王権神授説（おうけんしんじゅせつ、英: divine right of kings, divine right, God's mandate）とは、「王権は神から付与されたものであり、王は神に対してのみ責任を負い、また王権は人民はもとよりローマ教皇や神聖ローマ皇帝も含めた神以外の何人によっても拘束されることがなく、国王のなすことに対しては人民はなんら反抗できない」とする政治思想のことである。
ヨーロッパの絶対王政期において、長らく「神の代理人」とされてきたローマ教会の権威・権力からの王権の独立と、国民に対する絶対的支配の理論的根拠となった。
教権の宗教的権威への挑戦
このような王権の超自然的権威はローマ教皇の宗教的権威、具体的には教皇勅書「唯一の、聖なる（ウナム・サンクタム、"Unam sanctam"）」への挑戦であった。この教皇勅書はボニファティウス8世により出されたもので、教皇は世俗的領域と宗教的領域の両方で、至上権を有していることを述べていた。以後歴代教皇はこの勅書を基本的に踏襲し、教皇首位権を擁護する聖職者・神学者たちはこれをしばしば引用したばかりか、ややもすれば拡大解釈して教皇の特権を強調した。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_exclusivae
The most recent attempt to exercise the right to exclude Cardinal Rampolla in 1903 was rejected by the conclave, although over the course of several ballots Rampolla, who had been the leading candidate, lost support until the conclave elected Cardinal Sarto, Pius X. The following year, Pius X forbad the jus exclusivae in the apostolic constitution Commissum Nobis of 20 January 1904:
The Vatican
In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto of Cardinal Mariano Rampolla's election to the papacy was transmitted to the Papal conclave by Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko. It was the last use of such a veto, as the new Pope Pius X prohibited future uses and provided for excommunication for any attempt.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria#The_Vatican
The most recent attempt to exercise the right to exclude Cardinal Rampolla in 1903 was rejected by the conclave, although over the course of several ballots Rampolla, who had been the leading candidate, lost support until the conclave elected Cardinal Sarto, Pius X. The following year, Pius X forbad the jus exclusivae in the apostolic constitution Commissum Nobis of 20 January 1904:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_exclusivae
1903 Conclave[edit]
When Leo XIII died in 1903, it was widely expected that Rampolla would be elected pope. His candidacy gained momentum until the last moment when the Austrian Emperor Francis Joseph I, imposed the veto jus exclusivae during the conclave.[b] Cardinal Jan Puzyna de Kosielsko, Prince-Archbishop of Kraków, expressed the veto on behalf of the Austrian emperor. Rampolla was reported to have received enough votes to win.[4][c]
The Secretary of the Conclave, Archbishop Rafael Merry del Val, reported later that Cardinal Puzyna de Kosielsko came to see him, demanding to announce his veto against Cardinal Rampolla in the name of Franz Joseph. Merry Del Val protested and refused even to accept the document. Rampolla, according to Merry del Val, actually gained votes after the veto. However, Merry del Val later told Ludwig von Pastorthat he thought Rampolla was unlikely to win since a majority of the cardinals wanted a more conservative direction following the relatively liberal pontificate of Pope Leo XIII, as did he himself.[d]
The specific reasons for Austria's opposition to Rampolla are unclear. The veto may have been based on the pro-French positions adopted by Rampolla, which were reflected in the policies of Leo XIII. Part of the Holy See's solution involving the French Republic was the attempt to reconcile French Catholics with their nation's republican government via laïcité. This was anathema to the powerful Ultramontanes. Others claimed that Austria was acting, for reasons unspecified, on behalf of Italy's government through the intervention of State Minister,[7] or that Austria was acting on behalf of Germany.[4][e]
While some prelates formally protested this intrusion after voting had been in progress, the Ultra Cardinals readily recognized the existing legal right of the emperor. Support for Rampolla dissipated, leading to the election of Giuseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X. Abolition of the veto right was one of his first official acts, on 20 January 1904.[4]
レオ13世（Papa Leone XIII,1810年3月2日 - 1903年7月20日）はローマ教皇（在位：1878年2月20日-1903年7月20日）、カトリック教会の司祭。本名、ジョアッキノ・ヴィンチェンツォ・ペッチ（Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci）。『誤謬表』（シラブス）の発表以来、完全に断絶してい
たカトリック教会と近代社会の相互理解を目指した。社会問題を扱った初の回勅『レールム・ノヴァールム』を発表したことで有名。
生涯
1810年イタリアのカルピネート・ロマーノで貴族の家系に生まれたジョアッキノ・ペッチはペルージャの司教として評判になり、この名声によって1853年に枢機卿にあげられた。1878年のコンクラーヴェで教皇に選ばれると、レオ13世を名乗った。19世紀のカトリック教会は近代思想と科学思想のすべてを否定することで自らのアイデンティティーを保持しようとしてきた。その頂点が1864年の『誤謬表』（シラブス）であり、近代社会とカトリック教会は相容れないという印象を世界に与えていた。レオ13世はこの状況を憂慮し、トマス・アクィナスの「理性と信仰の調和」という思想に解決を見出した。彼はトマスを示すことで、信仰と科学思想が共存しうることを訴えたのである。
レオ13世はバチカン図書館の資料を一般に公開し、神学校の設立にも力を注いだ。また、フランス革命以来、共和制フランスをはじめて認めた教皇となった。しかし、かねてより「バチカンの囚人」として教皇庁自らが規定してきた枠組みは崩さず、イタリア王国を認めず、信徒に国政選挙の投票権を放棄するよう求めていた。そして、彼の業績でもっとも有名なものは労働問題を扱ったはじめての回勅『レールム・ノヴァールム』を発表したことであった。彼はここで、労働者の権利を擁護し、搾取とゆきすぎた資本主義に警告を行った。
RALLIEMENT
