留学生写作Essay易犯的五个错误

不管留学生们对Essay有多么的讨厌，你都得老老实实把它完成，毕竟平时的Essay写作是直接跟大家的成绩挂钩的，所以还是要努力写好。而留学生在写作Essay的时候经常会犯错，下面就给大家列举五个Essay写作易犯的错误，同学们都来看看自己有没有这种毛病。

一、主旨不明确

有时候我们写Essay突然灵感来临，写东西就像脱缰野马，从东跑到西，从南跑到北，回到原地又转两个大圈圈。或者也有相反的例子：因为没有太多灵感，想要东扯西扯一些内容凑字数。有内容、思路开阔固然是好事，但写给别人看的文章最重要的一点就是要有一个核心的主题。没有主题的Essay是没有灵魂的。如果大家不希望自己付出的时间被浪费掉，在开始写Essay之前一定要确定自己的文章有明确的主题/主旨，也就是确定自己到底想要为大家介绍什么或是说明一个什么道理。

二、引用错误

在国外，引用文献是非常重要的。不恰当的引用会直接影响最终成绩，忽略引用而导致论文重合率高的学术文章不仅会挂科甚至会被开除学籍。其次，引用具有代表性和可靠性的文献也非常关键。国外Essay写作都有严格要求至少引用课外的sources。这里的source也就是你在写文章的时候所收集到的资料。假设你准备写一篇关于“留学生来美国后的文化差异”的文章，那么你收集的资料可以是关于数据调查方面的，比如百分之多少的人表明自己明显感觉有文化差异。你也可以收集一些在相关领域学术研究的文章，比如一些文章介绍文化差异的形成原因和过程，这些内容都可以帮助你写文章的时候分析中国人来美国后的文化差异形成过程。总之，你搜集的资料和文献一定要具有代表性、是可以帮助你论证你的观点的！

三、写作结构

中国留学生在写Essay的时候请不要再把文章分为三大自然段！“开头、中间、结尾”这样的Essay格式更适合列提纲而不是写文章。在美国，学术论文通常都是2000字起步，所以如果文章只有三个自然段，老师在改文章的时候一定会读崩溃的！合理的分段和布局非常重要。如果怕前后联系不紧密，还可以加上小标题，这样不仅方便你理清自己的写作思路，还更方便老师阅读你的文章逻辑。

四、表达不清晰逻辑不顺畅

其实写好一篇Essay最重要的不是词汇而是清晰的表达和顺畅的逻辑。强大的词汇量固然是加分项，但如果句子的逻辑不清晰，再高端的词汇量也凸显不出写作功底。表达方面，这里我要强调尤其重要的是分析逻辑和批判性思维的能力。分析逻辑就是分析你所阅读到的文献。假设我们要写一篇关于“该不该合法持枪”的文章，首先我们要把读到的文章里作者的观点复述清楚并且分析作者观点背后的逻辑。

五、审题太宽泛

最后一点很容易被忽略的就是审题问题，很多小伙伴在开始写文章以后就忘记最开始的题目要求了，于是写着写着很容易忽略老师留下来一些细节问题。在这里给大家的建议就是在列提纲的时候加入这一环节，让自己在写文章的时候时刻提醒自己不要忘记回答老师留下的问题。并且我强烈推荐大家在开始写作之前认真审题，有些论文是要结合上课内容的，所以一定要把思路理清楚，结合好需要融入的所有内容再开始写作。如果完成了一大半的文章之后再开始加入新的元素，文章的主旨就会被淡化很多。

以上就是写作Essay易犯的五个错误，希望大家在以后的写作中都能避免这些问题，写好Essay.

