Essay代写：Patriotic education in America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Patriotic education in America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的爱国教育。爱国教育是各个国家都特别重视的德育内容。而美国的爱国教育，基本采取学校教育、社会教育和家庭教育的方式。在美国有公民课、历史课与宪法课等。而社会教育则是以政党、工会、教会等社会组织和报纸、广播、电视等大众媒介作为美国新总统的就职演说，除了那些与特定的历史背景有关的内容外，反反复复出现的都是对美国制度的赞扬，对共产主义的攻击，对上帝的祈祷和对人民的号召。另外，美国的爱国教育还包括国旗教育、国耻教育、国威教育等多种手段。

Patriotism education is the content of moral education that every country pays special attention to. In the past, many of our comrades, especially our young people, did not understand that a country like the United States also had moral and patriotic education. The United States not only has moral education, but also attaches great importance to it.

The American government emphasizes the importance of patriotism education through various forms. In 1776, Thomas paine, an outstanding educator of bourgeois democracy, published common sense, calling on people to take up arms to rule and establish their own countries, and opposing the practice of placing hopes on British rule. Thomas Jefferson and others also promoted the idea of independence through the declaration of independence. After its independence, the United States stressed the importance of "Americanization" of education and the cultivation of "new national consciousness". After World War I, the United States launched the education of "good citizens". In 1945, the United States federal bureau of education compiled the book "enthusiasm for American democracy" to educate students about it. In addition, there is the phenomenon of "citizen religion" in the United States, which is mainly reflected in that citizens should have feelings for the country and the society. With such feelings, citizens can sincerely abide by the law, maintain justice, love the country and sacrifice for it. The motto of the United States is "in god we trust", "god bless the United States", "in god we trust" and "sovereignty belongs to god". These three words have been written into the basic documents of the United States and are always on the lips of Americans. Some people in the United States said that President Richard Nixon's religion was "patriotic", his god was the American dream, and civic religion established the group consciousness of "we are all Americans".

American patriotism also emphasizes the love of mountains and rivers, human history, cultural tradition and social system. Since the United States had no historical baggage and had been fighting for the bourgeois republic since its independence, its patriotism was naturally associated with the love of capitalism. The United States unwaveringly adheres to the principles of capitalism and its superiority in education, civil rights and compulsory education, and national spirit education. There is a special aspect to American patriotism that is god. In essence, religion in the United States is to use god to indoctrinate the people to love the country. Although god is a form, it has become an important part of patriotism. Former President Eisenhower said, "America is meaningless without a belief in god -- I don't care what religion it is." In the American consciousness, it seems that god is America and America is god.

The patriotic education in the United States is basically school education, social education and family education. In the United States, there are civics, history, constitution and so on. Social education is political parties, trade unions, churches and other social organizations and newspapers, magazines, radio, television and other mass media as a new American President's inaugural address, in addition to the content related to the specific historical background, and is in the American system of praise, the attack on communism, for prayer and god's call to the people.

Patriotic education in the United States also includes flag education, national shame education, national prestige education and other means.

When you set foot on the land of the United States, you will feel the American flag flying everywhere in the strongest sense: airports, government buildings, hotels and commercial buildings, as well as various tourist and memorial sites. Even small gas stations in remote places can see the stars and stripes flying on the roof. The national flag, as a symbol of sovereignty, is fully embodied. At the battle of iwo jima memorial in Washington, dc, flag-waving statues of soldiers look striking and familiar to every American.

Hawaii, located in the Pacific Ocean, is not only famous for its unique beautiful scenery, but also for the Pearl Harbor attack in the World War II. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on the us Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor and sank several American warships, especially the American battleship "alexana", with 1,177 sailors on board. The United States did not try to hide the tragedy, however. It built the uss Arizona memorial and visitor center at Pearl Harbor. In the visitor center, there are brochures of Pearl Harbor incident written in many languages, which are free for visitors to read. In the center, the outer wall is inlaid with signs of the warship that was sunk or heavily damaged in those days for people to pay their respects. The small screening hall in the center will broadcast the historical documentary "attack on Pearl Harbor" in multiple languages every day, which is free for visitors to watch.

The United States is a very developed country in economy, technology and culture. It makes full use of its economic, technological and cultural achievements to show the world that it is a superpower. For example, Washington, which is not a very big city, has many museums, such as the national Space Museum, the museum of human history and natural history, all of which are free to visitors 24/7. National Space Museum about the details of human exploration of space and physical objects, including the earliest lift-off balloon, the most primitive and modern aircraft, rockets, space shuttle, even including the American astronauts on the moon for the first time in 1969 the Apollo lunar module, and the American astronauts back to the moon rock from the moon, etc., many sites are available for visitors to enter and the tangible stuff.

