Essay代写：The quality of American higher education

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The quality of American higher education，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国高等教育的质量。美国高等教育在走向大众化､普及化的过程中面临着质量问题的困扰。教职自由和同僚关系这种学术自治的传统以及美国学院与大学内对改善教育质量所采取的自由主义管理态度，是引起美国高等教育质量问题的主要原因。要提高美国高等教育的质量，就必须保留政府或学校对学术实践的控制权或改变权，以便更好地建立旨在加强学术机构内教职集体与学术单位如何协调的规范体系，从而使高等教育质量的保证与提高显得更加合理化。

Higher education in the United States is facing quality problems in the process of becoming popular and universal. The tradition of academic autonomy, such as "faculty freedom" and "full collegiality", as well as the liberal management attitude adopted by American colleges and universities to improve the quality of education, are the main causes of the quality problems of American higher education. In order to improve the quality of higher education in the United States, it is necessary to retain the control or change of academic practice of the government or the school, so as to better establish a normative system aimed at strengthening the coordination between teaching collectivity and academic units in the academic institutions, so as to make the guarantee and improvement of the quality of higher education more reasonable. This is of great significance for the improvement of the quality of higher education in China.

At present, the ministry of education and the ministry of finance have officially launched the "higher education undergraduate course teaching quality and teaching reform project". Higher education shoulders the function and mission of cultivating national senior talents and serving the country. The quality of higher education has a very important influence on the overall development of the country and society. In today's society with the rapid development of knowledge economy, more and more high-level knowledge talents are needed, which makes higher education play an increasingly important role. Therefore, issues related to the quality of higher education have attracted extensive attention from countries all over the world. In fact, since the 1980s, many countries around the world have continuously strengthened their higher education management and established corresponding management institutions in order to effectively improve the quality of their higher education. For example, the "higher education commission" of the United States, the "national evaluation commission" of France, the "higher education quality commission" of the United Kingdom, and the "higher education quality assurance commission" of Australia.

American higher education has long been known as "popular education" in the world. Its higher education is well known for its popularization, popularization and quality. However, like other countries in the world, American higher education also faces quality problems.

Conditions on the quality of higher education in the United States, the United States higher education at Indiana state university researcher George Kuh in America over the past two years of undergraduate education quality situation analysis pointed out that scholars like to use familiar A to F score method to evaluate the performance of the American education system, but according to the survey, there is no students and schools can score than C, such A level far below what our students and country need commitment or should have good overall.

His overall conclusion is clearly in line with the American public perception that the quality of American higher education is declining. This has caused concern among state and federal governments. State governments in the United States are beginning to establish "student assessment" systems in public college and university education -- systems that systematically evaluate the learning of college students. State legislatures such as north Carolina, for example, have mandated that state research universities increase teaching time by 10 percent. Similarly, the federal government has called for changes to the accreditation system for American colleges and universities. Under pressure from the federal government, regional and professional accrediting bodies have adapted their accreditation standards and evaluation procedures accordingly, focusing on academic quality and improving the quality of teaching and learning. Similarly, this focus on the quality of higher education and the sustained calls for reform have taken different forms in other parts of the world.

In his view, the main cause of the apparent decline in the quality of American higher education was what he called "freedom of the faculty." A national survey of teaching activity in the United States over the past several decades found that faculty members at all four-year colleges, including smaller liberal arts colleges, were spending a declining share of their time teaching and a rising share on research. Charles colofert, an economist at duke university, found that the average annual classroom load at the three universities studied fell between 1977 and 1992, when he tracked the course schedules of a representative group of departments at the university of Chicago, duke and harvard. Although these statistics do not fully capture all aspects of classroom teaching, they indicate that American universities have shifted from teaching to academic research.

In fact, of American university faculty have put more time to engage in academic research, not engaged in the teaching, the main reason lies in the following three aspects: within the university system in the United States, by reducing the time to increase the academic research in teaching practice time itself is a kind of economic rational decisions, the economic interests. In the United States, the competition for research funding is fierce, so in many fields, it takes a lot of time to get academic research funding. Similarly, faculty reputations are earned through academic research. University professors are recruited on the basis of their academic research reputation rather than their teaching reputation. In this way, from the perspective of financial benefits, in order to increase their own remuneration, faculty members will naturally devote more time to academic research rather than teaching activities. Faculty members devote more time to academic research than to teaching activities, which is mainly decided by the university faculty and individual faculty members through academic governance. In the United States, while teaching, research, and public service in university areas are all influenced by the government, most of these day-to-day activities are entirely determined by departments and faculty members. In this way, of course, universities and their faculty will make decisions in their own interest. And this by reducing teaching time to increase the time decision of academic research, and to some extent to the school and faculty itself, but it will directly affect the faculty members of the class teaching quality, will also such as curriculum development, teaching evaluation, and "students' evaluation about students' learning as well as the maintenance of academic standards such as negative impact, so as to affect the quality of the whole higher education. External pressure is also responsible for faculty spending more time on academic research than on teaching. As university recruitment becomes more international and other countries adopt the us system of competitive research grants, it will become more common for faculty members to reallocate traditional teaching time into academic research.