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Paper代写：H&M Company

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- H&M Company，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了H&M公司。H&M之所以能在如此短的时间内在国际市场上取得成功，主要得益于其独特的品牌战略，即时尚、品质和价格相结合。简而言之，H&M的品牌战略包括快速的设计和生产，低廉的价格，关注主流消费者，企业内部灵活高效的供应链管理，要求供应链的每一个环节都要不断的交换信息。

Introduction：

Successful brand strategy can not only increase customer demand for enterprise products, but also ensure the sustainable development of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises should timely change their brand strategy according to the changes of internal and external environment, and enhance the brand's management ability and market competitiveness(Dumitriu,2012). This article divides into four parts, the first part makes a brief analysis of brand strategy theory. The second part, analyze the difference between H&M's brand strategy and fast fashion brand Zara. The third part discusses the factors of the success of H & M Company. The fourth part discusses and summarizes the brand strategy of the H&M.

Brand strategy theory:

Brand strategy is an enterprise management strategy that takes brand as its core competitive power in order to obtain different profit and value(Newman,2018). There are many forms of brand strategy, such as brand differentiation strategy, brand portfolio strategy, brand marketing strategy. This article focuses on the analysis of the brand differentiation strategy of H&M brand. The strategy of brand differentiation is to differentiate one's brand by means of a series of differentiation. In today's market environment of a large number of products with similar functions, prices and shapes, how to make the products have a deep impression in the hearts of consumers and how to make the brand stands out has become a growing concerned issue for the enterprises. Brand differentiation strategy is based on this issue proposed a brand strategy, by creating different designs of brands, different functions, different shapes to attract the attention of consumers. Therefore, the key to brand differentiation lies in innovation.

The difference between H&M's brand strategy and fast fashion brand Zara

H & M Company-Reasons for Choice

H&M, a Swedish fashion company, has branches in many countries around the world, including Europe and the United States. It is popular with young people because of its high quality and low price. As a world famous retail giant with more than 3,000 stores in 28 countries, H&M shows its boundless charm and market possession ability. Fast is the core value of Fast Fashion. H & M, like ZARA in Spain, is also called the "fast fashion" model. But just being fast is not enough to make it so popular in the world today, and even more tempting is its low-price strategy. Strong design capability is also one of the ways for H&M to control "parity fashion". H & M has a large team of designers who pay attention to the world's fashion trends, travel around the world’s fashion shows, absorb the world's fashion trends, create their own understanding of the concept of fashion trends, and quickly produce the corresponding products, meanwhile, bring the world's trends to the world's affordable consumer in the shortest possible time(Thiha.2016). Therefore, the low price fashion products of H & M will also make customers full of expectation for the brand because of its excellent design of the style. H&M's "parity fashion" has indeed become deeply popular, let consumers dress decent, and do not have to worry about the crisis of brushing credit cards, which makes itself the most popular fashion. H & M brand concept: fast fashion, fashion popularisation, the best price offers fashion and quality.

ZARA company

ZARA, a subsidiary of Spain's inditex Group. It is both a clothing brand and a retail brand specializing in the ZARA brand, which was established in Spain in 1975. ZARA is the third largest clothing merchant in the world and the first in Spain. It has established more than 2000 clothing stores in 56 countries all over the world. It is popular with fashionable young people around the world. The design style of the brand is very good, but the price is lower, which means letting civilians embrace high fashion.

Brand difference analysis

Brand style

Both ZARA and H & M have a very large team of designers. many products can find some trace of the big brand. After the development of H & M Company, it has been cooperating with well-known designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, ROBERTO CAVALLI and MATTHEW WILLIAMSON. However, the H & M prices designed by these big-name designer were extremely close to the people, so it caused a wave of buying. ZARA’s design concept comes from young designers who have been running around the world for many years and have learned a variety of local styles of clothing, thus giving designers a very free play. ZARA is focused on approachable prices and the efficiency of product upgrading. Generally speaking, a brand is not only a single style, but the style of ZARA is too diverse.

