that sold pencils was developed in China. Later, in the 1700s, coin-operated tobacco boxes appeared in English bars. When people wanted the product sold by one of these boxes, they inserted a coin and turned a lever. The product then dropped down for the customer to pick up. However, ⑥(not / it / until / was) the 1880s that vending machines spread around the world. In 1883, an English inventor created one that sold postcards and paper. This became popular, and soon vending machines selling paper, stamps, and other goods appeared in many countries. In 1904, vending machines ⑦(in / into / came / service) Japan. In 1926, technology had advanced and machines could be set to sell products with different prices. After that, a wider variety of products were sold. When this happened, the vending machine industry expanded rapidly.
□The greatest problem faced by the global vending machine industry in its expansion was not the use of coins; it was paper money. This was a challenge ⑧(proved / it / easy / as) for dishonest individuals to make money that could fool machines. This forced the vending machine industry to ⑨(better / establish / methods / detection) and was one reason countries took steps to develop money that was difficult to counterfeit. Now, vending machines have become technologically advanced, not only to prevent problems with cash ⑩(accept / but / to / also) credit cards and more recent forms of electronic payment.
□ It is in Japan that vending machines have become most popular. Currently, Japan has more than 4.2 million vending machines, with about 55% of them selling beverages such as tea, coffee, and juice. One of the main reasons Japan has become the vending machine capital of the world is its overall level of safety. Unlike many places, where vending machines must be ⑪(prevent / to / theft / monitored), they can be placed virtually anywhere in Japan. This extraordinary ⑫(safety / of / degree / public) is considered amazing by visitors, as well as the range of products available. Tourists often take pictures of machines that sell unexpected products like bananas, fresh eggs, and bags of rice. It is understandable that visitors see them as ⑬(aspect / to / one / particular) Japanese culture.
□⑭(and usefulness / the popularity / of / given) vending machines, it is unlikely that they will disappear anytime in the near future. They provide a place where various goods can be ⑮(without / for / sold / the need ) a sales clerk. The next time you want to purchase a hot drink on a cold day, remember that, in Japan at least, there is probably a vending machine just around the next corner.
解答）①(common in Japan that) ②(especially useful for people) ③(they were not originally developed) ④(amount of water pour out)⑤(ensured that people received)⑥(it was not until) ⑦(came into service in)⑧(as it proved easy)⑨(establish better detection methods)⑩(but also to accept)⑪(monitored to prevent theft)⑫(degree of public safety)⑬(one aspect particular to)⑭(Given the popularity and usefulness of)⑮(sold without the need for)
□Vending machines are so common in Japan that you can find one almost anywhere you go. Some of these machines sell train or meal tickets, and others sell snacks or drinks. They are especially useful for people who want to get something quickly and conveniently.
□While vending machines are found throughout the country today, they were not originally developed in Japan. It is generally believed that the first one was constructed by a Greek mathematics teacher about 2,200 years ago. This machine sold special water used in prayers at temples. People who wanted to purchase the water put in a coin, which hit a metal lever attached to a string. Then, the weight of the coin let a specific amount of water pour out until the coin fell off. This ensured that people received an equal portion of the special water.
□ About 1,000 years ago, a vending machine that sold pencils was developed in China. Later, in the 1700s, coin-operated tobacco boxes appeared in English bars. When people wanted the product sold by one of these boxes, they inserted a coin and turned a lever. The product then dropped down for the customer to pick up. However, it was not until the 1880s that vending machines spread around the world. In 1883, an English inventor created one that sold postcards and paper. This became popular, and soon vending machines selling paper, stamps, and other goods appeared in many countries. In 1904, vending machines came into service in Japan. In 1926, technology had advanced and machines could be set to sell products with different prices. After that, a wider variety of products were sold. When this happened, the vending machine industry expanded rapidly.
□The greatest problem faced by the global vending machine industry in its expansion was not the use of coins; it was paper money. This was a challenge as it proved easy for dishonest individuals to make money that could fool machines. This forced the vending machine industry to establish better detection methods and was one reason countries took steps to develop money that was difficult to counterfeit. Now, vending machines have become technologically advanced, not only to prevent problems with cash but also to accept credit cards and more recent forms of electronic payment.
