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Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation
Biological Effects and
Health Implications of
Radiofrequency Radiation
James C. Lin , Sol M. Michaelson
Springer; 1版 (1987/5/31)
ISBN-10: 0306415801
ISBN-13: 978-0306415807
Amazon
書籍のプレビュー ←Click！
Contents
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
2. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIO AND
MICROWAVE RADIATION 11
2.1. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation 11
2.1.1. Maxwell's Equations 12
2.1.2. Boundary Conditions 14
2.1.3. Wave Equations 16
2.1.4. Energy Storage and Power Flow 16
2.1.5. Plane Waves 17
2.1.6. Polarization of Plane Waves 18
2.2. Propagation of Plane Waves 19
2.2.1. Plane Waves in Free Space 19
2.2.2. Plane Waves in Lossy Media 20
2.2.3. Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces 23
2.2.4. Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves 26
2.3. Waves in Enclosed Space 28
2.3.1. Waveguides 28
2.3.2. Cavities 32
2.3.3. Waveguide and Cavity Excitation 35
2.4. Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy 36
2.4.1. The Short Dipole 37
2.4.2. Near Fields 39
2.4.3. Receiving Characteristics 43
References 45
3. RADIO AND MICROWAVE DOSIMETRY AND
MEASUREMENT 47
3.1. Quantities and Units 47
3.2. Irradiation of Biological Systems 48
3.2.1. Applicators for Partial-Body Irradiation 48
3.2.2. TEM Chambers 52
3.2.3. Microstrip Exposure Systems 55
3.2.4. Waveguide Chambers 56
3.2.5. Multimode Cavity 62
3.2.6. Anechoic Chambers 63
3.3. Measuring Methods 66
3.3.1. Isotropic Instruments 66
3.3.2. Other Instruments 73
3.4. Absorption Measuring Methods 74
3.4.1. Whole-Body Absorption 75
3.4.2. Distribution of Absorbed Energy-Probe
Measurements 79
3.4.3. Distribution of Absorbed
Energy-Thermographic Measurements 84
References 88
4. RADIO AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 93
4.1. Introduction 93
4.2. Relaxation Mechanism 95
4.2.1. Low-Loss Dielectric Materials 97
4.2.2. Lossy Dielectrics at Low Frequencies 98
4.2.3. Biological Materials 102
4.3. Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties 102
4.4. Methods of Permittivity Measurement 103
4.4.1. Radiofrequency Techniques 104
4.4.2. Microwave Techniques 111
4.5. Permittivity of Water 117
4.6. Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials 120
4.7. Dielectric Properties of Tumor Tissue 132
References 134
5. PROPAGATION AND ABSORPTION IN TISSUE
MEDIA 137
5.1. Planar Tissue Geometries 138
5.1.1. Reflection and Transmission 138
5.1.2. Multiple Layers of Tissue 141
5.2. Bodies of Revolution 146
5.2.1. Spherical Tissue Models 146
5.2.2. Prolate Spheroidal Tissue Models 160
5.3. Complex Tissue Models 171
5.3.1. Computational Schemes 171
5.3.2. Models of the Human Body 177
5.4. Scaled Dielectric Bodies 195
5.4.1. Thermographic Measurements 196
5.4.2. Probe Measurements 202
5.5. Laboratory Animal Models 204
5.5.1. Whole-Body Absorption 204
5.5.2. Distribution of Absorbed Energy 211
References 218
6. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL
LITERATURE 223
6.1. Principles of Animal Experimentation 223
6.2. Analysis of Scientific Literature 225
6.3. The Nature of Causality 228
6.4. Scaling 230
References 238
7. MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, INVERTEBRATE
BIOLOGY 241
7.1. Macromolecules 241
7.2. Cell Membranes 244
7.3. Mitochondria 244
7.4. Effects on Microogranisms 245
7.4.1. Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi 245
7.4.2. Mechanisms of Microbial Action 250
7.5. Effects on Protozoa and
Other Unicellular Organisms 256
7.6. Chromosome-Genetic Effects 258
7.7. Hyperthermia and Cell Kinetics 269
7.8. Effects on Invertebrates 272
7.8.1. Genetic Effects 273
7.8.2. Specific Effects: Insect Control 275
References 277
8. REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT,
AND GROWTH 287
8.1. Reproduction 287
8.2. Embryonic Development 294
References 310
9. THERMOREGULATION 317
9.1. Physiologic Regulation 319
9.2. Thermoregulation 321
9.3. The Physiology of Thermoregulation 327
9.4. Adaptation 339
9.5. Thermal Stress 339
9.6. Response to Absorbed RF Energy 342
9.7. Acute Lethality 344
9.8. Response to Local Exposure to
MW/RF Energies 348