Consumer group positioning

H&M chooses the civilian route, while Zara chooses the crowd with fine and fast fashion. The ZARA’s consumer group is positioned at the age of 25 to 35 white-collar class. Because of style and price, ZARA is more popular with white-collar class than H&M. In women's wear, Zara can accommodate H & M women's clothing customers, in men's clothing, Zara is more professional, the products mainly focus on 30 to 40 middle-aged men, however, H&M.is younger, mostly 20 to 30 young people. Both the two brands of children's wear are more consistent, with 2 to 14 years of age as the clothing age. 25 to 35 year old young mothers are the main buyers. Although Zara and H&M have adopted a low price strategy. But zara's target consumers are young people with higher incomes and higher education, mainly 15 to 60 years old customers, but their psychological age is only 25 to 35 years old customers. Zara is more popular with white-collar workers, who are fashion-sensitive and do not have the ability to buy high-end clothing brands.At the same time, Zara needs only two weeks to complete the transition from fashion trends to identifying new styles to putting them in stores, and it's less than a tenth of the price of these top clothing brands, which can be greatly satisfied the consumer's pursuit of popular trends. Because what people need is not a product but a "unique one " feeling, to seize the consumer's mentality of seeking new and fast consumption, the lack of goods is the use of the mentality of consumption. H&M also targets young people aged 15 to 60, and H&M is relatively younger than ZARA. Such buyers are highly fashion-sensitive and have a certain consumption capacity, but do not have the ability to regularly consume high-end luxury brands.

Price positioning

Zara and H&M's frequently updated and fashionable low-priced products can meet the needs of specific populations. However, although both companies are low-priced, there are still obvious differences, because of H & M’s positioning, so the price can be lower than the Zara, for example, H & M’s fashionable dress positioning is about 30%to 50% lower than the Zara. In addition, Zara takes a small discount, Zara's discount on average about 18% of all its goods, about half that of its competitors. Taking the best performance of H&M in 2001 as an example, the average discount rate of Zara is 7%, H&M 13%. The discount for Zara is usually 8.5%.

Supply chain

H&M offers fashion and quality at the best price. To reduce costs and maintain parity price, H&M does not own any factories, its manufacturing is completely outsourced to hundreds of factories. But Zara has its own manufacturer, the company put 50% production in Spain and 24% in a low-cost place(Parietti,2018).

Analysis of H&M's success factors

Accurate age orientation

The H & M brand mainly focuses on energetic young people aged 18 to 25, who are highly sensitive to fashion and have a certain consumption capacity. Frequent updated and fashionable low-priced products can meet the needs of this group of people. Its style is sexy and lively, but also casual and generous. The H&M fashion year is divided into two seasons: spring and autumn. Purchasing activities are aligned with market orientation, and are adjusted to maximize the accuracy of fashion trends based on data available from stores around the world, such as what's good to sell, climate differences, and shopping preferences.

Short preparation time

H&M's commodity preparation time varies from 2~3 weeks to 6 months, mainly determined by the attributes of the goods. The normal preparation time is to maintain a balance in price, time and quality. H & M, as one of the fast fashion brand giants, is the innovator of transforming clothing durable goods into fast moving consumer goods. In this mode, it is more inclined to balance the shipping time and product costs. Though not as fast as ZARA, it has an unshakable place in the industry by relying on cost leadership, it depends on the high products turnover and marketing team(Thiha,2016). For example, the sales of sportswear are quite brilliant. The sportswear of H & M is very professional, and its classification is very fine, but the price is much cheaper than NILE, H & M sportswear had a 36% replenishment rate in 2013, with only 10.4% at a discount (ZARA inventory turnover rate is so high, also there are 15% discount sales). In contrast to this fact, sportswear is definitely a highlight of H&M.

Effective brand promotion

Every new store opened by H&M will have a large number of local media to do free propaganda, and some fashion commentators will publish commentary articles. H&M is no longer just a brand, more often than not, it is more like a fashion lifestyle, a social focus.

Brand expansion strategy

The expansion strategy of H&M adopts a multi-style and multi-regional strategy. Multi-style can bring customers a sense of freshness, customers visit the store more times, performance will naturally be good, in a solid foundation of customers’ good reputation, the H & M’s expansion is easier. It is amazing that H&M, known for its diversified economy, can also achieve economies of scale. In recent years, H&M has been actively expanding new markets in order to diversify business risks and gain market share from emerging markets. At the same time, H&M adopted a multi brand strategy to win more market space. Generally speaking, the H & M’s economic and expansion patterns have brought about valuable economies of scale, which have a positive impact on the profitability of enterprises(Malviya,2017).