□ It is in Japan that vending machines have become most popular. Currently, Japan has more than 4.2 million vending machines, with about 55% of them selling beverages such as tea, coffee, and juice. One of the main reasons Japan has become the vending machine capital of the world is its overall level of safety. Unlike many places, where vending machines must be monitored to prevent theft, they can be placed virtually anywhere in Japan. This extraordinary degree of public safety is considered amazing by visitors, as well as the range of products available. Tourists often take pictures of machines that sell unexpected products like bananas, fresh eggs, and bags of rice. It is understandable that visitors see them as one aspect particular to Japanese culture.
□Given the popularity and usefulness of vending machines, it is unlikely that they will disappear anytime in the near future. They provide a place where various goods can be sold without the need for a sales clerk. The next time you want to purchase a hot drink on a cold day, remember that, in Japan at least, there is probably a vending machine just around the next corner.
While I was growing up in our small town, Rosemont, I always thought of my neighbor, Mr. Peal, as a strange and somewhat frightening old man. He was always yelling at me and my playmates ①(from / stay / to / away) his yard and his old truck. My parents never said much about Mr. Peal and only told me ②(him / leave / alone / to), so I never had any reason to believe he was anything more than an unpleasant old man.
But sometimes, at times and places we least expect, we learn something new about people that changes how we look at them. Such a thing happened to me last year at my university, a hundred miles from home.
One day I was in the cafeteria talking with a classmate about my hometown. Suddenly a student who was ③(next / sitting / interrupted / to us) and said, “Did you say you come from Rosemont? Do you know an old man named Peal there? He drove an old blue truck.”
“ Why, yes,” I answered. “ He’s my neighbor. Do you know him?”
“I do! What a coincidence!” said the student and he began to tell me a story. He told me that he lived in Sunnydale, where the university is, and that one day seven years ago he, his mother, and his little sister ④(a day / to / decided / spend) in the mountains near my hometown. “We had to take a train to Rosemont early in the morning, and then a bus from there into the mountains,” he said.
He said that he and his sister began using rocks to make a small pool in a mountain stream. “We wanted to catch baby fish and collect them in the pool so that the three of us could watch them swim around for a while before we ⑤(escape / them / back into / let) the river.”
He was ⑥(one / the rocks / arranging / of) in the wall when suddenly his sister accidentally dropped a large rock right on top of his left hand. It cut his fingers to the bone and made a terrible wound. “It hurt so much, and it looked awful,” he said. “Mom wrapped my hand in a towel and told us we had to find a doctor.”
But the bus back into town was not due for another four hours. The three decided they would have to walk down the road back to town. However, that too, would take more than an hour. “My mother kept ⑦(me / telling / brave / to be), but I could tell that she was really worried. We were all scared.”
Just then, a small blue truck came up the road in front of them.
“Mom started waving and yelling, and the truck stopped. She ⑧(happened / what / explained / had) and asked the driver, an old man, if he would take us into town to see a doctor.”
But the man told her that the doctor was out of town and that the only other doctor in the area was another thirty miles away on the other side of Rosemont. “He told us to hop in and that there was some ice for my hand in a bucket in the truck.”
The student continued his story, telling me that he could not remember much about the trip to the doctor. However, when he finally walked out of the doctor’s room with his fingers bandaged, Mr. Peal was sitting in the waiting room with his mother and sister.
“He said he would ⑨(back / drive / to / us) Rosemont so we could catch the last train home. On the way back he told us that he had no grandchildren, but that his next-door neighbors has a daughter named Sarah around my age, so he knew how Mom must have felt. You must be Sarah, I guess. When you see Mr. Peal again, tell ⑩(that / him / majoring / I’m) in music─guitar! My hand is perfectly fine.”
“I’ll do that,” I answered.
Our university is large, and I never again met the student who had told me this story. But I did see Mr. Peal again. I see him with new eyes now, and I am glad I have ⑪(him / neighbor / a / like).