9.9. Comparison of Exposure to
Microwaves and Infrared 349
9.10. Therapeutic Application of RF/MW Energies
(Diathermy) 349
9.11. Summary 352
References 354
10. NEURAL EFFECTS OF
MICROWAVE/RADIOFREOUENCY ENERGIES 361
10.1. Anatomy and Physiology
of the Nervous System 361
10.2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Energy-Neural
Tissue Interaction 366
10.3. In Vitro Studies 370
10.4. Effects in Experimental Animals 376
10.4.1. Electroencephalographic Changes 377
10.4.2. Biochemical Changes 379
10.4.3. Histopathology 384
10.4.4. Influence of Drugs 387
10.5. Effects on the Blood-Brain Barrier 389
10.6. Observations in the Human 395
10.7. The Soviet Approach to Biology and Medicine 399
References 402
11. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 413
12. NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS 425
12.1. Introduction to Neuroendocrine Physiology 425
12.2. Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Effects 430
12.3. Hypothalamic-Hypophysial-Adrenal Response 430
12.4. Hypothalamic-Hypophysial-Thyroidal Response 434
12.5. Growth Hormone 437
12.6. Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Correlations 438
12.7. Neuroendocrine Activity
and Cardiovascular Function 439
12.8. Localized Exposures 439
12.9. Conclusion 441
References 445
13. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS 451
13.1 Experiments 451
13.1.1. In Vitro Preparations 451
13.1.2. Whole-Body or Regional Exposure 452
13.1.3. Atherosclerosis 459
13.1.4. Pharmacodynamics 459
13.1.5. Conclusion 459
13.2. Reported Observations in the Human 460
13.3. Implanted Electronic Cardiac
Pacemaker Interference 472
13.3.1. Normal Cardiac Function 472
13.3.2. The Electronic Cardiac Pacemaker 473
13.3.3. Pacemaker Interference 475
13.3.4. Clinical Reports 478
13.3.5. Laboratory Tests 481
13.3.6. Control of Potential Hazards 484
14. EFFECTS ON HEMATOPOIESIS
AND HEMATOLOGY 489
14.1. In Vitro Studies 489
14.2. Animal Experiments 492
14.3. Reported Observations in the Human 505
References 508
15. EFFECTS ON IMMUNE RESPONSES 513
16. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS 523
16.1. Enzyme Activity 525
16.2. Metabolism 527
16.2.1. Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism 527
16.2.2. Protein Metabolism 529
16.3. Histamine Release 530
16.4. Clinical Chemistry, Serum Proteins, Electrolytes 531
References 534
17. THE COMMON INTEGUMENT (SKIN) 539
17.1. Anatomy and Physiology 539
17.2. Thermal Perception 542
17.3. Pain Perception 546
17.4. Biochemistry 549
17.5. Pathology (Burns) 550
References 555
18. CATARACTS AND OTHER OCULAR EFFECTS 559
18.1. Introduction 559
18.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye 559
18.2.1. Definition of Cataract 563
18.2.2. Classification and Appearance 565
18.2.3. Age Factors 566
18.2.4. Mechanisms of Opacification 568
18.2.5. Incidence of Cataract 568
18.2.6. Etiology of Cataract 570
18.3. Spectral Transmission of the Ocular Media 574
18.4. Radiation Cataracts 575
18.5. Effects of Microwaves on the Ocular Lens 579
18.5.1. Animal Experiments 579
18.5.2. Biochemical Changes 585
18.5.3. Frequency Specificity 586
18.5.4. Modulation Effects 587
18.5.5. Far-Field Exposures 587
18.6. Thermal Aspects of
Microwave Cataractogenesis 589
18.7. Concept of Threshold
and Cumulative Effect 592
18.8. Problems in Simulation Studies
and Extrapolation to the Human 595
References 597
19. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
IN THE HUMAN 603
19.1. Nervous System and Cardiovascular Effects 609
19.2. Ocular Effects 611
19.3. Fertility and Sterility 623
19.4. Growth and Development 624
19.5. Cancer 626
19.6. Critique of Epidemiological Studies 626
References 631
20. PERSONNEL PROTECTION, PROTECTION GUIDES,
AND STANDARDS 637
20.1. Protective Clothing and Eye Shields 637
20.2. Personal Monitors 637
20.3. Ancillary Hazards Associated with Electromagnetic
Interference 637
20.4. Exposure Standards 637
20.4.1. Occupational Standard (USA) 640
20.4.2. Product Emission Standard 640
20.4.3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 642
20.4.4. Standards in Various Countries 644
20.4.5. Criteria for Setting Tolerance Levels and
Exposure Standards 647
References 656
21. PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 659
INDEX 663
Health Implications of
Radiofrequency Radiation
James C. Lin , Sol M. Michaelson
Springer; 1版 (1987/5/31)
ISBN-10: 0306415801
ISBN-13: 978-0306415807
Amazon
書籍のプレビュー ←Click！
Contents
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
2. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIO AND
MICROWAVE RADIATION 11
2.1. Fundamentals of Wave Propagation 11
2.1.1. Maxwell's Equations 12
2.1.2. Boundary Conditions 14
2.1.3. Wave Equations 16
2.1.4. Energy Storage and Power Flow 16
2.1.5. Plane Waves 17
2.1.6. Polarization of Plane Waves 18
2.2. Propagation of Plane Waves 19
2.2.1. Plane Waves in Free Space 19
2.2.2. Plane Waves in Lossy Media 20
2.2.3. Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces 23
2.2.4. Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves 26
2.3. Waves in Enclosed Space 28
2.3.1. Waveguides 28
2.3.2. Cavities 32
2.3.3. Waveguide and Cavity Excitation 35
2.4. Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy 36
2.4.1. The Short Dipole 37
2.4.2. Near Fields 39
2.4.3. Receiving Characteristics 43
References 45
3. RADIO AND MICROWAVE DOSIMETRY AND
MEASUREMENT 47
3.1. Quantities and Units 47
3.2. Irradiation of Biological Systems 48
3.2.1. Applicators for Partial-Body Irradiation 48
3.2.2. TEM Chambers 52
3.2.3. Microstrip Exposure Systems 55
3.2.4. Waveguide Chambers 56
3.2.5. Multimode Cavity 62
3.2.6. Anechoic Chambers 63
3.3. Measuring Methods 66
3.3.1. Isotropic Instruments 66
3.3.2. Other Instruments 73
3.4. Absorption Measuring Methods 74
3.4.1. Whole-Body Absorption 75
3.4.2. Distribution of Absorbed Energy-Probe
Measurements 79
3.4.3. Distribution of Absorbed
Energy-Thermographic Measurements 84
References 88
4. RADIO AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 93
4.1. Introduction 93
4.2. Relaxation Mechanism 95
4.2.1. Low-Loss Dielectric Materials 97
4.2.2. Lossy Dielectrics at Low Frequencies 98
4.2.3. Biological Materials 102
4.3. Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties 102
4.4. Methods of Permittivity Measurement 103
4.4.1. Radiofrequency Techniques 104
4.4.2. Microwave Techniques 111
4.5. Permittivity of Water 117
4.6. Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials 120
4.7. Dielectric Properties of Tumor Tissue 132
References 134
5. PROPAGATION AND ABSORPTION IN TISSUE
MEDIA 137
5.1. Planar Tissue Geometries 138
5.1.1. Reflection and Transmission 138
5.1.2. Multiple Layers of Tissue 141
5.2. Bodies of Revolution 146
5.2.1. Spherical Tissue Models 146
5.2.2. Prolate Spheroidal Tissue Models 160
5.3. Complex Tissue Models 171
5.3.1. Computational Schemes 171
5.3.2. Models of the Human Body 177
5.4. Scaled Dielectric Bodies 195
5.4.1. Thermographic Measurements 196
5.4.2. Probe Measurements 202
5.5. Laboratory Animal Models 204
5.5.1. Whole-Body Absorption 204
5.5.2. Distribution of Absorbed Energy 211
References 218
6. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL
LITERATURE 223
6.1. Principles of Animal Experimentation 223
6.2. Analysis of Scientific Literature 225
6.3. The Nature of Causality 228
6.4. Scaling 230
References 238
7. MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, INVERTEBRATE
BIOLOGY 241
7.1. Macromolecules 241
7.2. Cell Membranes 244
7.3. Mitochondria 244
7.4. Effects on Microogranisms 245
7.4.1. Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi 245
7.4.2. Mechanisms of Microbial Action 250
7.5. Effects on Protozoa and
Other Unicellular Organisms 256
7.6. Chromosome-Genetic Effects 258
7.7. Hyperthermia and Cell Kinetics 269
7.8. Effects on Invertebrates 272
7.8.1. Genetic Effects 273
7.8.2. Specific Effects: Insect Control 275
References 277
8. REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT,
AND GROWTH 287
8.1. Reproduction 287
8.2. Embryonic Development 294
References 310
9. THERMOREGULATION 317
9.1. Physiologic Regulation 319
9.2. Thermoregulation 321
9.3. The Physiology of Thermoregulation 327
9.4. Adaptation 339
9.5. Thermal Stress 339
9.6. Response to Absorbed RF Energy 342
9.7. Acute Lethality 344
9.8. Response to Local Exposure to
MW/RF Energies 348
9.9. Comparison of Exposure to
Microwaves and Infrared 349
9.10. Therapeutic Application of RF/MW Energies