Conclusion；

The success of H & M in the international market in such a short period of time is mainly due to their unique brand strategy, which combines fashion, quality and price. In short, the brand strategy of "fast fashion" in H&M includes: rapid design and production, cheap price, focusing on mainstream consumers, flexible and efficient supply chain management within the enterprise, and requiring every link in the supply chain to continuously exchange information. At the same time, it requires each links, from customers to store managers, from store managers to market experts, from market experts to design, can respond quickly to changes in fashion trends, then forming a closed supply chain, thereby making satisfactory profits.

Reference：

1,Dumitriu,R.(2012). The role of branding in marketing strategy. Management&Marketing, volume X, issue 1/2012

http://www.mnmk.ro/documents/2012-first/11_23_1_12_FFF.pdf

2,Newman,D.(2018).Choose your brand type.

http://www.docin.com/p-393067407.html

3,Parietti,M.(2018).H&M Vs. Zara Vs. Uniqlo: Comparing Business Models

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/120215/hm-vs-zara-vs-uniqlo-comparing-business-models.asp

4,Thiha.Z.(2016). H&M: The Secret to its Success

https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/041216/hm-secret-its-success.asp

5,Malviya,S.(2017).H&M sales double as pricing strategy pays off

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/hm-clocks-in-rs-700-crore-sales-in-nine-months/

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实证性英文论文的写作讲解

虽然留学生们在留学期间写过各种各样的论文作业，但也不是每一种英文论文都写过。像今天要给大家讲解的实证性英文论文，可能很多留学生就没有写过。实证性英文论文，需要详细地描述一项计划实行的或者已经完成的研究，展示该研究旨在回答的问题，对主题已存的研究，研究的方法以及最后得出的结论和实际意义，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

摘要：

摘要通常是一个总结，通常是150字左右。摘要应该单独成页，并且用一两句话总结英文论文中的每个部分。即使读者不阅读完整的英文论文，也应该通过摘要理解你所讨论的所有内容。

引言：

在引言中，你应该介绍在这个研究中你所解决的问题，以及该问题与这个领域内其他问题的联系。你需要重点说明这个问题的重要性，总结对于这个问题的历史研究，以及描述与你所要研究问题相关的理论和先前的研究。最后，你应该在引言中指出你测试的假说。此外，你还应该在引言里面提出，除了这个假设之外，这个问题还可能有什么样的答案，并且指出你的研究将如何提供证据，帮助你证明你的假说，排除其他可能性。

研究方法：

研究方法部分应该解释研究是如何进行的，详细介绍研究的参与者，研究中使用的材料以及研究的过程。研究方法部分应该包含详细的信息，以便其他人可以按照你的方法，精确地按照你的方法来重新操作。

研究结果：

你的研究发现了什么？在这个部分，你的工作就是说明你的研究数据。除了详细说明研究结果之外，你还需要详细描述你分析数据的步骤，比如删除异常数据，或者计算符合变量，你所使用的分析方法，以及这些分析的结果。对于一个研究提案来说，你仍然需要描述你打算如何清理数据以及将进行哪些分析。你应该首先介绍与你的假设直接相关的结果，并且提供描述性的数据，通常是平均值和方差，最好是用图表的形式展现。除此之外，还需要提供推断性的数据比如方差分析。

讨论：

在讨论部分，最主要的任务就是综合研究结果并提出结论。这些研究结果意味着什么？这些发现和你在引言部分讨论的研究有何关联？研究结果是否支持你的假说并且否定了其他可能性？你如何解释你的预测和最后发现之间的任何差异？你的发现有什么影响？你所发现的内容如何支持或者反对现存的理论？你的发现对现实世界有什么影响？

