下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Theory of illusion，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了幻象理论。幻象是精神分析理论中的一个核心概念，往事的回忆总是与无意识欲望息息相关，总是在无意识欲望的影响下不断变换、重塑自身，在这一过程中，幻象扮演了重要的角色，它是无意识欲望上演的场景。后来齐泽克把发端于弗洛伊德精神分析学说的幻象理论用于意识形态分析和批判，他的幻象理论启示人们，我们必须穿越幻象，认识到那种把阻碍社会正常发展的因素归因于某个种族或族群的意识形态只是一种幻象，阻碍社会发展、侵蚀社会肌体的“病毒”不是某种外在、外来的入侵者，而是社会自身的必然产物，也就是社会内部深层的矛盾性与对抗性。
Illusion is a core concept in psychoanalytic theory, which first appeared in Freud's works. In his earlier works, Freud argued that memories of early childhood sexual attraction were sometimes the product of illusions rather than actual traces of abuse. This seems to imply that illusion and reality are incompatible, that illusion is the product of illusion and imagination. Not really. According to psychoanalytic theory, reality is not purely objective. "reality is not an undisputed established existence, in which there is only an objective and correct way of perception, but it is constructed by discourse. The memory of the past is always closely related to the unconscious desire, which constantly changes and reconstructs itself under the influence of the unconscious desire. In this process, illusion plays an important role, which is the scene of the unconscious desire.
Later, pull Kang Jicheng Freud's this view, is the illusion as desire, however, show in the illusion is not the satisfaction of desire, is simply the desire itself, because, in essence, desire is not satisfied or implementation, desire often into the opposite of his, or sliding from one object to another object, never attached to a fixed object. "The basic essence of psychoanalysis is that desire is not given in advance, but constructed afterwards." Illusion provides the coordinate and frame for the subject's desire, designates the object of desire for the subject, and makes the subject learn how to desire. Lacan also highlights the protection and defense function of illusion -- illusion protects the subject, making the subject resist the emasement of symbolic order and the lack of the other. The desire built up by the subject in the scene of illusion is to resist the desire of the other.
Lacan to algebraic expression ﹩ derive a to describe the structure of the illusion, for this formula, we can read: split the body of the desire in a small object with a. Symbol ﹩, refers to the division, hit cross-court subject S. In lacan's view, the subject with independent consciousness in Descartes' proposition of "I think therefore I am" is just a myth, and the subject is essentially an other, which is the result of emasculation after entering the symbolic realm. The symbol ◇ is the combination of two Angle brackets, representing "encirclement -- development -- union -- separation", we can understand as the desire of the subject for the object little a. The symbol a, means little a.
For the object little a, we cannot simply understand it as the object or object of desire, but as the object of desire -- the cause, which is not only the object of desire, but also the cause of our desire. "The object little a is not what we desire and pursue. It defines how our desires move. It is a formal framework that gives coherence to our desires. Desire, of course, is metonymic; It always transfers from one object to another; Through these substitutions, however, desire retains a minimal formal coherence, a set of phantasmal features that we desire when we encounter them on a particular object. As the cause of desire, the object little a is nothing more than this coherent formal framework." Zizek points out here that no real object can fill the inner void of desire, and that any object can be an object as long as it constructs our desire and gives our desire coherence, forming an illusion of formal framework.
The object small a is a remnant of the original pleasure. The so-called primary pleasure, refers to the infant and the mother when the original state of integration. When the baby in the mother's arms, food and clothing, feeling love, for the baby, the mother's arms can be said to be an Eden. The subject is eager to return to the state of unity with the mother all his life. However, due to the castration and repression of the "father law", the subject must give up the desire for the mother and place the desire for the mother in some residual objects to pursue the residual of the original pleasure, namely the object small a. The object little a is both within and outside the subject, and it hangs between the subject and the other. So to speak, because the object model of small a mother's breast, voice, eyes, etc., although these objects to a part of the parent, but because the body always have a kind of illusion, namely, he and his mother together, is a part of the mother, so these objects belong to the mother, also belong to him, both within him, and beyond him, between the subject and the mother.