In some ways George cuomo's "clerical freedom" is akin to what Bill Massy of Stanford university calls "full collegiality". In metz's view, despite the external conditions of "full collegiality," respondents told us that they rarely engage in substantive discussions about the need to improve undergraduate education, or have a collective sense of responsibility to get the department to produce more. "Full collegiality" is beneficial to the realization of the rights of the faculty, but it avoids the root of the problem, which is that it prevents faculty from participating in activities such as curriculum structure, educational choice and "student evaluation". In essence, the primary function of "full collegiality" is to provide a mode of communication and contact between faculty members in university departments. However, due to the faculty in the United States alone to carry out their teaching work, plus a subdiscipline is too narrow, many faculty and found that they are unlikely to be together with other faculty to discuss the problem of teaching, and faculty individual self-independence and academic value of professional advantage, leading to the professional course elaboration and isolation, this makes the role of "completely colleagues relations".

According to American scholar Dill, to improve the quality of higher education, we should start from three aspects. Improve communication and responsibility within educational institutions; to establish new mechanisms for teaching and university learning, which are as important as academic research.

In essence, to succeed in addressing the quality of education, universities must make faculty treat teaching and student learning as equally as they treat their own academic research. However, in the United States, many universities still rely on "teaching" in the form of traditional educational organizations, and this kind of education specialization and traditional professional autonomy often make it difficult for the teaching staff to work together to improve the educational process. To this end, American universities are establishing a new educational management structure system, so as to better adjust the teaching responsibilities and strengthen the control of the subject areas. These include the allocation of equal teaching resources, the establishment of faculty associations within the department of education to work together on quality issues in teaching and learning, and other matters. The purpose of changing the organizational structure is to promote more effective cooperation among teaching staff, systematically improve the system of teaching and learning responsibilities, and turn the teaching association into a learning organization. The management organization of structural adjustment way makes the faculty association become a learning organization will help them survive in an increasingly competitive environment and development, and this change will help to improve teaching and students' learning new knowledge of the internal transfer, which benefits the update of teaching the knowledge structure and raising the level of knowledge.

In addition, from the foregoing discussion, it can be seen that one of the main reasons for the quality problems of American higher education is the academic quality of teaching staff and the motivation and value of maintaining academic standards. In fact, however, it is precisely this kind of motivation and value that may invalidate many of the policies currently being advocated in the United States to ensure the quality of higher education because they do not share the same value goal orientation. The original higher education quality evaluation system in the United States mainly focuses on the following points: the qualification system of university investment quality is better than the teaching result; A specific workload for teaching; An evaluation system of academic quality based on the authority of the faculty and the university; A traditional performance grant system that measures the amount of university output. Thus, current policies on the quality of higher education in the United States need to focus on promoting collective action by faculty within academic institutions and on enabling academic institutions to exercise their responsibility for maintaining academic standards.

The above analysis of the way out for the quality of higher education in the United States and its policy orientation show that the factors affecting students' learning and the quality of higher education in the United States include the motivation and value of teaching, the quality of teaching's own "social knowledge", and the weakening of professional responsibility culture. Therefore, to make the university faculty of academic standards and responsible for the quality of teaching and learning, to improve the quality of higher education, we must keep control of the government or schools of academic practice, or right to change, in order to better establish aimed at strengthening faculty collective within academic institutions how to coordinate with units of the academic program, exercise their duties effectively, which makes higher education quality assurance and improve appears more rationalization.

In the process of China's higher education transforming from "elite education" to "popular education", the quality of higher education has always been one of the key concerns of domestic experts and scholars. From the perspective of international experience, the education phenomenon accompanied by the popularization of higher education is the decline in the quality of higher education, the devaluation of diplomas and the mediocrity of universities. Higher education in China faces similar problems. Although the higher education system of the United States is not the same as that of China, the problems of the quality of higher education in the United States and the measures taken by it are undoubtedly of great significance for reference to the problems and solutions of the quality of higher education in China.

It is undeniable that "faculty freedom" or "full collegiality" has promoted the improvement of higher education in the United States to some extent. However, the abuse or radicalization of "faculty freedom" or "full collegiality" is bound to damage the quality of higher education in the United States, which is the main reason for the decline of the quality of higher education in the United States. Faculty is because "free" or "completely colleague relationship" makes the United States teachers have more discretion to safeguard their own interests, in the absence of external power and the system under the leading of restriction and market factors, the teachers, of course, to make more drive and put more attention to the scientific research rather than teaching. To this end, American universities are establishing a new educational management structure system to better adjust teachers' responsibilities and strengthen the control of subject areas. Through the teacher assigned the same curriculum, teachers association within the education section is formed to jointly deal with the quality of teaching and learning, and other things, for university faculty committee for education section is responsible for the quality of teaching and learning, including the distribution in teaching and learning of the funds needed for the experiment and reform, for within the education section is to promote the development of teaching and learning to provide various technical support, as well as the center of teaching and learning, curriculum and assessment team to provide all kinds of help, etc. All this largely makes up for the lack of "faculty freedom" or "full collegiality" that has ensured the quality of American higher education.