引用文献：

参考文献部分应该另起一页。心理学专业的文章我们通常采用APA引用格式。

以上就是关于实证性英文论文的写作讲解，看过之后，想必大家都知道怎么去写这类论文了吧，所以以后要是遇到也就不用怕了。

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Paper代写：Basic education research in the United States

本篇paper代写- Basic education research in the United States讨论了美国的基础教育。美国基础教育的办学体制比较灵活，公立学校与私立学校共同发展，其中公立学校是美国基础教育的主体。美国基础教育实行高投资办学，依照教育法规定，由联邦政府和地方政府共同负担，其中以地方政府为主，经费主要来源于纳税人上交的教育税。美国的基础教育重视学生的个性发展，强调个性化和协作精神的结合，学生能力和品德的培养，同时也注重学生的身体锻炼。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

At present, there are a lot of researches on American basic education in Chinese educational circles and they are mainly based on field investigation.

Educational administration refers to the government's management of education and the management of schools. The school administration system includes the establishment of internal organization, the composition of leading members and the division of responsibilities and powers. Education administration in the United States is a typical liberalized management system dominated by decentralization. Education is mainly legislated and managed by each state. According to the law of the United States, the federal government has no power to directly administer education. Its main functions are guidance and service, such as allocating education funds to local governments, collecting education information, and conducting investigation and research. Be responsible for the management of the basic education have different levels of two types of institutions: one is the board of directors of the all levels of education, it belongs to civil society organizations, including on behalf of the local public opinion, elected, consists of representatives from all walks of life state, county, city and district education board, society and the government is mainly responsible for communication, so as to achieve the purpose of the whole society to participate in the education career. Second, the government's department of education, including the federal department of education; State boards of education; School district board. Its main responsibility is to carry out some administrative management that is considered necessary in accordance with laws and the decisions of the board of education, to regulate the school-running behavior of the school from a macro perspective, and not to directly participate in the specific management of the school. In practice, schools have a lot of autonomy. High schools in the United States usually have a school board, which is the highest decision-making body of the school. It is responsible for making the major policies and decisions of the school. The principal is responsible to the school board of directors for the specific management of school affairs. In addition, the school generally has two vice-principals, who are responsible for teaching and administrative work. This management system of basic education in the United States arouses the autonomy of schools and the enthusiasm of society, but it is not conducive to the balanced development of education.

The school-running system refers to the school education who will organize and choose what kind of management methods and systems. The American basic education system is relatively flexible, and public schools and private schools develop together. Public schools are the main body of basic education in the United States, and the students in public schools account for about 80% of all students. The funding sources of public schools mainly include fixed funds allocated by governments at all levels for infrastructure construction, appropriations according to the number of students, special appropriations, etc., which are large in scale, large in number of students, and free in the community. Private schools are funded mainly by tuition fees paid by students, funds allocated by the government and education funds. Students pay between $3, 000 and $25, 000 a year, so private schools tend to attract students from wealthy families. However, private schools are small in size and of good quality. The students enrolled in private schools are generally excellent in academic performance, accounting for about 10% of the total students. Public-private partnerships, in which companies build schools and the government sends teachers, are housed in corporate headquarters, as hewlett-packard, for example, has done to keep its employees at work. In addition, the United States also allows families to undertake the education of their children, as long as they take relevant exams and obtain certain credits before graduation. Therefore, it can be said that the school running system in the basic education stage of the United States is as diverse as that in China.

Educational investment refers to the monetary performance of manpower and material resources invested in the field of education, which are used to train reserve labor force with different proficiency levels and various specialized talents, as well as to improve people's labor ability. It includes the total expenditure of the government and social forces on the development of education. American basic education implements high investment in running schools. According to the provisions of the education law, it is jointly borne by the federal government and the local government, among which the local government is the main one and the funding mainly comes from the education tax paid by taxpayers. In general, the federal government accounts for 12 percent, state governments for 53 percent, and local governments for 35 percent, along with corporate and individual sponsors. Libraries, museums, science and technology museums, art galleries, aquariums, memorial halls, theme parks and other entertainment facilities in the United States are open to primary and secondary schools at any time. Each library is privately funded, not for profit, but for educational purposes and is exempt from tax. It can be seen from this that the funding of basic education in the United States is guaranteed and sufficient, primary and secondary schools can carry out a variety of extracurricular activities related to education.

