下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Urban sociology，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了城市社会学。人类社会的城市化进程，自然引发城市社会学诞生。城市社会学的发展，以城市社会问题的时代性涌现为动力。如今，城市社会学拥有着前所未有的发展机遇，但同时也面临严峻的挑战。城市社会学顺应时势而谋求发展的自身前提，是必须要有坚实的理论基础，这是城市社会学未得解决的根本困惑。如何构筑社会学的理论基础，构成城市社会学发展的奠基性问题。
Up to now, urban sociology has not really solved the dilemma of research object, discipline scope and theoretical construction. The fundamental cause of this situation is the imagination of "city is a special social process", which leads its research to the opposition of "field" to "whole" and the arrogance of quantitative analysis to qualitative research. Objective theory, urban sociology research on urban society: the location of urban society is the social existence, it is not a "local", but the existence of dynamic generative overall, it is composed of city culture, urban politics, economy, science and technology, education, environment of the city, urban ethical elements such as the discipline integration in scope. Urban sociology, of course, to study social phenomena or quantitative analysis of the social reality, but its ultimate mission, in the city is wild development history and present situation of the overall diagnosis, for the urban social recovery to divine and beauty as the guide to habitat, provide the overall dynamics to the local dynamics regression to the overall dynamics of implementation and the local dynamics knowledge, wisdom and method. Therefore, the study of urban sociology cannot ignore the humanistic law and natural law: the unity of humanistic law and natural law constitutes the cognitive source and theoretical basis of urban sociology research.
The urbanization process of human society naturally leads to the birth of urban sociology. The development of urban sociology is driven by the emergence of urban social problems. In the process of post-urbanization in developed countries, China has entered into the urbanization society in its extraordinary way, and naturally has to face various unexpected problems and dilemmas, calling on urban sociology to provide it with habitat vision, wisdom, wisdom and methods to break through the dilemma and resolve the crisis. The urban sociology thus obtains the unprecedented development opportunity, simultaneously also faces the severe challenge: the urban sociology conforms to the current situation to seek the development own premise, must have the solid theoretical foundation, this is precisely the urban sociology has not solved the fundamental puzzle. How to construct the theoretical basis of sociology and form the foundational problem of urban sociology development.
Urban sociology has been around for nearly a century. Today, urban sociology is in many schools, but its plight is also increasing. These difficulties can be summarized into three aspects: first, it is difficult to define the subject object; Second, the scope of the subject is not defined; Third, the theory construction lacks the foundation. To solve the above dilemma, the study of urban sociology should start from the new cognitive sociology.
Sociology has always been defined as a practical science. But it would be more appropriate to regard sociology as a methodology of economy. Sociology, as we all know, was founded by comte. Comte will be changed from philosophy, sociology makes its own fundamental consideration, is to get rid of the people, human nature, the value of the reference, highlight the physical properties of the pure, comte society may be defined as the mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, physiology, after the last of the empirical science, it is at the head of the function of all disciplines, so it is an "in accordance with the sole purpose, reasonable coordination of human action" of learning.
Later, durkheim further transformed comte's sociology, because comte not only emphasized the physical nature of sociology, but also positioned it as positive science and highlighted its integrity. However, there is an inherent disharmony between positivism and wholeness: because the object of positivism is always concrete, positivism will pursue quantitative analysis; On the contrary, the whole is always faced with abstraction, which always breaks away from or surpasses the empirical evidence, breaks through the quantitative analysis framework, and pursues qualitative research. May be based on the inherent contradictions, durkheim abandoned comte concept of holism and localization of sociology is the science of specific products, its object of study is personal force action of social phenomenon, the study of specific social phenomenon is the basic method of the empirical method of quantitative analysis, this is the "social phenomenon as study objective object, get rid of the idea of apriorism and stereotypes, follow the scientific concept, like physics study the law of the material world, from the outside to observe social phenomenon".