Term referring to the policy of adhering to the directives given by Pope leo xiii to French Catholics in 1892. For historical reasons dating from the french revolution, the Third Republic (1870–1914) began with most of its supporters hostile to the Church and most Catholics eager for the return of the monarchy. anticlericalism and laicism characterized the outlook of Gambetta and other republicans who gained control in 1879, and legislated the expulsion of religious congregations, restrictions on Catholic education, and other laws inimical to the Church. From the beginning of his pontificate Leo XIII (1878–1903) pursued a prudent, cautious policy toward the Third Republic, illustrated notably by his encyclical Nobilissima Gallorum gens (Feb. 8, 1884), which asked French Catholics to defend the Church without opening themselves to accusations of hostility to established government. After the Boulanger crisis (1888–89) the pope judged that the moment had come to prescribe that Catholic political activity seek to improve the regime, not to destroy it. This policy of rallying to the Republic was launched by Cardinal lavigerie, who, at papal request, pronounced a toast in Algiers (Nov. 12, 1890) in which he praised adherence unreservedly to the existing form of government. These words struck French Catholics as scandalous. The other French cardinals spoke out in favor of neutrality rather than of ralliement. Leo XIIIwaited until Feb. 16, 1892, before publishing the encyclical Au milieu des sollicitudes, whose contents can be resumed by a comment of the pope himself in a letter to the cardinals (May 3): "Accept the Republic… submit to it as representing power come from God."
These instructions provoked in elite Catholic circles a long crisis of conscience. Reactions were diverse and complex. As a rule only the young generation, especially among the clergy, comprehended Leo XIII, who was acting in virtue of his indirect power in temporal matters. Many laymen openly resisted the pontiff, arguing that this matter pertained to the temporal sphere entirely outside the pope's domain. Albert de Mun, Jacques Piou, Étienne Lamy, and Domenico ferrata, nuncio (1891–96), were the leading ralliés. Leo XIII would have preferred to see Catholics allied with moderate republicans to form a large conservative party; but in the 1893 elections the ralliés won only 35 seats. However, the ralliement triumphed for some years by agreeing with an appeasement policy of the moderate republicans, called "the new spirit." Then the Dreyfus affair, which saw the great majority of Catholics ranged against Dreyfus, reopened religious conflicts, especially from 1902 to 1906, and led to an expulsion of religious congregations, the rupture of diplomatic relations with the Holy See, and the separation of Church and State. Cardinal merry delval, secretary of state to Pius X, countermanded Leo XIII's instructions (1909). For the time being the ralliement had collapsed.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ralliement
France
Leo XIII was the first pope to come out strongly in favour of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII#Social_teachings
https://onepeterfive.com/pius-xiis-prophetic-warnings-fatima-suicide-altering-faith-liturgy/
While these Pacellian remarks have appeared in truncated form in various traditional Catholic publications over the years, in honor of the 100th anniversary of Fatima, the entirety of Pius XII’s prophetic remarks are printed here in a fresh English translation, as they appear in Pie XII devant l’Histoire [Pius XII Before History] (1972) by Msgr. Georges Roche & Philippe Saint Germain (See appendix for the full context):
Suppose, dear friend, that Communism is the most visible among the organs of subversion against the Church and the Tradition of Divine Revelation. Thus, we will witness the invasion of everything that is spiritual: philosophy, science, law, teaching, the arts, the media, literature, theater, and religion.
I am concerned about the confidences of the Virgin to the little Lucia of Fatima. This persistence of the Good Lady in face of the danger that threatens the Church is a divine warning against the suicide that the alteration of the Faith, in its liturgy, its theology, and its soul, would represent.
I hear around me innovators who wish to dismantle the Sacred Chapel, destroy the universal flame of the Church, reject her ornaments, and make her remorseful for her historical past. Well, my dear friend, I am convinced that the Church of Peter must affirm her past, or else she will dig her own grave.
I will fight this battle with the greatest energy on the inside of the Church, just as outside of it, even if the forces of evil may one day take advantage of my person, my actions, or my writings, as they try today to deform the history of the Church. All human heresies which alter the word of God are so that a greater light might appear.”
