dashcam

Danielle SteelのMiracle非常に読み易かったので一週間もかからず読み終えました。内容も結構面白いと思いました。次も同じ著者の小説を読もうと思います。

さて今日はJapan Times October 26, 2020の記事タイトル・サブタイトルからの引用です。
 
Man arrested in Japan’s first cycling road rage case under new law

Authorities collected dashcam footage from cars in the area that enabled them to serve the fresh warrant Monday.

"dashcam" は文脈からドライブレコーダーを意味していることが分かりますが、英語で "dashcam" と言うのは知りませんでした。辞書で確認します。

・Wiktionary: A digital video recorder mounted on the dashboard of a vehicle or elsewhere inside the vehicle to record occurrences in the vicinity, such as traffic accidents that the vehicle has been involved in, to provide evidence for criminal prosecutions, insurance claims, etc.: Synonyms: car DVR, driving recorder, event data recorder
 
・Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: variants: or less commonly dash cam or dashboard camera: a video camera mounted on the dashboard of a vehicle and used to continuously record activity through the vehicle's windshield: Typically, police dashcams are used to gather evidence during traffic stops.

色々な言い方がありますが、"dashcam" が一番使われている様です。日本語のドライブレコーダーに近いのは "driving recorder" ですね。

この言い方の違いは８月１２日にとりあげたソーシャルディスタンスと "social distancing" の関係と同じですね。

panko

NHKの番組'ためしてガッテン' で "panko" が世界中で使われているという話がありました。
気になったので英英辞書を見ると、確かに、多くの辞書に "panko" の説明が出ていました。
・Oxford English Dictionary: (in Japanese cooking) breadcrumbs with a light, flaky texture, typically used as a coating for fried or baked food.: ‘a piece of plump Chilean sea bass remained moist under a light crusting of panko’
・Collins Dictionary: Japanese cookery a type of sweet white breadcrumb: Mix the panko crumbs with the remaining chives on a large plate.
WikipediaにもBread crumbsの項にDry breadcrumbs、Fresh breadcrumbsと並んでPankoがあり、次の説明が出ていました。

Panko (パン粉) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made from bread baked by electrical current, which yields a bread without a crust, and then grinding the bread to create fine slivers of crumb. It has a crisper, airier texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and resists absorbing oil or grease when fried, resulting in a lighter coating. Outside Japan, its use is becoming more popular in both Asian and non-Asian dishes. It is often used on seafood and is often available in Asian markets, speciality stores, and, increasingly, in many large supermarkets.
Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.

bribe

トランプ氏が次期大統領では無くなって良かった。他国の話とはいえ、人間的にどうかと思う人が国のトップとは大問題だ。それにしてもトランプ氏は往生際が悪い。性格通りの行動なのでやめられないのでしょうね。
さて、Reader's　Digest ９月号の記事 'How to Build a Better Brain' からの引用です。
Brain scientist Michael Scullin, the director of the Sleep Neurroscience & Cognition Laboratory at Baylor University, believes so passionately in the value of a good night's sleep that he bribed undergraduates with extra points if they got eight hours' sleep a night during exam week. "I didn't expect it, but they also scored about four points higher--before adding the extra credit--on their finals in my class," he reports.

"bribed" からは直ぐに賄賂とお金を連想しますが、上記の例ではお金ではなく 'extra points' が対価になっています。 "bribe" の定義を辞書で見ます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: Persuade (someone) to act in one's favor, typically illegally or dishonestly, by a gift of money or other inducement.: ‘an undercover agent bribed the judge into giving a lenient sentence’
・Collins English Dictionary: to promise, offer, or give something, usually money, to (a person) to procure services or gain influence, esp illegally: The government bribed the workers to be quiet.
・Cambridge English Dictionary: to try to make someone do something for you by giving them money, presents, or something else that they want: They bribed the waiter to find them a better table.
お金以外での "bribe" もあるのですね。そう言えば過剰な接待も賄賂になりますね。

選挙に不正があったとトランプ氏は主張していますが、不正があったとしたら、誰がどうやってそんな不正をしたのでしょうか？

fortune cookie

Reader's　Digest ９月号の記事 'Life in These United States' からの引用です。
Sad after the funeral of a friend, my wife and I ducked into a Chinese restaurant for a little Szechuan pick-me-up. The feel-good session ended abruptly when I read the fortune in my cookie: "You will soon be reunited with a good friend."

a cappella

Reader's　Digest ９月号の記事 'All in a Day's WORK' からの引用です。
During a summer-camp sing-along around the campfire, I grabbed my guitar and accompanied the kids. After five or six songs, I asked, "OK, what should we sing next?"
One ten-year-old requested, "A cappella."