Durkheim's super-spiritual, impersonal and purely objectivistic concept, which excludes all subjective factors, constitutes the basic law of sociology, but this physicalist law itself reflects prejudice against human society. This bias was first noticed by Marx, he proposed a sociological study of the object is not feeling in the sense of social phenomenon and social reality, but the social relations of super feeling: "people in the social production of their life, inevitable, not by the will of the people for the transfer, the relationship between the in a certain stage of development of material productivity with them that meet the needs of production relations. The sum of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of the society, that is to say, there is a legal and political superstructure erected on it and there is a realistic basis for the form of social consciousness to adapt to it. The mode of production of material life restricts the whole process of social life, political life and spiritual life." Max weber continued to walk along the path of Marx and found that society is not only of material nature, because social phenomena are always under the influence of human consciousness, which has an active influence on social changes. It not only shapes individual actions, but also shapes the nature, appearance and direction of society. Sociological research is to discover the consciousness behind specific social phenomena and explore the meaning, value and ultimate motivation behind social actions in this way. Therefore, weber put forward "ideal type", and took it as the core idea of understanding society and the basic tool of analyzing society.
Durkheim started from natural science and defined sociology as a science with physical properties. Specific social phenomena became the research object and quantitative analysis was the basic method. In contrast, Max weber defined sociology from the perspective of human phenomenology, discovered the shaping function of consciousness on social phenomena, proposed ideal types and took them as cognitive tools. Qualitative research was the basic method.
From an objective point of view, quantitative analysis and qualitative research should not be ignored, because "whether it is natural science or social science, each discipline needs both qualitative and quantitative research at the same time. In fact, they cannot be completely separated, nor should they be opposed to each other. Some scholars engaged in quantitative research believe that qualitative research lacks scientificity. In fact, the classification of social phenomena according to certain characteristics and rules is the premise of quantitative research... Quantitative analysis is usually based on the results of qualitative analysis, followed by data analysis of the changing process of social phenomena and the interaction between different social factors, so as to conclude conclusions with regularity... Meanwhile, both qualitative research and quantitative research have their own limitations. If the two are strictly separated in the actual research process and only one method is advocated or basically favored, sometimes there may be bias." How to combine quantitative analysis and qualitative research to form an overall research method? Mills's theory of "sociological imagination" as its opened the field of vision, provides to explore ideas: the society is not a closed body, it always show the openness and dynamic generative, to society as the research object of sociology, "is more of a let everyone play their" sociological imagination ", under some basic concepts and perspectives of divergent subject, therefore, the research achievements of sociology there is no single type of accumulation, have a plenty of inclusive, even discussion and dialogue between conflicting perspective."
It can be seen that sociology is essentially a methodology for studying society. From the perspective of methodology, from durkheim to Max weber to mills, he just completed a process of "positive and negative integration" constructed by methodology. From phenomenology, Max weber examines consciousness 'active role in society and emphasizes qualitative research, which is antithesis; Mills put forward "sociological imagination", which can combine quantitative analysis and qualitative research to pursue individuality and creativity, namely synthesis. This synthesis just returns comte's holism on a higher cognitive level.
Setting aside the worship of scientism since modern times and the cognitive prejudice formed by it, it may be more suitable to orientate sociology from the perspective of methodology. At the same time, looking at urban sociology from the perspective of methodology can also solve the above dilemma it faces, because the dilemma of urban sociology fundamentally comes from sociology. If sociology is regarded as an objective and practical science, it is difficult to get a clear distinction and orientation in terms of its research object and discipline scope, which leads to the formation of its theoretical construction. If we abandon the complex of scientism and its cognitive prejudice and return to the methodology of sociology, the dilemma of urban sociology research may be solved, because urban sociology is only the knowledge of studying urban social problems with the methods provided by sociology.
Urban sociology research object the British urban sociologists sanders, points out that urban sociology since birth, set out to establish their own research object, and successively from the ecological community, cultural forms, resource allocation system, units of collective consumption to define the city, in order to establish the research object of urban sociology, but these four efforts were criticised by from different aspects, the subject research object eventually failed to obtain a set of consensus.