Object small a is never available to us. From the perspective of space, we can only recognize the face of the object small a by "squinting" it in a distorted way. In terms of time, it can only exist as something expected or lost, only in the form of not yet and no longer, and never in the pure here and now. It's like Achilles' tortoise. You can either stay behind it or surpass it. You can never keep pace with it. Therefore, "objectively", the object little a is "empty". This means that human desire is like a bottomless black hole, which can never be filled and can never be satisfied.
For lacan and zizek, our reality, our society, is supported and constructed by illusion. Illusion is a barrier to the real world, once the illusion disappears, too close to the real world, our mansion of reality will collapse and disappear.
According to zizek, "the symbolic order is constructed around a certain traumatic impossibility, around something that cannot be symbolized, that is, around the reality of the original music." The reason why it is impossible is not that it does not exist or do not happen, but that it cannot be symbolized or expressed by linguistic symbols. Occasionally we encounter the reality, but the encounter with the reality causes trauma; The trauma is so heavy and painful that we can't admit it or describe it in words. One of the functions of illusion is to fill in the gaps in the other, the symbolic order, hide the inconsistency of the other, and shield the traumatic impossibility of the other. Illusion can cover the traumatic reality, so that we have a consistent, coherent perception and experience of the symbolic world and the other. Of course, this experience is of a certain illusory nature.
In order to explain the construction and support of illusion to reality, zizek quoted the fable of zhuangzhou's dream butterfly analyzed by lacan in the four basic concepts of psychoanalysis. In one day, zhuangzi's idea on the idea of even things is an idea. "in one day, zhuangzhou dreamed an idea just like a hu butterfly. Russia's natural sleep, QuQuRan weeks also. I wonder if zhou's dream is hu die and hu die's dream is zhou with? Zhou and hu die, then must divide. This is objectification." As for this fable, we can't just interpret it as "life is a dream". Its real ideological connotation lies in the fact that it represents the experience of zhuangzi in his dream and his desire. Zhuangzi and butterflies can be expressed as the relationship between ﹩ derive a, means: chuang tzu thought the butterfly. In reality, in the symbolic world, zhuangzi is of course a person rather than a butterfly. The butterfly is zhuangzi's desire object, which constitutes zhuangzi's illusion -- the framework and structure of identity. However, in the real world of zhuangzi's desire, he is a butterfly dancing without desire. Therefore, we can say that in the real world, zhuangzi is a "real" butterfly; Only in the reality supported by illusion and symbolic order, zhuang zhou was a man. The reality of zhuangzhou as a social person is constructed by the illusion of "zhuangzhou dreams butterfly". If zhuangzhou is too close to the object butterfly of desire, it will lead to the collapse of reality and the collapse of personality.
The unfortunate career of Jonathan hogg, a famous science fiction by heinlein, an American science fiction writer, reveals the illusory nature of reality and the shielding effect of illusion on the real world. At the end of the novel, Jonathan hogg, a mysterious character, tells the randalls, a private investigator, the truth about the universe: the current universe was created by some mysterious species, and there are many similar universes. He himself is a critic of this universe. He discovered several flaws in the universe that he will fix in the next few hours. He warned the detective couple not to open the window of their car on the way back to town, whatever happened, so that they would not notice anything. Hogg closed his eyes and did not wake up. On the drive back to the city, the detective and his wife were initially restrained, but when they saw the policeman on the side of the road, they finally decided to open the window and report the location of hogg's body to the policeman. However, "outside the open window, there was no sunlight, no police, no children -- nothing. Only a grey, invisible mist was moving slowly, as if it were the beginning of chaos. Through the mist they could not see the city ahead, not because it was too foggy, but because there was nothing behind it. There was no sound in the mist, no sign of movement."