10歳の子供は "A cappella." を知っていた？　それとも知らなかった？　どちらにしても面白い。

ROTC

Reader's　Digest ９月号の記事 'Humor in UNIFORM' からの引用です。
We were drilling with rifles for the first time when our master sergeant caught one of the ROTC cadets chewing gum.
"Cadet!" he shouted. "I want you to run to the end of the field and throw your gum over the fence!"
We were all slightly bemused when he came back still chewing gum but with no rifle.

Note: ROTC: (in the US) Reserve Officers' Training Corps. (i.e. a training program to prepare college students to be commissioned officers)
こういう兵隊ばかりなら戦争には負けますね。

fatigues

Reader's　Digest ９月号の記事 'Surprising Facts About the U.S. Army' からの引用です。
Marshall had a sweet spot for his soldiers. On behalf of Eisenhower, he sent a telegram in 1943 from Allied headquarters in North Africa to the Coca-Cola Company, rqquesting the soft drink for the troops. Within months, 148 Coke representatives filled the ranks with the official title of technical observing, though they were nicknamed Coca-Cola Colonels. They wore fatigues and were paid as commissioned officers, but they had one responsibility: getting Cokes to American GIs.

疲労の意味の "fatigue" は知っていますがここでは複数形の "fatigues" で身に着けている物ですね。　辞書を見ます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: Loose-fitting clothing, typically khaki, olive drab, or camouflaged, worn by soldiers.: ‘battle fatigues’

・Collins Dictionary: Fatigues are clothes that soldiers wear when they are fighting or when they are doing routine jobs.: He never expected to return home wearing U.S. combat fatigues.

・Cambridge English Dictionary: a loose, brownish-green uniform worn by soldiers: army fatigues

upend

英字新聞は購読していませんが、メールで送られてくるJapan TimesのDaily News Update（ニュースの一覧）だけは読んでいます。１０月１４日のニュースにこんな記事がありました。
Tokyo conference debates new normals as coronavirus drives change
Experts at the annual G1 Global Conference discussed the upending of traditional practices, digitalization, working styles and widening inequality.
"upending" を何十年も前にコンピュータ関係の英語で覚えた "append" と勘違いし、それでは何か変だと思い、記事の本文を読みました。
In a wide-ranging discussion that touched on topics as varied as overhauling traditional practices, digitalization, working styles and the issue of widening inequality, experts debated on Sunday changes that have been accelerated by the COVID-19 outbreak, at the annual G1 Global Conference held in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo.
...
With the virus having infected over 37 million people and claimed 1 million lives worldwide, many nations have seen their economies ravaged and the public has shifted to a new normal.

"upend" をchange/overhaul/shiftなどで言い換えていますね。

一応辞書で確認します。
・Collins English Dictionary: to affect or upset drastically: The book argues that rapidly evolving technology will upend the power structure of society.
・Wiktionary: (figurative) To destroy, invalidate, overthrow, or defeat. : The scientific evidence upended the popular myth.
"upend" はよく見れば「逆さまにひっくり返す」意味であることは自明ですね。

crenulation

'100 Essential Things You Didn't Know' 第５２章、雪の結晶の話の箇所から引用します。
This reflects the small differences in humidity and temperature of the fluctuating atmosphere across the snowflake. As the snowflake falls for longer, its arms will steadily grow by accretion and there will be more scope for microscopic diversity along the crenulations on the arm.
"crenulation" を辞書で見ます。
・Collins English Dictionary: any of the teeth or notches of a crenulate structure
"crenulation" を説明している辞書は少ないので、今度は "crenulate" で調べます。
・Oxford English Dictionary: (especially of a leaf, shell, or shoreline) having a finely scalloped or notched outline or edge.: Growth lines are very finely crenulate in a narrow zone approximately two-thirds the distance from the umbilicus to the periphery, and the shell here has a very weak shoulder.
・Merriam-Webster Dictionary: variants: or crenulate: having an irregularly wavy or serrate outline: a crenulated shoreline
・Random House Unabridged Dictionary: minutely crenate, as the margin of certain leaves.
定義からすると葉や貝殻には "crenulate" 、海岸など地形には "crenate" の方があっている気がします。それにしても英絵辞典があればと思います。そこでWikipediaで調べると、WikipediaのGlossary of leaf morphologyの項に植物の葉の形状についての非常に細かな説明があり、その中のEdgeについての説明に "crenate" のイメージが示されていました。
crenate: Wavy-toothed; dentate with rounded teeth
crenulate: Finely crenate
"crenulate" のイメージの欄は空白でしたが、説明からするとやはり "crenate" より "crenulate" の方が細かな模様になるようです。