Focus on whole-person education, that is, according to the characteristics of student development and provide the corresponding environment, to meet the psychological and physiological needs of students and other aspects of different needs, so that they become active, independent, confident, have a sense of responsibility, to meet the needs of society. Basic education in the United States attaches great importance to the development of students' personality, emphasizes the combination of individuality and cooperation spirit, the cultivation of students' ability and morality, and also pays attention to the physical exercise of students. In addition, another feature of American basic education is that it teaches students in accordance with their aptitude. It actively advocates to give students full, free and broad space for imagination, so that students' personality can be fully displayed in a collective atmosphere full of love, sunshine and warmth. This is an extremely valuable part of American education.

American elementary and middle school campuses are unpretentious, economical, and connected to their communities. The area of a school is usually not large. Through further interviews, we know that these new teachers have not formed the habit of research and have the psychology of "fear" and escape from research. Such teachers who lack the ability of reflection and research can only become teachers rather than educators.

Adaptability is a kind of ability that new teachers must have to adapt to the requirements of the continuous development of new educational concepts. 25.5% of the newly appointed teachers believe that they are quick to accept and adapt, while 50.8%, or more than half of the teachers, believe that they are quick to accept the cutting-edge educational ideas but slow to adapt, indicating that their adaptability needs to be further strengthened. 18.6% of teachers do not know how to change their teaching methods and are still going the same way. 5.1 percent of teachers did not want change, but the status quo.

As for whether teachers feel lack of knowledge in teaching, 82% of them occasionally feel lack of knowledge, 15.6% often feel lack of knowledge, and 3.4% never feel lack of knowledge. Thus it can be seen that teachers need to constantly learn, constantly update the knowledge, lifelong lesson preparation. Teachers feel the lack of knowledge, but what kind of knowledge is lacking? According to the survey results on what kind of knowledge they lack in the teaching process, the new teachers feel lack of extensive cultural and scientific knowledge, the new teachers feel lack of professional knowledge of subjects accounted for 15.3%, and the new teachers feel lack of educational knowledge accounted for 18.6%. Thus it can be seen that most of the new teachers feel that they are lack of extensive scientific and cultural knowledge, which of course is related to the extensive and inexhaustible knowledge, and the author thinks that it is also related to normal colleges and universities for a long time do not pay attention to the construction of general education courses.

The school does not have a big gate and walls, sometimes walking in the campus will accidentally into the community. There are schools, community colleges, public libraries, sports facilities, etc. Schools are part of the whole learning community. The name of the school is simply marked on a sign at the main entrance to the school, or on a short, simple wall. But schools pay attention to internal practical, advanced teaching equipment, usually have better computer equipment, computer network, sports facilities and art education facilities. Classroom layout is different from China's primary and secondary schools. All the walls in the classroom are covered with colorful pictures, various forms, knowledge CARDS, maps and so on. In the classroom, there are closets, book corners, animal corners and so on. The book corner is filled with all kinds of reference books and scientific knowledge books for students to consult materials. The desks and chairs in the classroom are placed according to the teaching needs of the teachers, some placed into a semicircle, some placed into several small circles. Generally speaking, the school environment construction in the basic education stage in the United States is very different from that in China, which is formal, serious and orderly.

The curriculum and textbooks for basic education in the United States are generally developed by local schools according to the actual needs. The federal and state governments set only general requirements for school content, setting curriculum benchmarks and minimum graduation requirements for school districts. The specific curriculum of primary and secondary schools is formulated by the "curriculum committee" organized by the local education committee, which is composed of curriculum administrators, guidance directors, principals, teachers and parents' representatives.