The popularization of Chinese higher education and the introduction of marketization of higher education management are, on the whole, conducive to improving the overall quality of Chinese citizens and the quality of higher education. However, the popularization of higher education and the introduction of marketization of higher education management also affect the quality of higher education to some extent. This is mainly manifested in two aspects: one is the contradiction between quantity and quality caused by the popularization of higher education. The core of a university is the master, and the contradiction between the number and quality of teachers and the increase in the number of students is the basic contradiction that leads to the decline in the quality of education. Second, the interest contradiction caused by the introduction of marketization of higher education management. University teachers need to spend a lot of time in the academic field if they want to get the financial support of academic research in many fields. In addition, the promotion of teacher positions, salary increase and reputation improvement are also obtained through academic research. According to the current academic incentive mechanism, teachers are bound to spend more time on academic research rather than teaching, thus affecting the improvement of the quality of higher education.

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Assignment代写：America's innovation ecosystem

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- America's innovation ecosystem，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的创新生态系统。最近，新一轮科技革命和产业变革孕育兴起。在这一过程中，美国引领着云计算、大数据、人工智能等新技术、新模式发展，始终处于创新的前沿。美国把人才、教育、资本、技术等方面的优势，与联邦政府以及州等地方政府的扶持与引导，有效融合形成了独特的良性运转的创新生态系统，为创新活动以至技术和产业变革持续提供强大动力。

The United States is the country with the highest level of innovation, the most achievements and the strongest ability of transformation and application. At present, the United States is accelerating the full digital transformation, accelerating the cultivation of platform economy and digital economy, constantly updating new models of innovative development, cultivating unique innovation ecosystem, in scientific and technological innovation, achievement transformation, business innovation, financing innovation, talent incentive, and other aspects, can learn from the practice.

Recently, the state council research office of labor and trade research department, deputy director of the lines took part in the national development and reform commission group, the eighth period government staff innovation leadership seminar, innovation elements in the United States is the most populated places such as SAN jose, Boston to attend training, in-depth famous high-tech companies such as cisco research, understand the innovation of the United States, ecosystem, to form the report. From now on, the report will be divided into two parts and published in China economic weekly.

In recent years, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is emerging. The new economic model with data as the production factor is reshaping the global economic pattern and competitive advantage. The information economy represented by the platform economy is rapidly emerging, forming new economic growth points and new development models. In this process, the United States has led the development of new technologies and models such as cloud computing, Internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence and sharing economy, and has always been at the forefront of innovation. The main reason is that the United States effectively integrates the advantages of talents, education, capital, technology, philosophy and management with the support and guidance of the federal government, state and other local governments to form a unique and well-functioning innovation ecosystem, which provides a strong driving force for innovation activities and even technological and industrial changes.

Innovation in essence is the enterprise as the main body, on the basis of the technology, for-profit activities, innovation especially the major key to breakthrough and innovation in what direction can be translated into new products and innovative products can smooth business success, and so on, have a lot of uncertainty, is also the government is difficult to control and guide. In the United States, especially the high-tech active regions represented by silicon valley, enterprises are always the subject of innovation activities, leading the whole process from scientific and technological innovation to commercial innovation and industrialization. Closely linked to America's high technology enterprises with colleges and universities, colleges and universities the original basis of innovation, through the further business innovation of enterprises, research and development of new products new services, to foster new industry new formats, effectively promote the commercialization of scientific research achievements, implements the tightness combination of science and technology and economy, innovation and business, to ensure that innovative activities create new value in every link, forming a virtuous cycle, can be sustained.

Sound innovation capital system is the core element to ensure the vitality and efficiency of American innovation ecosystem.

The innovative capital system of the United States is diverse and has its own functions and advantages. For example, the rapid growth of the information industry in silicon valley and the emergence of world-class IT enterprises are mainly due to the market-oriented venture capital system. Boston's new industries, such as biomedicine, thrive on an innovative capital system that combines government and social capital.

The United States has a strong private capital, which plays an extremely important role in scientific and technological research and development funding and start-up enterprise cultivation. It provides a variety of investment varieties, which can effectively meet the capital needs of investors and enterprises at different stages of development and realize the organic integration of capital and innovation.

In the U.S. innovation ecosystem, public and private research institutions, businesses, venture capitalists, and professional support services work closely together to form a unique value chain based on economic interests. Universities, research institutes and innovative enterprises are the "starters" of innovation activities, while venture capital is the "receivers". Venture capital in the us reached $60bn in 2015, with 47 per cent going to silicon valley. Tesla, facebook, Google and other famous enterprises were favored by venture capitalists at the initial stage of development, and developed into international large companies through multiple rounds of financing. The involvement of venture funds and investment funds has greatly promoted the transfer of innovative technologies and the transformation of technological achievements.

Investors actively participate in the whole process from scientific and technological innovation to commercialization and industrialization, which can not only promote the innovation activities to produce results as soon as possible, entrepreneurial enterprises can grow rapidly, but also can significantly shorten the cycle of venture investment recovery. Large enterprises such as cisco and tesla constantly acquire start-ups with good development prospects, or invest in new enterprises to carry out special technology or product research and development and tackle key problems, which on the one hand increases the source of cutting-edge technology, and on the other hand expands the source of management and technical talents.