[…]
These underdeveloped peoples will save the Church, Eminence. A day will come when the civilized world will deny its God, when the Church will doubt as Peter doubted. She will be tempted to believe that man has become God, that His Son is only a symbol, a philosophy like so many others. And in churches, Christians will search for the red lamp where Jesus awaits them, like the sinful woman crying out before the empty tomb: ‘Where have they taken Him?’
Then, priests will rise up from Africa, from Asia, from America, formed here in this seminary of the Missions, who will say and who will proclaim that the ‘bread of life’ is not ordinary bread, that the mother of the God-man is not a mother like others. And they will be cut to pieces to testify that Christianity is not a religion like others, since her head is the Son of God, and the Church is His Church.
Cardinal Pacelli’s Prophesies Coming True Today:
Cardinal Pacelli’s remarks are stunning prophesies of the current state of affairs in the Church, 84 years later. We are witnessing today that:
- Russia spreads her errors of communism and secularization throughout the world as Our Lady of Fatima warned. This happens even in the Church through doctrinal, moral, and liturgical relativism and secularization. The smoke of Satan has entered the sanctuary.
- The imposition of Paul VI’s “New Mass” after Vatican II has brought about widespread destruction of the Church’s sacred liturgy and beauty in church architecture. There is widespread grave liturgical irreverence, sometimes even causing the sacraments, including the Eucharist, to be invalid from certain priests using the new rites.
- There is mass apostasy in the Church and her bishops – “She will doubt as Peter doubted.”
- She doubts exclusivity of salvation through the Catholic Church and the social kingship of Christ. This is evidenced by harmful ambiguities, compromise formulas, and omissions in the very texts of Vatican II (ex. Nostra Aetate, Lumen Gentium, and Dignitatis Humanae). She doubts that all peoples and nations must become subject to Christ’s rule or ought to convert to the Catholic faith, and favors secular governments and practices. Scandalous practices of ecumenism have led to a virtual abandonment of the Divine Commission in favor of a vacuous, open-ended “dialogue”.
- She doubts even the universal validity of the Divine Law as seen in the double synod on the family and Pope Francis’ justifications for adultery and of a false notion of conscience in Amoris Laetitia. Numerous bishops conferences are openly violating the Divine law by allowing the divorced and civilly remarried persons living more uxorio to receive Holy Communion.
- She doubts the eternity and reality of Hell, by devoting her energies to progressive terrestrial utopias under the guise of environmentalism, one-world-government, mass immigration, and wealth redistribution, rather than to the salvation of souls.
- The Church in Africa flourishes and holds fast to the Catholic Faith, especially on sexual ethics, while the Western Catholic Church is losing the faith and dying out.
- Faithful Catholics suffer at the hands of fellow Catholics (white martyrdom) and non-Catholics (sometimes red martyrdom) because they refuse to give in to the prevailing moral relativism and religious syncretism.
‘Not Catholic Anymore’
When Father Carroll founded Georgetown, it was with great hope that the school would help firmly establish the Catholic Faith in America.
“The object nearest my heart now, and the only one that can give consistency to our religious views in this country, is the establishment of a school, and afterwards a Seminary for young clergymen,” he wrote in 1785 to Father Charles Plowden in England.
A historian at Georgetown Prep, Steve Ochs, has written that the College once embraced the traditional view of Catholic education—that its aim is to form young people in Christ and for Christ: “Most importantly, the Jesuits of Georgetown regarded the Christian formation of students as their primary mission. Knowledge and skills, although important, were approached as a means to an end: the knowledge and love of God.”
The University today, sadly, no longer has this view of education. This is most apparent in the dossier on Georgetown scandals that accompanied the late William Peter Blatty’s petition to the Vatican.
According to The Remnant:
One little vignette still fondly remembered by the Justice harks back to what Georgetown was.
At his final oral exam prior to receiving his degree (History), Scalia was breezing along when Dr. Wilkinson, the chairman of the department who presided over the three professor panel, asked this question: What was the most important event in the history of the world?
The confident candidate thought, “I have done very well up to here and there is no wrong answer to this one,” but as he responded Prof. Wilkinson continued to shake his head signaling that the student had it all wrong. Was it the Battle of Waterloo, or the Greek valor at Thermopylae? The panel member remained unimpressed with the candidate’s answers.
Finally, Dr. Wilkinson replied: “Mr. Scalia it was the Incarnation, when Christ became a man that is the correct answer.” One seriously doubts that Dr. Wilkinson’s question is ever asked at Georgetown examinations today, and if it were, clearly his response would no longer be considered correct. Despite his answer, Antonin Scalia graduated from Georgetown U. summa cum laude, no mean feat in those days in which grades were not “curved,” and no one had ever heard of “grade inflation.”
The prior year, Scalia addressed Catholic students at the University of Virginia and also criticized Georgetown University:
“When I was at Georgetown, it was a very Catholic place. It’s not anymore—and that’s too bad,” Scalia said. “What has happened to Catholic universities, that they would lose their reason for being?”
He said the Catholic Church as a whole “has been in trouble for a while,” having lost some of its zeal for evangelization, for which Catholic education is the Church’s primary tool.