The content of the American curriculum is colorful, which attaches great importance to the knowledge closely related to modern economy, social life and scientific and technological development. To be specific, primary and middle schools are mainly courses of basic knowledge, including English reading, writing and understanding, mathematics, history, geography, computer science, environmental protection, basic knowledge of science, music, art and physical education, etc. Middle school and high school began to offer elective courses, which accounted for 1/3 and 1/2 of the total class hours respectively. Compulsory courses are stipulated by the school district education bureau, with a lot of contents. Elective courses are set according to the characteristics of the school and students' interests. In addition, there are community service classes and tutoring programs. Community service course is to encourage students to do voluntary service for the community. It is not a credit, but must be studied. It aims to cultivate students' practical ability, practical ability, social responsibility and service spirit. Remedial course is to dissolve the various psychological pressure of the student, guide the student to enter a higher school and obtain employment, improve study method to wait and open to the student all day outside class.

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Essay代写：Democratic thought in ancient Greece

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Democratic thought in ancient Greece，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了古希腊的民主思想。作为古希腊政治思想的重要组成部分，民主思想一直被广泛讨论着。在古希腊，不同的思想家对民主的见解和褒贬是不同的。有一些思想家大力鼓吹民主，鼓励公民参政，赋予公民尽可能多的民主权利；也有一些思想家对民主进行犀利的批判，认为民主会使自由走向极端，并提出混合政体。这些思想都在之后不同国度的不同历史时期得到不同程度的验证，并被后人改良、发展，影响深远。

Political thought as the result of political thinking activity is the direct reflection of people's political practice. Therefore, the content of political thought is determined by the content of political practice. Up to now, all human political practices since written records have been connected with social public power, namely state power, through or around state power. Therefore, the main and central content of political practice is the issue of state power. In the west, the earliest form of state was the ancient Greek city-state formed in the 8th to 6th centuries BC, where western civilization and western political thoughts were bred, leaving inexhaustible spiritual wealth to mankind.

As an important part of ancient Greek political thought, democratic thought has been widely discussed. In ancient Greece, a time of a hundred schools of thought, different thinkers hold different views on democracy. Some thinkers advocate democracy, encourage citizens to participate in politics, and give them as many democratic rights as possible. Other thinkers are trenchant critics of democracy, arguing that it polishes freedom and proposing mixed regimes. These ideas have been verified to varying degrees in different historical periods of different countries and have been improved and developed by later generations with far-reaching influences.

Greek democracy was built on a series of reforms, each of which raised the status of ordinary people. The clearly documented reforms began with solon and ended with Christian, when Greek democracy was formally established. Although solon's reform was neutral, it was full of democratic colors. He issued the "relief order" to liberate the citizens who sold themselves into slavery because of debt, forgive all debts and restore their citizenship. And gave all adult Athenian citizens the right to participate in the civic assembly, established a moderate democracy with restrictions, laid the foundation for the democracy of slavery in Athens. Democrat politician Pericles explained what democracy in Athens really meant. In Athens, he says, is a democratic political system, because the power is in the hands of all citizens, rather than in the hands of a few people ", so that "every person concerned, is not only his own affairs, but also concerned about national affairs, is the most busy with his own affairs, for general political also is very familiar with, this is our characteristics: a person who doesn't care about politics, we don't say he is a person who pay attention to your affairs, and said he had no transaction." The election of public officials is also based on the idea that "no one will be written off politically because of poverty, as long as he contributes to the country." This not only complements solon's policy of distributing democratic rights according to property in the reform, but also provides more opportunities for citizens to participate in politics from the system, which has a positive impact on the enhancement of citizens' awareness and social responsibility of citizens, as well as their ability to participate in politics, and is more conducive to the selection and appointment of virtuous and capable city-states.

