既存ユーザーの既往獲得習慣資源過去との互換への配慮。既存の物理的資源以外にも。獲得習慣動作資源。

既存ユーザーの既往獲得習慣資源過去との互換への配慮。既存の物理的資源以外にも。獲得習慣動作資源。思い出の書き換え←、信念の変更←、反射動作の書き換え。

「それ」を、中心に据えて構成構築されていってしまう世界。その出来上がっていく世界から、代ることを許されない？「それ」。代りだと、いろいろ不利益を被る？

少数派には、ますます不利益となるような構造？
効率？品質？の、いい悪いよりも、ユーザーの多寡が生死を分かつような、経済構造？

省エネ∽省エクセルギー、獲得ネゲントロピーフロー極大？コンヴィヴィアリティー最大化な、喜怒哀楽ワイドレンジな、最適選択が進むような、経済構造でないと、既往のユーザー数多寡がモノをいう。

IEのOSとの分離とかは、そういうことの一つだったんじゃないか。
既存周辺環境が、最適選択を阻む要素にならないように、競争条件を監視して、競争フォーマットをデザイン、再調整した。

不効率？不能率？が温存、固定化される仕組みなら不幸率。仕組みで工夫できないか。

ここで、政治介入が入れば、それは、市場の失敗の存在を認めたことであり、

だが、IEの場合には、ヨーロッパの司法で、分離がなったんだったっけ？

でも、先行者メリットも一方で、必要なんだろうしなあ。

プログラミング言語が英語ベースだった。初期コンソール運用者の目的はプログラムパンチだった？

プログラミング言語が英語ベースだった。だった、じゃないか。初期コンソール運用者の目的はプログラムパンチだった？

←　電子辞書でも？　QWERTY使いの方が格上感？、、？電子辞書でも、配列選択のもあったようだったが、、　。でも、５０音対qwertyとかだよな、きっと。でもないか。

×locked in。〇antitrust act. and legislative policy？

They contend that no plausible case of inferior standards being locked in has ever been documented, though much antitrust activity and legislative policy has been based on the belief in the occurrence of such cases.

Microsoft？ Liebowitz Margolis

The economics of QWERTY : history, theory and policy
essays by Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis ; edited and with an introduction by Peter Lewin -- New York University Press, 2002, xi, 266 p.. -- (The Political economy of the Austrian school)

The top left hand side of the keyboard reads "Q-W-E-R-T-Y." Is this inefficient layout an inefficient early development to which we are now forever committed?
The "economics of QWERTY" describes cases in which it has been claimed that technologies which have become accepted are not as good as rival technologies. Perhaps they have been "locked in" at an early stage, preventing newer, better possibilities from taking hold.Distinguished economists Stan Liebowitz and Steven Margolis have critically examined the various aspects of the economics of QWERTY and its implications, calling into question the historical accuracy of the standard account of QWERTY and similar cases such as those of Beta/VHS and Macintosh/Windows. They contend that no plausible case of inferior standards being locked in has ever been documented, though much antitrust activity and legislative policy has been based on the belief in the occurrence of such cases.

Re-thinking the network economy : the true forces that drive the digital marketplace
Stan J. Liebowitz -- AMACOM, c2002, xxii, 224 p..

E-commerce certainly isn't going away (despite some dot-com fiascos), and business leaders need to look back and figure out what went wrong. Utilizing traditional economic concepts, Rethinking the Network Economy shows how (unlike what was originally assumed) classical business strategy does apply to the Internet. The book demonstrates how tried-and-true formulas such as "supply-and-demand" and "first-mover-wins" relate to e-business, and provides readers with the understanding needed to succeed in the future.

Market failure or success : the new debate
edited by Tyler Cowen and Eric Crampton ; : cased , : pbk -- E. Elgar, c2002, xvi, 367 p..

Recent years have seen the development of new theories of market failure based on asymmetric information and network effects. According to the new paradigm, we can expect substantial failure in the markets of labour, credit, insurance, software, new technologies and even used cars, to give but a few examples. Market failure at the microeconomic level may even create or aggravate macroeconomic disturbances. This title brings together the key papers on the subject, including classic papers by Joseph Stiglitz, George Akerlof and Paul David, along with powerful theoretical and empirical rebuttals. The rebuttals challenge the assumptions of the new models and question the usual policy conclusions. Examination of real markets and careful experimental studies fail to verify the new theories. New frontiers for research are suggested.
Recent years have seen the development of new theories of market failure based on asymmetric information and network effects. According to the new paradigm, we can expect substantial failure in the markets for labour, credit, insurance, software, new technologies and even used cars.Market failure at the microeconomic level may even create or aggravate macroeconomic disturbances. This volume brings together the key papers on the subject including classic papers by Joseph Stiglitz, George Akerlof and Paul David, along with powerful theoretical and empirical rebuttals of new models of market failure.
目次

New market failure theories: towards a general theory of wage and price regidities and economic fluctuations, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Keynesian economics and critique of first fundamental theorum of welfare economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
the market of "lemons" - quality uncertainty and the market mechanism, George A. Akerlof
path dependence, its critics and the quest for "historical economics", Paul A. David. Theoretical responses: information and efficiency - another viewpoint, Harold Demsetz
efficiency wage models of unemployment - one view, H. Lorne Carmichael
do informational frictions justify federal credit programmes?, Stephen D. Williamson
the demand and supply of assurance, Daniel B. Klein
Beta, Macintosh and other fabulous tales, Stan J. Liebowitz, Stephen E. Margolis. Empirical and experimental responses: some evidence on the empirical significance of credit rationing, Allen N. Berger, Gregory F. Udell
an empirical examination of information barriers to trade in insurance, John Cawley, Tomas Philipson
a direct test of the "lemons" model - the market for used pickup trucks, Eric W. Bond
public choice experiments, Elizabeth Hoffman
non-prisoner's dilemma, Gordon Tullock
group size and the voluntary provision of public goods, Mark R. Issac, James M. Walker, Arlington W. Williams
co-operation in public-goods experiments - kindness or confusion?, James Andreoni.