At present, high-end talents have become the decisive force in the international competition for innovation and comprehensive national strength. An important factor for silicon valley to take the lead in innovation and development is the attraction and concentration of the world's top innovative talents, which is mainly due to its effective talent incentive policies, including high income, wide development space, many growth opportunities and good innovation atmosphere. What we've seen in silicon valley is that the fundamental driver of scientists and engineers working around the clock is still a higher economic income, and that top talent, in addition to higher wages, can continue to earn through technology investments and equity incentives.

In addition, silicon valley has established a mechanism to encourage the rational flow of innovative talents, which not only supports the flow of innovative talents between different enterprises, but also encourages employees to leave the enterprises and start their own businesses. The rational flow of innovative talents not only enhances the value of talents themselves, but also makes full use of talents and effectively allocates human resources. Silicon valley has a culture of innovation that tolerates failure. Companies in silicon valley are open to new employees, new ideas and new opportunities. It is generally believed by enterprises that most entrepreneurs will encounter failure in their first venture and take failure experience as a positive influence factor for venture capital evaluation. Silicon valley has formed the concept of open talent, which aims to attract talents from all over the world. Cisco estimates that nearly 80% of silicon valley's innovative talents come from other countries, among which India accounts for more than 40%, accounting for the highest proportion, and is driving the development of Indian IT industry.

Perfect laws and regulations directly escort the innovation activities of the United States. For example, the United States attaches great importance to the legal protection of the platform economy and grants it with statutory priority immunity. For example, the United States code clearly stipulates that "websites assume no responsibility for third-party content", which creates a good legal environment for the development of the platform economy in the United States and becomes a key factor for its leading platform economy in the world. The platform rapid economic expansion in the United States, has emerged a number of such as search Google, facebook and twitter in the field of social, e-commerce platform for the amazon and other world-class enterprises, almost control related to areas of most markets around the world, has difficult to shake the economic and technical status, as a new mode of economic development to the United States.

In recent years, the innovation development model of the United States has shown a trend of diversification and diversity, with a variety of new models such as incubation of large enterprises and cultivation of innovation centers emerging, further promoting the transformation of innovation achievements.

Cisco systems according to the technical features and development trend of enterprise development, and formulated the fully digital transformation strategy, introduced a large hatch innovation mode, establish enterprise internal mechanism, support staff set up subsidiary companies like small entrepreneurial teams, cisco as investors help subsidiary development, if the startup team failure, cisco loss only limited investment funds and resources; If the venture is successful, cisco has a priority to acquire affiliates and their technology, making it an in-house r&d team. This mechanism has stimulated the creativity and enthusiasm of cisco employees and further enhanced the technology r&d ability. In recent years, cisco employees' success rate of starting a business outside the company has reached over 70%, far higher than the social average level.

The Cambridge innovation center is located in a start-up park near the campus of the Massachusetts institute of technology. The Cambridge innovation centre, home to more than 800 companies, attracts $2 billion a year in venture capital, the equivalent of venture capital in the whole of Britain. Cambridge innovation center includes individuals, startups, large enterprises and multinational enterprises, as well as workshops, venture capital companies and foreign consulates. The practice of Cambridge innovation center, first, formed the mechanism of individual innovation entrepreneurs' collaborative innovation in the era of big science and big technology, which effectively promoted individual innovation and collaborative innovation. Second, it deepens the new way for universities to lead the development of industry, and deepens the combination of scientific research results and industrial applications. Third, a new mode of high-input innovation and low-cost social application was established, which effectively promoted the transformation of innovation achievements.

The American division of labor system is developed, and the specialization ensures the high efficiency of research and development and related activities, as well as the high level of research and development achievements. Like apple, cisco has the core technology, innovation, service mode of innovative enterprise specialize in advanced technology and product research and development, similar to jabil, foxconn, large scale, strong manufacturing capability of outsourcing companies mainly engaged in products processing production, small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly to provide parts and service outsourcing enterprises, other productive services such as logistics is borne by all kinds of professional companies, has formed a complete and efficient, division of labor refinement, mutually beneficial and win-win industrial chain and value chain. From the perspective of the relationship between innovation-oriented enterprises and outsourcing enterprises, innovation-oriented enterprises are located at the high end of the industrial chain and value chain, and lead the development of the entire industry through technology research and development and outsourcing. Outsourcing companies are relatively low-end links, but its processing and manufacturing technology level is not low, low comprehensive cost of outsourcing enterprises in the global selection of the region set up factories, production of high quality low price products, can also provide service for innovative start-up companies, to help convert ideas, design to specific products, convenient for its financing, open up the market. In terms of the relationship between small companies and large companies, there is both competition and cooperation. Start-ups and small companies have flexible mechanisms, high innovation efficiency and constantly launch valuable research and development achievements. Large companies cooperate with small companies through capital investment, mergers and acquisitions, training of talents and other ways to help small companies grow and grow.

University is the core element of the innovative division of labor system. Silicon valley surrounding area with Stanford university, the university of California, Berkeley, university of California, Santa cruz, nearly 20 famous universities, such as Boston regions littered with Harvard University, Massachusetts institute of technology, such as a world-class university, they provide a large number of high-quality talent and a high level of scientific and technological achievements, became the regional innovation system forming and development of the key factors.