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Assignment代写：The police system in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- The police system in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的警察制度。在美国，其并没有统一的中央警察机构，只有执法机关，分属于联邦政府下设的行政分支机构，它们各自分散，完成各自分管的业务工作，主要职能是执行各项联邦法律和打击全国性的重大违法犯罪，所以美国各州政府都有自己的警察机构，联邦警察执法的依据是联邦法律，而州、县市警察执法是依据各自的地方法律。

The United States does not have a unified central police agency, which is often called the law enforcement agency. It is a branch of the executive branch of the federal government.

The fbi is the largest federal police department in the United States and the most important federal law enforcement agency. It has jurisdiction over all activities that violate federal law. The investigation covers espionage, sabotage, treason, violation of federal civil rights laws, assault or murder of federal officials, kidnapping, bank robbery, airplane hijacking, organized crime, and interstate criminal activity. The fbi also provides important services to local law enforcement agencies, such as providing criminal information and helping to identify important physical evidence. In recent years, federal law in the United States has been expanding the bureau's authority to close loopholes in state laws in the fight against crime.

Two other important federal police force is: the central intelligence agency and the national security agency relationship between the responsibility of the central intelligence agency to U.S. national security, but the United States are prohibited by law from it in the United States to perform any task, the central intelligence agency in the United States has the power to search, arrest, detention, and monitoring, their emphasis on preventing foreign threats against the United States. Under the direct supervision of the President of the United States, the main mission of the cia is to collect, assemble evidence and provide accurate and timely foreign intelligence about American security and counterespionage against foreign spies.

The main role of the national security agency is to coordinate, direct, and take special actions to protect the U.S. intelligence community and reduce foreign espionage. As a high-tech organization, the national security agency is at the forefront of intelligence and data processing, and one of the centers of foreign language analysis, investigation, research and development.

Each state government in the United States has its own police agency. The federal police enforce the law according to the federal law, while the state, county and city police enforce the law according to their respective local laws. There are 50 states in the United States. Each state has its own laws and its own courts, prisons and police stations. Therefore, a case in the United States may be investigated by several departments at the same time. If a criminal violates both federal and state laws, he will be tried not only by the federal court, but also by the state court. His sentence will be accumulated, which is the biggest characteristic of the state police in the United States. The state police is an autonomous force that performs police duties in areas that are not covered by local police agencies, such as counties and cities, such as patrolling state highways and solving traffic accidents. In the United States, the activities of state police are limited, so their position in the entire U.S. police organization is not very important. The specific duties of state police are detailed in state laws. The organizational forms and responsibilities of state police agencies vary from state to state, but taken together, there are three main modes of state police agencies in the United States. The first kind is patrolman mode, or call patrolman police mechanism. The primary duties of this state police agency are to enforce state traffic laws, investigate and prevent accidents, correct and punish traffic violations, and ensure highway safety. California's highway patrol exemplifies this model. The second is the law enforcement model, or law enforcement police agency. This state police agency has full enforcement responsibilities, including crime detection, policing, law enforcement, highway patrol, etc. The Illinois police department is the poster child for this model. The third is a two-element model, or patrol-enforcement model. The state police is divided into two separate entities, one for highway patrol and one for general law enforcement. For example, the Florida highway patrol is responsible for state highway patrol and the detection of minor criminal cases that occur on state roads. The Florida department of law enforcement is responsible for general enforcement, including the detection of serious criminal cases on state highways.

In addition to the three types of state police, states also have smaller state police agencies and specialized law enforcement agencies responsible for a particular area. The former are the state park police department and the state university police department; The latter is the state drug administration. In theory, state law enforcement agencies have the power to enforce policing across the state. In practice, however, state police agencies generally avoid entering the jurisdiction of municipal police departments and concentrate their enforcement efforts on regional and state highways where there are no autonomous police stations. Of course, since state police agencies often have experienced investigators and advanced equipment, they often provide services such as difficult case investigation, forensic science identification, information retrieval and various professional training to the smaller state police agencies.

Because of its size, role, and social impact, the urban police is the largest and most important component of American institutions. Currently, the metropolitan police department employs about three-quarters of all full-time officers in the United States. The city police are responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining social order and providing services to the community. In the United States, the urban police law enforcement agencies are all under the jurisdiction of the urban administrative agencies, but there is no uniform regulation in the specific management form of the federal government. In cities with single-mayoral system, the urban police department is in the charge of the mayor, while in cities with parliamentary system, the police department is led by the police committee. Because cities are the most densely populated and complex places in the United States, and homicide, robbery and other malignant cases occur from time to time, the work of the urban police in the United States is much more complicated and burdensome than that of the county-level police. One of the most obvious signs is that the city police has a wider scope of law enforcement than the county-level police, with a much wider range of services. In addition to patrolling and solving all kinds of criminal cases, they also have to first respond to and solve social problems such as alcoholism, drug abuse and family disputes. The city police patrol 24 hours a day on three shifts.