In zizek's view, the chaotic world outside the car window is actually the realm of reality; The sunny and busy real world we see through the car window is just a kind of fiction. The car window serves as a barrier separating social reality from reality. The consistency, the coherence, of our hard reality is only an illusion, and at any moment the real world may overflow into reality and be absorbed into it. Once the realm of reality invades reality, the edifice of reality falls apart. "This is the picture that psychoanalysis provides of everyday reality, of a fragile equilibrium. When trauma strikes in an accidental, unpredictable way, that fragile equilibrium can be broken."
To illustrate the obscuration of the real world by illusion, zizek also cites the case of the "burning child" dream explained by lacan in his lectures on the four basic concepts of psychoanalysis. This is an example from Freud's dream interpretation.
A father stayed at his child's bedside for days and nights. When the child died, he went into the next room and lay down, but the door was open so that he could see from his bedroom the room where his child was lying, with tall candles burning around the body. An old man, who had been hired to look after the corpse, sat down beside it, muttering a prayer. After a few hours of sleep, the father dreamed that his child was standing by his bed, shaking his arm and softly complaining, "daddy, can't you see I'm burning?" He awoke, noticed the light in the next room, and hurried towards it, finding the hired man fast asleep. A lighted candle had fallen, setting fire to the shroud and the arm of his beloved child.
The usual explanation for this father's dream is that the main function of dreams is to help the dreamer extend his sleep. The dreamer is often stimulated from the outside world, from reality, and in order to prolong his sleep, the dreamer will quickly construct a dream when the stimulus comes. But when the stimulus was too strong, the dreaming father was awakened.
Lacan's interpretation of the four basic concepts of psychoanalysis is different. The logic of his father's awakening, he thought, was very different from that. The father constructed a dream in his sleep to prolong his sleep and avoid waking up to reality. But in the dream he encountered the reality of his own desires, the child's rebuke to his father: "do you not see that I am burned?" The child's rebuke suggests that the father felt guilty about his child's death. A father is, of course, a loving father, but when the child is sick for a long time, the father unconsciously wants the child to be free from pain. In the dream, the father encounters the reality of his desires: he secretly hopes that the child will simply die in order to be freed from pain. This reality of desire is so sad that it is even more terrible than the external reality, so my father woke up from a dream to escape from the nightmare of his own reality of desire. So "for those who are overwhelmed, reality is a dream." Reality is an illusory construct that shields us from the reality of our desires and prevents us from directly encountering the suffocating pain of that reality.
Illusion structure of people's desire, build people's reality and society, if the invasion, offend the illusion of others, the consequences will be very serious -- will lead to the collapse of the reality of others and collapse, cause fatal blow to others and destroy. For zizek, two short stories by Patricia highsmith are perfect examples of this argument. Her novel black room tells the story of a small town in America. At night, the men of the town would gather in the bar to talk and reminiscence about their youth, always about a desolate old building on a nearby hill they called the black house. The dark room was rumored to be haunted by ghosts and to contain a mad man who would kill anyone who entered it. In addition, the black room is associated with the men's youth memories: there, they smoke for the first time, the first taste of forbidden fruit. So, people warned each other: do not go near the dark room. One day, however, a young man named Tim came to town. After hearing all the stories about the black house, he announced that he would visit the mysterious black house himself the next day. The town has a lot of cynicism about this. The next night, Tim returns to the bar from the black room, crowing that it's just a run-down, dirty building, with nothing mysterious or glamorous about it. The crowd panicked and eventually one of them launched a deadly attack on Tim, who was killed on the spot. According to zizek, the moral of this novel is that illusion is the scene of people's desire, the place of people's desire to bet, and for the residents of a small town, the black house is such an illusion. Tim claims that the black house is just an ordinary bleak house, which no doubt strips away the mysterious aura of the black house, equates the illusion with plain and boring reality, and thus destroys the illusion of infinite charm in people's hearts. The collapse of illusion is the collapse of reality, so Tim is fatally attacked.
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