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英文论文写作如何筛选文献

想必留学生们也知道，写作一篇英文论文，那么大部分时间都会花在文献上面。文献找得好的话，那么写作起来肯定是事半功倍的。当然，并不是所有文献都能用的，这个需要我们去做一个筛选，下面就给大家讲解一下。

在写论文之前，详细了解研究主题相关的文献，不但帮助我们了解研究问题的背景知识，同时也可以帮助我们获得灵感，确定研究范围以及提出一些基本的论点。

审核作者本身的条件

审核文献的质量第一步就是审核作者本身的条件。比如查看作者的教育背景和研究领域，他是否被认为该领域当中的权威。作者的专长、经验以及所获学位都是显示他权威性的标准。审核作者条件的时候，你可以问自己以下几个问题：

-你对作者以及他们的学术背景有何了解？

-他们是该学术领域的专家吗？

-该作者有针对同一个话题发表其他作品吗？

-是否有其他权威作者引用了这篇文献？

-该作者是否代表了某一派的观点？

-该作者是否是某一机构的成员？比如某一著名大学的教授。

Primary Source和Secondary Source

我们通常将文献分为Primary Source和Secondary Source，即第一手文献和第二手文献。Primary Source为所研究的主题提供第一手证据，比如日记、信件、特定时期的报纸、照片、地图、歌曲、采访笔记等。而Secondary Source描述、整理和分析第一手资源，比如 textbook期刊文章，书评等。

Primary Source也可以是实验或研究的结果， Primary Source和Secondary Source最大的区别就是Primary Source是事实性的，而非解释性的。Primary Source为你的论文增加了可信度，但是有时候很难找到。所以大多数情况下，我们都需要使用Secondary Source，但是你必须对于文献的来源更加谨慎。比如你需要写一篇关于George Washington的论文，那么如果你只是引用了一个不知名的网站，上只是罗列了他的成就，或者你引用了他本人的日记，显然后者会为你的文章大大增加可信度。不可否认，第一于资源在 research的时候比较费时间，但是他们为你的论文增色不少。

出版的年份

文献出版日期对着内容的可靠性也有很大的影响。除非是些没有时限性的话颞，比如宗教等，在讨论其他研究话题时，请避免使用年代久远的文献资源。审核文献出版时间时，可以考察这几个问题：

-该文献第一次发表的时间?

-你引用的是哪一个版本的文献，是否有更新的版本?

-不同的版本之间有什么不同?

-如果你引用的是网络资源，那该网页最近一次更新是什么时候?

-自该文献岀版之后，你所研究的领域是否发生了重大的变化?

-文献出版之后，是否收到了评论、回复和反驳?是否收到了负面的评论?

网站域名是否可靠

我们生活在一个信息爆炸的时代，网络上的信息参差不齐，我们更加需要注意判断文献的可靠性。通常我们会建议大家使用域名为gov和edu的网站，因为这些域名是专门为政府机构和学术机构设置的，但是这并不意味着net和org等域名都不可靠，只是说这些在引用这些域名的时候，你需要更加小心谨慎。比如你需要写一篇商科留学论文，你需要找某个公司相关的资料，那么最好的资源就是该公司的官网。如果你需要查找该公司更多的相关材料，你可以搜索一下Forbes或者Fortune等权威的网站。我们通常不建议引用博客文章、 Wikipedia等电子资源。

文献内容的可靠性

除了以上提到的几点，建议大家在审核文献来源的时候，最重要的是审核文献内容的可靠性。原作者的观点是否客观公正？对于事实的陈述，是否面面兼顾？对于各方面的论点，是否给予了同等的关注？用词是否客观而无偏见？有无采用感情冲动性文字的情况等。

除此之外，需要注意文献中所陈述的事实是否符合常理，所提出的观点是否有证据支持，其证据是否合乎逻辑？支持观点的资料，是否可信？是否具有权威性？各种资料（特别是数字资料）是否都注明来源等。

文献引用次数

Google Scholar是搜索文献资料的神器，它不仅提供了非常准确的文献引用信息，同时引用数据也是不断更新的。美伦教育小编建议大家根据关键词、作者、出版来源、日期或者文章主题来查找。如果你直接搜索文献的名字，搜索结构的下方就会出现该文献目前被引用的次数，我们可以将这个作为指标来判断文献的质量。通常来说，引用的次数越多，说明该文献越可靠。但是，还是需要注意文献出版的时间，避免使用年代久远的文章。

合理使用课堂阅读材料

通常老师在给出论文要求的时候，都会指出是否接受引用textbook或者是课堂中的reading。如果老师明确要求必须使用课堂材料，那么你可以直接引用教材或者是reading，你也可以引用老师上课使用的PPT，但是需要注意的一点是，即使是课堂材料，也要严格做好引用。比如你如果引用课堂PPT，也需要说明PPT的标题和教授的姓名。

同时，你可以利用textbook和reading的bibliography，在这个list当中，你可以找到和你的研究主题相关的文献，帮助你大大减少了research的时间。