The county police agency is the county administration and justice department under the leadership of the county sheriff. The U.S. county police force is numerous but small, and most lack regular police. County police agencies in the United States has two characteristics: one is the most sheriffs, is elected, compared with other appointed local government officials, the county police chief is higher than other local government officials have autonomy, most of the police chief, is the person with higher prestige in the region, have certain independence; Second, the county level administrative institutions is not large, so the county police chief mostly set functions in one, a criminal justice system three aspects most county sheriffs, is head of the county police, and county attorney, or county, the warden has the full function of criminal justice, this is the most unique American county police department police work. In most counties, cracking down on criminal offenses is not the main task of county-level police agencies, which deal mostly with traffic accidents, family disputes and other issues.

There are about 3,000 county-level law enforcement agencies in the United States. These law enforcement agencies mainly have two models: one is the county judicial bureau model; One is the county police department model. The former is the traditional model of county law enforcement agencies in the United States. Most counties in the United States currently use this model. The latter is a relatively new model of county-level law enforcement agency, in which the county police chief is the county's law enforcement officer and is responsible for the police affairs of the county. This model is currently only being used in some counties in the United States, such as Jacksonville county, Florida. The system of the county police is the same as that of the town police. According to the size of law enforcement power, the county judicial bureau can be divided into two models: first, the county judicial administrator's authority is limited to the management of the prison and the maintenance of court order, that is, only the prison police and bailiffs function; Secondly, the county judicial administrator's functions and powers include crime investigation, public security and traffic management, that is, all law enforcement functions. In the second case, county sheriffs often have special police stations under their command, and in some places the sheriffs double as police chiefs.

In recent years, some American scholars have called for greater cooperation between law enforcement agencies and greater uniformity in law enforcement activities, and even suggested merging police agencies. They argue that the "piecemeal" police system is not conducive to criminal investigation because, on the one hand, those "micro" police organs are unable to carry out effective investigation and case solving work. On the other hand, this state of police "balkanization" is also an obstacle to criminal investigation. Especially when dealing with trans-regional crimes, the investigation lacks unified command, and sometimes there is even "passive competition" between police organs. However, the proposal to merge the police forces is opposed by many americans, particularly local governments and local police departments. They argue that the merging of police forces violates the traditional American principles of "autonomous police" and "the right of local residents to choose their own way of policing", is not conducive to the conduct of police work according to local characteristics, and will harm the interests of local governments and local residents. In a word, decentralization is a tradition of American society and a basic feature of the current American legal system, so it is very difficult to change it.

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如何让英文论文更具逻辑性

大多数留学生的论文基本都是在及格线徘徊的，其实要想写出一篇高分英文论文，那么论文的观点必须明确，还有论证要有力，尽量去表现自己的逻辑思维能力。然而逻辑思维能力是中国留学生的弱项，那该怎么办呢？下面就给大家讲解一下如何让英文论文更具逻辑性。

大家在修改论文的时候不妨按照下面的几个标准去检查自己的论文：

①词汇是否丰富与准确

②文章是否连贯与流畅

③语法是否准确无误

④观点是否清晰扣题

⑤论证是否严谨有力

1、首先要把握句子和段落的逻辑关系

对于英文论文写作，一篇优质的论文要遵循句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间的衔接和连贯的原则。一篇论文是一个整体，并不是把已有的词汇和语法加以组合再机械堆砌而成，要记住句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间是存在严谨罗密的逻辑关系的。

段落结构清晰，主题句引领全段，段落与段落之间是层层递进的关系，做到这些，才能称得上是一篇逻辑关系清晰的论文，在这期间，建议大家善于利用连接词以及语义承接。

在英文论文写作中常见的连接词有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless"等，它们属于“明连接”。

语义承接则是通过上下文之间的承接关系来自然行文，比如通过指示代词、人称代词等对前一句中出现过的内容进行指代，或者对前一句话中出现的关键词进行转述，解释，从而形成自然的承接关系。语义承接属于“暗承接”。

只要大家对连接词以及语义承接进行妙用巧用，就可以将句子甚至段落有机联系起来，让自己的论文更加富有逻辑性。

2、其次要进行逻辑思维训练

由于中西方教育体制、模式等多种原因，我们中国留学生在国内没能接受比较系统的逻辑思维训练，这在客观上也影响了我们中国留学生逻辑思维的养成。缺乏逻辑思维就会造成英文论文写作中语言不通，层次混乱，主题不明确等一系列问题。因此，中国留学生要想写出思维严谨，脉络清晰的论文，就必须要养成逻辑思维习惯。