The object dilemma of urban sociology research comes from the cognitive conceit formed by the researchers' subjective and one-sided positioning of it as the "local" field of sociology. First look at the human ecological school of thought, from the perspective of the ecological community to define the city, that city is human spontaneously on the product of biological survival race fights and adapt to the environment, namely those who have the same economic status and social value pursuit of people, is separated from the countryside gathered in different regions of adaptive survival continuously, to form the urban society. But the basic fact is that cities are not the only places where the instinctive struggle for survival runs through every aspect of human existence. Secondly, simmel, vause and others defined the city from the perspective of culture, holding that the fundamental mark that distinguishes the city from the countryside is its cultural form, and the cultural form with the urban lifestyle as the core connotation constitutes the research object of urban sociology. However, this view of urban culture school has attracted censure and opposition: "the reason why a place is regarded as a city should not be understood in the category of living space, but more from the perspective of economy." Which form part of the urban social scholars, from the perspective of the resource allocation system to define the city, think urban sociology is the study of city managers in behavior and results of the allocation of resources, this is pearl, rex, sanders, Britain's new urban social scholars efforts, the effort is a new question of marxism school, because the city managers do not have independence. What's more, the issues that the new urban sociologists focus on, such as the unequal distribution of resources, urban housing and race relations, are, in fact, manifestations of social inequality as a whole, and should be important issues in sociology. Therefore, Custer defined the city from the perspective of consumption, and believed that the systematic process only belonging to the city was consumption, so "collective consumption" constituted the research object of urban sociology. Custer's argument is equally unconvincing, because when communications, media, Internet and transportation are modernized, population is no longer static but involved in the process of mobility, and consumption becomes social behavior and lifestyle free from geographical constraints. From this point of view, consumption as an independent social process of the city actually exists.
It is difficult for urban sociology to clarify its research object, because urban sociologists are more confined to the sociological model set by durkheim, believing that sociology is only a science to study specific social phenomena. Once this cognitive model is followed, it is inevitable to further understand the city as a part of society, and the research object of urban sociology can only be "a part of the part". Only by abandoning this cognitive model and understanding sociology as an open, comprehensive and generative social methodology, can we examine urban sociology in this way, the research object should be urban society as a whole.
As a social form, the city is not a local one, but an integral one. To understand this point, we need to understand the society, which is the platform of people's willingness to live together and seek symbiosis. From a static point of view, from a dynamic point of view, the society is a life process in which people seek symbiosis by approaching the willing group for their survival. The expansion of sociological research horizon and the evolution of research methods reveal a truth: to study the society, we must not divide the society, we must take the dynamic generation of the whole society itself as its research object.
Society, as a platform for everyone to seek symbiosis, is relatively unchanged; But the course of life as everyone seeks symbiosis is changing. Society is the platform and life process of group living which is changeless and changeless. Whether from static view or dynamic view, society is integral, generative and persistent. As dynamically generated whole society, as a fan, its generative open, like the open fan, always present its sector, is the "field" of society: as the dynamically generated whole society, open to different areas, interconnected these different fields construct the social hierarchy of richness, and complexity, this creates a taxonomy of society. From the perspective of taxonomy, the society mainly consists of culture, politics, economy, science and technology, education and other fields. More specifically, culture includes history, traditions, customs, beliefs and other elements; Politics involves the content of regime, system, law and citizen. Economy includes production and consumption, market and resources, ownership and distribution, etc. Science and technology include science and technology, theory and application, etc. Education, however, involves family education, school education, social education and self-education. In addition, society has three fundamental dimensions, which are environment, ethics and humanity. Environment is the base of society, ethics is the foundation of society, and human nature is the soil and power of society. Sociological research must be so visual and cognitive as to avoid prejudice and rudeness as much as possible.
The method of social taxonomy is essentially the method of establishing its classification criteria. For the same classification object, because of different classification criteria, can form different levels of type. The society is composed of cultural, political, economic, scientific, technological and educational elements based on the classification of "field". If "location" is the basis of classification, the society is composed of rural and urban. And rural and urban, constitutes a level in their field has all the elements of social form, both rural and urban, as a regional society, is still a dynamic generative overall, is still open to cultural, political, economic, science and technology, education and other major areas, and still want to environment as the base, based on ethical foundation, soil and dynamic mechanism for human nature.
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