The economics of qwerty : history, theory and policy
essays by Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis ; edited and with an introduction by Peter Lewin -- Palgrave, 2002, xi, 266 p..

For those who believe that the standard typewriter keyboard, according to the QWERTY pattern, is an inefficient, unfortunate 'accident of history'; and that Microsoft is responsible for inflicting the same type of 'accident' upon us, this book is the perfect antidote.

Preface - Introduction - The Fable of the Keys - Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy - Are Network Externalities a New Source of Market Failure? - Path Dependence, Lock-in, and History - Should Technology Choice be a Concern for Antitrust? - Path Dependence - Network Externalities (Effects) - Dismal Science Fictions: Network Effects, Microsoft, and Antitrust Speculation - Network Effects and the Microsoft Case - Index

Winners, losers & Microsoft : competition and antitrust in high technology
Stan J. Liebowitz, Stephen E. Margolis ; foreword by Jack Hirshleifer -- Rev. ed. -- Independent Institute, c2001, xviii, 325 p..

Few issues in high technology are as divisive as the current debate over competition, innovation, and antitrust. Analyzing famous examples of economic "lock-in" by dominant corporations of supposedly inferior products, this book makes the case that free markets in high technology industry deliver better products to consumers, at lower prices, without government intervention. This publication's careful scholarship, well-founded hypotheses, and refutations of previously accepted theories--extending far beyond the Microsoft case--make this publication a vital piece of understanding for the future of technology and economics.

Winners, losers & Microsoft : competition and antitrust in high technology
Stan J. Liebowitz, Stephen E. Margolis ; foreword by Jack Hirshleifer -- Independent Institute, c1999, xiv, 288 p.. -- (Independent studies in political economy)

Few issues in the high-technology field are as divisive as the raging debate over competition, innovation and antitrust. Why do certain products and technologies become dominant while others fail?
Is there something about high technology that makes markets less dependable at choosing goods and services?
Will the robust competition and tremendous technological advances of the past two decades continue?
Or, will they be suffocated by larger firms employing monopolistic practices?
Is antitrust primarily employed against monopolies to increase competition for the benefit of consumers, or is it actually a vehicle that firms use against their rivals to restrict the competitive process?
Winners, Losers and Microsoft is the authoritative and in-depth book on these and other pressing questions now confronting high-technology markets.

qwerty eco

Networks : standardization, infrastructure, and applications （11）
Kurt Geihs, Wolfgang König, Falk von Westarp (eds.) -- Physica-Verlag, c2002, vi, 207 p.. -- (Information age economy)

Part I: Standardization: T. Weitzel, O. Wendt, F. von Westarp: Modeling Diffusion Processes in Networks * T. Weitzel, F. von Westarp: From QWERTY to Nuclear Power Reactors: Historic Battles for the Standard *

Antitrust abuse in the new economy : the Microsoft case （25）
Richard L. Gordon -- E. Elgar, c2002, ix, 280 p..

QWERTY - threat or fable, towards the applications barrier to entry

Regions and development : politics, security, and economics （13）
edited by Sheila Page ; : cloth , : paper -- F. Cass, 2000, 279 p.. -- (EADI book series ; 23)

"QWERTY worlds" and South Africa's preference formation - ideas and policy-making in transitional South Africa, James J. Hentz

Reading Stories Comp Success : Junior High Level, Reading Levels 7-9
by Hall -- Pearson Higher Education, 20000221, 406 p.

What Does "Qwerty" Mean?.

The economics of increasing returns
edited by Geoffrey Heal -- Edward Elgar, c1999, xxvii, 598 p.. -- (The international library of critical writings in economics / series editor, Mark Blaug ; 110) (An Elgar reference collection)

Part IV Increasing Returns, Information and Information Technology: Clio and the economics of QWERTY, Paul A. David

Development economics
Debraj Ray ; : hard -- Princeton University Press, c1998, xvii, 848 p..

Chapter 5: History, Expectations, and Development 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Complementarities 5.2.1. Introduction: QWERTY 5.2.2. Coordination failure 5.2.3. Linkages and policy 5.2.4. History versus expectations 5.3. Increasing returns 5.3.1. Introduction 5.3.2. Increasing returns and entry into markets 5.3.3. Increasing returns and market size: Interaction 5.4. Competition, multiplicity, and international trade 5.5. Other roles for history 5.5.1. Social norms 5.5.2. The status quo 5.6. Summary Exercises

Typing Tutor 9
by Ssi -- Simon & Schuster Audio, 19990300

Choose from three different keyboard layouts: QWERTY, Dvorak, and 10-key. Make learning fun!

Beyond the Desktop : Designing and Using Interaction Devices
by Christopher Baber -- New ed. -- Elsevier Science & Technology, 19961000, 350 p. -- (Computers and People)

keyboards - alternatives to QWERTY, standards for keyboard design, other forms of keys, other types of keyboard