相信大家通过以上几个方法可以掌握所引用文献的靠谱性。

以上就是关于英文论文写作筛选文献的一些技巧，希望同学们学会之后，都能在以后的写作中筛选出比较好的文献。

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Paper代写：Film Implant Advertising

本篇paper代写- Film Implant Advertising讨论了电影植入式广告。植入式广告又称植入式营销，是指将产品或品牌及其代表性的视觉符号甚至服务内容策略性融入电影、电视剧或电视节目内容中，通过场景的再现，让观众对产品及品牌留下印象，继而达到营销的目的。电影中的隐性广告是以商业性的利益出发点进入电影的，它在无形中劝导、诱惑着观众的消费欲望。虽然电影植入广告的商业性与影片的文化性存在着冲突，但如果广告安排得巧妙，不影响影片剧情的发展，观众还是乐于接受的。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Implantable advertising, also known as implantable marketing, refers to the product or brand and its representative visual symbols and even service content strategy into the film, TV or TV program content, through the reappearance of the scene, so that the audience to the product and brand to impress, and then achieve the purpose of marketing.

Film embedded advertising can be divided into image implantation, dialogue implantation, scene implantation, plot implantation and other forms, all forms can be linked to each other, at the same time put, can also carry out the brand of separate implantation, non-interference.

Image implantation means that a brand's goods or services are implanted into the film according to the symbolic meaning of the brand, which becomes the external manifestation of the protagonist's individuality and connotation. At the same time through the story to promote brand name, rich brand connotation, enhance brand personality, further enhance the brand image.

In the film, the dialogue is a clever way to embed the brand or service into the advertisement, through dialogues and subtitles to show The advertiser's brand image, product characteristics and service concept.

Scene implantation refers to the emergence of a branded visual symbol or product itself as part of a scene or scene in which a story takes place in the content of a movie.

With the development of market economy and the increasingly fierce competition, the marketing strategy of film implantation advertising is also showing a trend of diversification. Strategists in recent years, the film implanted advertising marketing strategy, the main forms of the following three kinds:

In the late the 1980s, integrated marketing communication was first proposed in the United States, which refers to a systematic communication activity in which enterprises use all kinds of communication methods to transmit consistent marketing information to specific groups and promote communication and communication. One of the advocates of the theory, Schultz stressed: "Use all information sources in the Enterprise for communication and communication, to plan, develop, implement and evaluate collaborative, measurable, persuasive, long-term branding projects for consumers, customers, potential customers, and other relevant external and internal target audiences. "With the complementary of other means of communication, the effect of film implantation is very easy to be promoted by the synergistic effect, and the advertisement is dissolved in the system of integrated marketing communication."

Because of the characteristics of the film implanted advertisement and the limitation of the content of the film, many main demands of the brand promotion cannot be fully presented. When the film implantation caused the audience attention, advertisers need to follow through the follow-up marketing, with the help of other integrated marketing to further consolidate and increase publicity efforts, so that the audience more understanding and concern about the brand. In addition, film implant transmission is only part of the overall brand building, after the film implanted brand, advertisers marketing task is not over. Enterprises in the overall marketing strategy under the guidance of strategic objectives, integration of other means of communication to the brand to carry out a full range of dissemination. For example, the film premiere support, follow the pace of movie stars to launch a publicity offensive, follow-up series of film publicity, film product development, etc., fully release the brand energy.

The so-called green marketing, refers to the "Enterprise for the realization of their own interests, consumer interests and social interests of the unity of environmental concept as the guiding ideology, the value of green culture, to achieve their own interests and environmental interests of consumers, the concept of product and service pricing promotion and distribution of the planning and implementation process, It is not only to meet the needs of consumers and thus obtain profits, but also in line with the long-term interests of environmental protection, and accurately deal with consumer demand for enterprise interests and environmental protection contradictions between the three interests of coordination, integrated. In the film implantation advertising, should follow the concept of green advertising, in the use of implant methods, to ensure that the enterprise's products are "green", consumer consumption process is also "green", in order to achieve the desired effect. For example, in the movie "I would like to", "a shop" this brand through the scene implantation into the plot, the actor in waiting for a series of actions and "a shop" related. Advertisers in the early investment time to insert a number of "a shop" this brand, although the visual reach the purpose of publicity, but due to the lack of adequate consideration and the integration of the film plot, easy to cause audience antipathy. In the film to carry out a large number of advertising, itself is a non-green marketing behavior, will cause people's sensory pollution, so in the green marketing strategy, to the audience's green demand as the goal, through the appropriate placement of advertising performance to meet the needs of consumers green.