解答）①(to stay away from) ②(to leave him alone) ③(sitting next to us interrupted) ④(decided to spend a day) ⑤(let them escape back into)⑥(arranging one of the rocks) ⑦(telling me to be brave)⑧(explained what had happened) ⑨(drive us back to) ⑩(him that I’m majoring) ⑪(a neighbor like him)
※わからない単語が多ければ辞書を使って解いても力はつきます。ただし試験本番で辞書は使えません。大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、上記の長文中で固有名詞以外はほとんどカバーしています。
共通テスト英語ではリーディングの総語彙数が増え、リスニングの比重が高く なり一回しか読まれない部分が登場します。出題者側が英語を英語で理解する能 力を求めているのは明らかです。対策に は、キーワードを英英定義で理解して 普 段から英英思考に親しみ英語を英語で理解する英語頭を鍛えるのがきわめて 有効 です。 大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、800の例文と800の英英定義文の中に2000語以上の共通テス トのキーワードになる英単語・熟語を組み込み、以下のような練習問題にしまし た。 左ページ
①～④の単語に合致する(A)～(D)の英英定義を例文を参照して選んでください。 (25)
①recover【rikʌ'vər】(Ex:I still haven't *recovered from the cold I caught last week.)(2005センター)(097)
②burn【bə'ːrn】(Ex:When fossil fuels are *burned, they release carbon dioxide.)(098)
③expect【ikspékt】(Ex:Never did I *expect to see him in such a place. )(099)
④preserve【prizə'ːrv】(Ex:What can be used to *preserve food?)(100)
(A)to think that something will happen
(B)to get better after an illness or an injury
(C)to keep something in good condition
(D)to damage something with fire
(26)
①gather【gǽðər】(Ex:*Gathering seafood by hand is very simple.)(101)
②avoid【əvɔ'id】(Ex:Which fruits should be *avoided for weight loss?)(102)
③hide【háid】(Ex:Where can I *hide my secret diary in my room?)(103)
④decide【disáid】(Ex:She *decided to quit her job.)(104)
(A)to keep away from someone or something
(B)to make a choice about something
(C)to bring many things together
(D)to keep something in a place where it cannot easily be found
左ページ
(27)
①remove【rimúːv】(Ex:Chewing gum and yawning are effective ways to remove water from your ears.)(105)
②hate【héit】(Ex:If your child *hates doing homework, you're not alone.)(106)
③illustrate【íləstrèit】(Ex:This picture illustrates a method of protection utilized by many animals.)(107)(2009センター)
④lead【líːd】(Ex:The guide led us to the museum.)(108)
(A)to dislike someone or something very much
(B)to make something easy to understand by giving examples
(C)to take someone somewhere, usually by walking in front of them
(D)to take something away from a place
(28)
①prevent【privént】(Ex:Fire doors help *prevent fires from spreading through a building. )(109)
②invent【invént】(Ex:Who *invented the telephone? )(110)
③bark【bɑ'ːrk】(Ex:*Barking dogs seldom bite.)(111)
④achieve【ətʃíːv】(Ex:Nothing can be *achieved without effort.)(112)
(A)to create something that has never been made before
(B)to stop something from happening
(C)to succeed in doing something
(D)to make a short loud sound
左ページ 定義文を読んでから例文を完成してください。音読するとさらに効果的です。
(097)I still haven't rec------- from the cold I caught last week. 【to get better after an illness or an injury】
(098)When fossil fuels are bur-------, they release carbon dioxide. 【to damage something with fire】
(099)Never did I exp------- to see him in such a place. 【to think that something will happen】
(100)What can be used to pre------- food? 【to keep something in good condition】
(101)Gat------- seafood by hand is very simple. 【to bring many things together】
(102)Which fruits should be avo------- for weight loss? 【to keep away from someone or something】
(103)Where can I hid------- my secret diary in my room? 【to keep something in a place where it cannot easily be found】
(104)She dec------- to quit her job. 【to make a choice about something】
第３問A
Images of elephants are ①(good fortune / symbols / in / of) both India and Mexico, but there are some interesting differences. In India, the position of the trunk is not usually important. Carvings of elephants may have their trunks pointing upwards or downwards. In contrast, if you give a Mexican family a carving of an elephant, the trunk should be pointing upwards. It is ②(that / with / thought / elephants) their trunks pointing upwards will keep luck within the house. In addition, three elephants placed to face the front door of a Mexican home ③(bring / supposed / are / to) the greatest luck and, therefore, keep a family safe and happy.
第３問B-1
Throat microphones, which pick up the vibrations of normal speech directly through the skin rather than through the air, are useful in ①(such as / noisy / extremely / situations) when motorcycle messengers on the freeway must communicate with their headquarters. Now NASA scientists have ②(more / a / advanced / developed) system than throat microphones. The system is ③(pick up / sensitive / to / enough ) the “inner speech” we use when we are silently reading or thinking. While ③(people / that / some / worry) a system like this will be able to read our minds, in ④(current / its / it / stage) can only understand a few simple words.