As an encyclopedic scholar and thinker in ancient Greece, Aristotle was also a great advocate of democracy. In his book politics, he discussed different regimes from the nature of citizens. Aristotle defined a citizen as "a person entitled to participate in judicial affairs and institutions of authority", that is, people entitled to participate in jury courts and public assemblies. Because these two institutions are the places where the highest power of the city-state resides, the right to participate in these two institutions is a real citizen. By definition, Aristotle believed that equal participation in politics is the basic citizenship of citizens, and those who have no right to participate in politics are not citizens, that is, citizens should enjoy democratic rights and participate in the political life of the city-state. Modern democracy aims to resolve conflicts through the participation of the people, to bring many people with different opinions and interest demands into the system, and to solve problems through negotiation, participation and consultation. Secondly, affirming the collective wisdom and strength of the people, Aristotle said, "it seems that the government should be entrusted to a few good people rather than to the majority of the common people. There are some difficulties here, but there are also some truths in it. It seems that this is the preferable system. For the most part, each of the others is often ill advised; But when they are united as a group, they are often more than a few good minds. A multi-party dinner can be better than a single party. Similarly, if many people contribute an opinion and a thought; the crowd assembled in one assembly is like a strange man with many limbs, many eyes and ears, and many characters, and many intelligenties." This view affirms the virtues of a democratic system in which the collective is always stronger than the few.

The political thoughts of ancient Greek sages were developed through criticism and debate, and the discussion of democratic thoughts also experienced various debates. Although democratic thoughts were the mainstream political thoughts at that time, they were questioned and criticized by many scholars and thinkers.

In fact, until democracy was approved, many political scientists were negative about it. Mr Socrates argues that democracy is flawed, that politics requires wisdom and that the lottery is "very stupid" to make outsiders rule. After his teacher died in the democratic system because of the ignorance of the people, Plato, Socrates' student, denied the democratic system vigorously. Plato believed that only people with wisdom and noble character are qualified to govern, while the poor have low quality and narrow vision, and they only rely on their own interests, while ignoring the happiness and justice of the whole nation. In a democracy, a country leaves the election of its ruler to chance, which is like a ship whose pilot is drawn by lot from passengers and is destined to capsize soon. Not only that, but people of low moral character are not able to properly use the values of freedom and equality they advocate, but enjoy the freedom they are not familiar with in a strange way. It is also a democracy in which some innocent people are exiled, many citizens' property is looted, their demands are increasingly fulfilled, and their divisions become more and more visible. Plato also pointed out that freedom is the greatest advantage of a democratic regime and the foundation on which it is built. However, if a democratic city-state "pursues freedom regardless and excessively", it will also destroy the social foundation of democratic regime and lead to the emergence of totalitarian politics. Excessive pursuit of freedom regardless of consequences will lead to the subversion of social values and right and wrong. Extreme freedom will lead to the subversion of social value order. Secondly, social existing order is destroyed, instead of anarchy, the excessive pursuit for freedom, the order is lost, the society is in a state of anarchy, and this kind of anarchy also "penetration into the private family life", "go to" infiltrate into animals, even pecking order no longer in the family, my father afraid of son, went to the street, people must give cattle pass.

Cicero analyzed the monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. He believed that "the capriciousness and imprudence of public assembly make power transfer from the majority to the minority." So a democracy is not the best, under a monarchy, everybody else is excluded from governing power; there was no guarantee of civil liberty in an aristocratic system; In a democracy, all people are equal, which is unfair. So Cicero says, "no single type of the three is ideal, and only the form of government that mixes all three equally is superior to any single one." In Cicero's thoughts, the basic ideas of "populism" and "tyranny of the majority" already exist, and its significance and function are very important.

Democracy in ancient Greece was a direct democracy, different from representative democracy in western countries today. Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which all citizens participate, as opposed to indirect democracy. That is to say, everyone is both the ruler and the ruled, and the citizen is the master of the country and has the right to directly participate in the management of public affairs. This kind of management does not need intermediate link, it is direct participation.

The democracy of ancient Greece was a limited democracy, a very narrow democracy in which the enjoyment of political rights was limited to the group of citizens, but slaves, gentiles and women, the majority of the population, were excluded. Democratic rights, in the final analysis, are the privileges of civil society, which actually serve the economy of slavery and the slave-owning class.

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