Cultural marketing, "essentially refers to the full use of cultural power to achieve the target marketing activities of enterprises, in the market research, environmental forecasting, selection of target market, market positioning, product development, pricing, channel selection, promotion, service delivery and other marketing activities should be active in cultural infiltration, improve cultural content, Culture as the media and the customer and the public to build a new interest community relations. Cultural marketing strategy includes four aspects of product culture strategy, pricing culture strategy, distribution culture strategy and promotion culture strategy. In the film implantation advertisement, the product cultural strategy appears especially important, because most advertisers through in the film import the company's visual symbol including the product kind and the brand mark and so on to carry on the marketing. Advertisers in the film in the placement of advertising, to make products in the concept of satisfying people a certain desire and demand, while the cultural connotation into the product. The product culture in the film implantation advertisement should be in harmony with the cultural connotation of the film, so as to play the role of smooth and quiet, but it can only gild the lily. For example, in the film "Aftershock", Fonda in the chat with the Secretary of China Life advertising language "on the election of Chinese longevity, steadfast." Chinese life advertising language through the form of dialogue implantation, which not only for the film's plot development did not promote the role, but also will cause the resistance of the audience, and disaster film theme keynote. Although the implantation advertisement enhances the enterprise the popularity and the exposure rate, but whether will increase the audience the memory effect and the goodwill degree is an unknown.

Most of the film's implantable ads, just give the product an opportunity to meet with the audience, not fully consider the product itself and the film plot of relevance, the form is not natural. Does not reflect the content of the product, nature will not be able to impress the audience. Chinese films blindly copied the experience of foreign films and neglected the actual situation, so in the application process of implantable advertising sometimes deviated from the current situation of China's film and advertising industry. With the development of the film industry, many low-cost films, in order to earn profits, at the expense of the continuity and twists and turns of the storyline, as much as possible insertion of embedded advertising. Let the audience in the process of watching the film, there is a feeling of being cheated into the advertising market.

Film itself is an art form, no art is not called it as a real movie; without commercial operation, the film loses a vast space of creation, and its artistry is difficult to achieve better. Although the film has always been between art and business to find a way out, but a successful film should be both artistic and commercial success. For modern movies, the need for balance is more pressing. Critics of commercial films have long said commercial films are useless because of the heavy impact of commercial color on the true artistic color of the film. Proponents of commercial films seem to be closer to pragmatism, emphasizing the importance of business factors in the successful operation of the film. However, it is undeniable that only a reasonable combination of the two can truly achieve the effective transmission of the film, too heavy commercial color will reduce the artistry of the film. It is assumed that a film needs to add several additional scenes to highlight the implanted brand and product, which will affect the fluency, freedom and the sufficiency of artistic expression.

During the viewing process, the audience needs to accurately identify the implanted brand or product within a short period of time. Therefore, the brand has the high popularity and the cognition degree is the primary request to the placement advertisement delivery. In contrast, they are more likely to use implantable advertising to improve the visibility of certain products or new entrants to the brand. In the movie works, the enterprise's new product often because of the appearance new, the characteristic new not for the audience attention, its brand appeal generally stays in the simple informing and enhances the characteristic cognition degree two aspects. Advertisers can consider in the same time to release hard advertising and film embedded advertising, timely to the potential consumer "interest" into "desire." In the film, the capacity for implantable advertising is limited, and overuse can cause audiences to resent it. In reality, audiences tend to understand all persuasive information as "advertising", they are highly sensitive to "advertising", once they feel that this is "advertising", will be conditioned to shut the door of the mind, ultimately affect the acceptance of the attitude of the film.

Due to the existence of many uncertainties, many films have been filmed and produced for a long time. From the completion of the production to the broadcast of the time there are many unknowns, and even some movies at last can not broadcast. It may be that when the film is released, the advertising strategy or product of the enterprise has changed. Therefore, enterprises in the implantation of ads, to choose a good script and director, to pay attention to the contract to ensure their own interests, can be paid in a period of time, each to achieve a period of pay a certain fee, so that can effectively control the investment in the placement of advertising, reduce risk.

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Essay代写：British and Korean mystery series

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- British and Korean mystery series，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国与韩国的推理电视剧。《神探夏洛克》和《特殊案件专案组TEN2》分别是英国和韩国的推理电视剧，虽都有人物的差异化设计，但英剧《神探夏洛克》中人物的差异化设计是为了更好的突出夏洛克，强调个人能力，华生虽时时在旁却只是起到辅助的作用。而《特殊案件专案组TEN2》突出的是团队的力量，差异化的人物设计让TEN小组中的每个人都成为不可或缺的存在。

Reasoning TV series, is the logic and reasoning as the main characteristics of the TV series, the story of the entry, twists and turns, ups and downs, in the complicated and confusing complex environment and fragmented clues to restore the truth of the case, quite loved by young men and women, a large number of brain cells after sacrifice, and the audience is never bored.

When it comes to reasoning, Sherlock Holmes, the famous "consulting detective" who lives at 221 B Baker Street in London, is a talented fictional detective created by the British detective novelist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the end of the 19th century. Sherlock, in this case, is produced by the BBC and takes the detective directly from the 19th century to the bustling metropolis of the 21st century, where he blends elements of modern culture into a series of unusual adventures with his good friend John h. Watson. Different from the adaptation of sherlock, TEN is an original work published by Korea OCN television, which depicts the detective work of the criminal investigation team in charge of solving less than 10% of major criminal cases. The former is from the United Kingdom in Europe and the United States, while the latter is from South Korea in Asia. Taking sherlock and TEN2 as examples, what are the similarities and differences of reasoning between Britain and South Korea?

"Sherlock" and "special cases TEN2" both have their own unique designs for differentiating personalities.