第３問B-2
Gorillas are social ①(many similarities / with / to / animals) humans. When threatened, a male leader may ②(to protect / attempt / through / his group) aggressive displays which commonly involve chest-beating or short rushes toward the danger. However, studies ③(gorillas / indicate / are / that) normally quiet, even shy, animals that live in stable family groups. In zoos this shyness sometimes ④(or depression / into / develops / inactivity). Some zookeepers in Russia therefore have come up with a plan to give gorillas a broader experience of ⑤(life by showing them) wildlife videos. Although watching TV or videos is sometimes ⑥(to / said / harmful / to be) human beings, the keepers think that this plan might make gorillas “think more about life.”
第３問C
The past thirty to forty years have ①(huge increase / a / in / seen) the number of children who suffer from allergies, and scientists are still looking for the explanation. Some have blamed increased air pollution, but it has also been found that allergies ②(common / are / among / not only) children in the city but also among children in the countryside, where pollution is typically much lower.
A currently popular ③(in / explanation / the rise / for) allergies is the so –called “hygiene hypothesis.” The basic idea is that young children brought up in an environment which is too clean are more ④(risk / developing / at / of) allergies. Nowadays, people bathe and wash their clothes more frequently than in the past, and thanks to vacuum cleaners homes are less dusty, too. One result of all these changes is that in their early lives children ⑤(fewer / exposed / are / to) allergens─substances that can cause allergies─and this means that their bodies cannot build up natural immunity to them. Simply put, exposure to allergy-causing substances is ⑥(for / against / necessary / natural protection) them to develop.
The trend towards smaller families also means that young children ⑦(allergens / fewer / in / encounter) the home. In fact, it is known that children who have older brothers and sisters are more resistant to allergies. The same is ⑧(of children / share / true who) their home with a pet. Such children are much less likely to develop the very common allergy to cat or dog hair, for example.
Scientists agree ⑨(to / that / exposed / being) a wider range of allergens early in life helps children to develop greater immunity. There is, however, also some data suggesting that genetics, family income, and even the parents’ level of education may play a part in how likely ⑩(to suffer / is / from / a child) allergies. Thus, although the hygiene hypothesis is an important area for research, we cannot yet be sure that too much ⑪(cleanliness / attention / is / to) the only explanation for the enormous rise in the number of allergy victims.
第３問A①①(symbols of good fortune in)②(thought that elephants with) ③(are supposed to bring)
第３問B-1
①(extremely noisy situations such as) ②(developed a more advanced) ③(sensitive enough to pick up) ④(some people worry that) ⑤(its current stage it) can only understand a few simple words.
第３問B-2
①(animals with many similarities to) ②(attempt to protect his group through) ③(indicate that gorillas are) ④(develops into inactivity or depression). ⑤(life by showing them) ⑥(said to be harmful to)
第３問C
①(seen a huge increase in) ②(are common not only among) ③(explanation for the rise in) ④(at risk of developing) ⑥(necessary for natural protection against)⑦(encounter fewer allergens in) ⑧(true of children who share) ⑨(that being exposed to) ⑩(a child is to suffer from)⑪(attention to cleanliness is)
まずは、
(1)
①accept(Ex: In *accepting a *formal *invitation, it is important to *respond *appropriately)(.001)
②provide(Ex: Our *company *provides our *customers with clothing at *reasonable prices)(.002)
③display(Ex: He is an artist whose paintings are *displayed in a *museum in Paris. )(003)
④imagine(Ex: In an *increasingly *connected world, many people can't *imagine life without the Internet)(.004)
(A)to form a picture of something in your mind
(B)to give something to someone or make it available to them
(C)to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily
(D)to take something that is offered
次に以下のような英英挟み撃ち問題に取り組みます。定義文を読んでから例文を 作成するのがおすすめで、音読するとさらに有効です。
(001)In acc------- a formal invitation, it is important to respond appropriately. 【to take something that is offered】
(002)Our company pro------- our customers with clothing at reasonable prices. 【to give something to someone or make it available to them】
(003)He is an artist whose paintings are dis------- in a museum in Paris. 【to put something in a particular place where people can see it easily】
(004)In an increasingly connected world, many people can't ima------- life without the Internet. 【to form a picture of something in your mind】