(Diathermy) 349
9.11. Summary 352
References 354
10. NEURAL EFFECTS OF
MICROWAVE/RADIOFREOUENCY ENERGIES 361
10.1. Anatomy and Physiology
of the Nervous System 361
10.2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Energy-Neural
Tissue Interaction 366
10.3. In Vitro Studies 370
10.4. Effects in Experimental Animals 376
10.4.1. Electroencephalographic Changes 377
10.4.2. Biochemical Changes 379
10.4.3. Histopathology 384
10.4.4. Influence of Drugs 387
10.5. Effects on the Blood-Brain Barrier 389
10.6. Observations in the Human 395
10.7. The Soviet Approach to Biology and Medicine 399
References 402
11. BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS 413
12. NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS 425
12.1. Introduction to Neuroendocrine Physiology 425
12.2. Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Effects 430
12.3. Hypothalamic-Hypophysial-Adrenal Response 430
12.4. Hypothalamic-Hypophysial-Thyroidal Response 434
12.5. Growth Hormone 437
12.6. Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Correlations 438
12.7. Neuroendocrine Activity
and Cardiovascular Function 439
12.8. Localized Exposures 439
12.9. Conclusion 441
References 445
13. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS 451
13.1 Experiments 451
13.1.1. In Vitro Preparations 451
13.1.2. Whole-Body or Regional Exposure 452
13.1.3. Atherosclerosis 459
13.1.4. Pharmacodynamics 459
13.1.5. Conclusion 459
13.2. Reported Observations in the Human 460
13.3. Implanted Electronic Cardiac
Pacemaker Interference 472
13.3.1. Normal Cardiac Function 472
13.3.2. The Electronic Cardiac Pacemaker 473
13.3.3. Pacemaker Interference 475
13.3.4. Clinical Reports 478
13.3.5. Laboratory Tests 481
13.3.6. Control of Potential Hazards 484
14. EFFECTS ON HEMATOPOIESIS
AND HEMATOLOGY 489
14.1. In Vitro Studies 489
14.2. Animal Experiments 492
14.3. Reported Observations in the Human 505
References 508
15. EFFECTS ON IMMUNE RESPONSES 513
16. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS 523
16.1. Enzyme Activity 525
16.2. Metabolism 527
16.2.1. Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism 527
16.2.2. Protein Metabolism 529
16.3. Histamine Release 530
16.4. Clinical Chemistry, Serum Proteins, Electrolytes 531
References 534
17. THE COMMON INTEGUMENT (SKIN) 539
17.1. Anatomy and Physiology 539
17.2. Thermal Perception 542
17.3. Pain Perception 546
17.4. Biochemistry 549
17.5. Pathology (Burns) 550
References 555
18. CATARACTS AND OTHER OCULAR EFFECTS 559
18.1. Introduction 559
18.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye 559
18.2.1. Definition of Cataract 563
18.2.2. Classification and Appearance 565
18.2.3. Age Factors 566
18.2.4. Mechanisms of Opacification 568
18.2.5. Incidence of Cataract 568
18.2.6. Etiology of Cataract 570
18.3. Spectral Transmission of the Ocular Media 574
18.4. Radiation Cataracts 575
18.5. Effects of Microwaves on the Ocular Lens 579
18.5.1. Animal Experiments 579
18.5.2. Biochemical Changes 585
18.5.3. Frequency Specificity 586
18.5.4. Modulation Effects 587
18.5.5. Far-Field Exposures 587
18.6. Thermal Aspects of
Microwave Cataractogenesis 589
18.7. Concept of Threshold
and Cumulative Effect 592
18.8. Problems in Simulation Studies
and Extrapolation to the Human 595
References 597
19. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
IN THE HUMAN 603
19.1. Nervous System and Cardiovascular Effects 609
19.2. Ocular Effects 611
19.3. Fertility and Sterility 623
19.4. Growth and Development 624
19.5. Cancer 626
19.6. Critique of Epidemiological Studies 626
References 631
20. PERSONNEL PROTECTION, PROTECTION GUIDES,
AND STANDARDS 637
20.1. Protective Clothing and Eye Shields 637
20.2. Personal Monitors 637
20.3. Ancillary Hazards Associated with Electromagnetic
Interference 637
20.4. Exposure Standards 637
20.4.1. Occupational Standard (USA) 640
20.4.2. Product Emission Standard 640
20.4.3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 642
20.4.4. Standards in Various Countries 644
20.4.5. Criteria for Setting Tolerance Levels and
Exposure Standards 647
References 656
21. PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 659
INDEX 663
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