The two main characters in sherlock, sherlock and Watson, are literally separated by a galaxy of personalities. Shylock is confident and aloof, acute good observation, memory is amazing, however unworldly, with reality antipathetic, with nicotine patch to keep thinking excitement, playing the violin to help think, is a complete eccentric. But Watson is steady and gentle, treats people friendly, the heavy sentiment heavy righteousness, such positive person sets up in front of sherlock actually appears very... Mediocrity. When bizarre cases occur, sherlock is always seen wearing a long black woolen overcoat with the collar sticking up, while Watson, who has noticed what he is wearing? In the last episode of the third season, sherlock, surrounded by the police, takes a clean shot at magnussen even though he knows he will be punished for it. And the audience comes back from the shock and says, oh, this is sherlock!

"Special case task force TEN2" is a TEN team made up of four people to investigate various bizarre cases. The four members also have their own characteristics in personality and ability, so they have their own nickname in the TV series. "The monster that catches a monster" lv zhixun, sober reason is some again cold and inhuman, in order to catch a murderer to disregard cost, it is the workaholic that one mind immerses in the case. "Lie detector" south ruili, good at observation and has a keen psychological analysis ability, is a kind and simple and helpful girl. "White snake" white snake tin, experienced, even known as "walking criminal investigation walking dictionary", seems to be a slovenly untidy uncle, but has a keen sense of smell and intuition, as the snake quickly grasp the key breakthrough case. "Public phone" pu minhao, justice blood of the new Interpol, persistent, all aspects of the ability to have, as the group is responsible for all kinds of errands, serious and positive, eager to be recognized.

Although there are different characters in sherlock and TEN2, the different characters in the British drama sherlock are designed to better highlight sherlock and emphasize personal ability. Although Watson is always around, he just plays an auxiliary role. While special case task force TEN2 highlights the power of the team, the differentiated character design makes everyone in TEN's team indispensable.

From beginning to end will find that after the opera, sherlock, and the special case astonished TEN2, although each set is composed of separate cases, but at the end of the piece will appear a ultimate case will entire series together, and the part of the case clues or hints have been buried in the previous episode of early, had to admire the wisdom of the writers. Magnussen is the ultimate case in sherlock. Although he didn't officially appear in the third episode, he did so in the first one: it was magnussen who was behind Watson's mysterious capture and near-death experience. But why did he attack Watson? After watching the first episode, magnussen's doubts were finally answered in the third one. He just wanted to prove that Watson is sherlock's weak point. The criminal F, who was mentioned repeatedly in TEN2, ran from the first episode to the last one. As for why the high-energy criminal F could not be arrested at the end of the episode, of course, it was to prepare for the next season.

Sherlock on the narrative style characteristics, narrative time is Syria's flashback interleave appear alternately, narrative space and do not provide craftsmanship, not only have a few cases the final link in a bit at the same time, the case is more s real space and thinking space stochastic jump, Shylock in the third gun using only two seconds after waking hours into the memory palace, accurately find a way to save, even the fallen direction of careful thinking, surprise. The rapid transformation of thinking space and real space, the rhythm is compact, dizzying. He pays great attention to the arrangement of clues, and is good at creating unexpected plot points, which is beyond the conventional thinking of the audience and makes people confused and surprised. Moriarty shot himself, sherlock left a message and fell, Watson married, moriarty resurrected... Wait, it's all jaw-dropping.

The biggest feature of the special case team TEN2 in narration is that even if it is reversed, the team of four is constantly finding clues and through the process of rigorous analysis, influencing the audio-visual of the audience and guiding the audience's thinking. And just when the audience clapped their thighs and suddenly realized: "the original murderer is him!" When, 4 people group discovered new clue to get new answer again however... No one can refuse to accept a valid statement. In short, a case without a twists and turns of the reversal of the reversal of the reversal is not possible to end the case! In cattle in the murder of an island, as the husband of the dead will initially be suspect in groups of four, and then all the clues are pointing to the husband's sister-assistant, be ready to catch in groups of four female assistant justice when she was already dead, then leads to another a female assistant, take a big circle back, however, found that the real murderer or the dead husband. After being repeatedly played in the drama, whether to feel their IQ was provoked?

Both the British drama sherlock and the Korean drama TEN2 have their own advantages and characteristics in character setting and narrative style. After watching these two divine dramas, I can't help feeling anxious about our domestic mystery dramas. However, it seems that only the popular bao zheng series and song shijie series are familiar to everyone. In recent years, except for the Hong Kong police drama occasionally involved, there is almost no shadow of the mystery drama, mystery drama where? Can't we a great country make a decent mystery play?

Play this piece of short board in order to save the domestic reasoning, we must be good at learning, whether the English play sherlock or Korean dramas "special cases astonished TEN2" where there are many worthy of our reference and study, both outstanding personal ability and emphasize teamwork, character set is must in have their own characteristics, the audience was watching a TV show, the first to attract his may not be a drama, but some of the figures, so it is very important to character set. Had the person with distinct individual character to set, had a pair of skeleton then, go filling his flesh and blood with wonderful and rich gut even, just be a complete TV play. However, only these are far from enough, to be decorated with a unique narrative style, so as to get a good TV series.

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