常用的逻辑学基本规律主要有排中律，同一律，矛盾律这三种，接下来来为大家一一解释：

排中律：

是指论文的立意要明确，旗帜鲜明，千万不要和稀泥，模棱两可，观点不清。

同一律：

是指在思考过程中，使用的概念或判断必须始终不变，保持同一。在英文写作中，要确保文章的立意和体裁符合要求并且在行文中始终如一，语体风格得体。

矛盾律：

是指文章论述必须首尾相贯，避免出现自相矛盾，跑题离题的现象。

大家在写完论文进行检查的时候不妨看看自己有没有遵循这几个规律。

3、大量阅读，大量思考

留学生们在写论文的时候想要把一个主题陈述清楚，大多数时候并不是语言技巧的问题，而是在于，这个主题是否有足够的了解，对这个主题相关的只是储备够不够多。比如，一个论文主题是你前两天才读过的新闻内容和一个毫无头绪的主题让你写，你会觉得哪一个比较容易写？

所以如果留学生们没有足够的知识储备，空谈语言技巧和逻辑思维方法并没有意义。假如你不知道Uber, Lyft或者Airbnb, 碰到“共享经济”(sharing economy)这类话题时可能会无从下手——清晰的逻辑，有力的论证，一定是建立在对话题有足够多了解的基础之上的。所以大家一定要进行大量的阅读和思考，增加自己的知识储备。

通过大量的阅读，广泛阅读文章，积累起足够多的素材，要做到拿到一个论文题目自己脑子里能够想到该用能用哪些素材去展开论证去开始写作。

说到阅读素材，很多外刊就是非常不错的资料，因为外刊资料往往篇幅适中，信息量大，所讨论的主题又与考场作文话题息息相关，非常适合用来做素材积累。可以留意一下自己对哪些话题最不熟悉，然后想办法通过阅读来积累素材。

留学生们除了要在平时多阅读积累素材之外，同时做一个积极的阅读者也很重要。“积极的阅读者”是指在阅读中要学会思考。由于语言的关系，我们中国留学生读一篇外刊文章往往不一定能够读懂说明意思，更不用说用于自己的论文写作，所以这时候做一个“积极的阅读者非常有必要”，毕竟读一遍是不够的，至少要读上三遍五遍，在阅读的时候不妨带着下面这些问题去思考：

作者的观点是什么？

他是怎样论述这个观点的？

文章的结构是怎样的？

段落与段落之间有哪些联系？

有哪些衔接词？

让我来写的话，我会怎么写？

不论是外刊资源还是其他资源，大家在阅读时多问自己一些这样的问题，并尝试着模仿这些优秀文章，这样才能不断提升自己的写作水平，成为学霸也自然指日可待。

以上就是关于英文论文的修改方法，希望大家可以通过本文中的方法帮助自己训练自己，去提高自己的逻辑思维能力，在修改的时候把这些方法都用上，就没问题了。

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Paper代写：Genetically Modified Food

本篇paper代写- Genetically Modified Food讨论了转基因食品。自从转基因食品出现以来，它们在日常生活中的应用越来越受到公众的关注。转基因食品在日常生活中被广泛使用，它对人们的生活有很大的影响。因此人们也担心转基因食品的安全性。事实证明，转基因食品确实会有一些副作用，比如说含有有毒物质和过敏原，破坏营养物质和基因污染等。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Since the emergence of genetically modified food, there has been growing public attention on their application into daily life. For this research paper, I have chosen genetically modified food for deeper analysis.

In modern society, an increasing number of people are attaching more and more importance to the security and nutrition of food. Influenced by food security concerns, many people would choose to have secure food even at a higher price. Genetically modified food are widely used in daily life, which has great effect on people’s life. Thus people also have concerns about the security of genetically modified food.

Despite of a number of huge social and economic benefits, the application of genetically modified food may also bring a series of potential security problems, which may be harmful to human health and ecological environment in the near future. Besides, with limited knowledge of genetically modified food, average people tend to be misled with other’s opinions. Thus they may easily become complete supporters or opponents of genetically modified food. For the listed above factors, I have chosen the topic, “Genetically Modified Food”.

For my research paper, I will focus on the following aspects in order to make a further analysis. Belong to scientific field, people may have problems understanding the essence of genetically modified food. For this reason, I prefer to firstly make a brief introduction of genetically modified food, helping people to understand how genetically modified food will make a difference better. After this, it is important for people to learn how genetically modified are applied in life. Thus I will describe the application fields. Then, I intend to explain a list of benefits brought by genetically modified food. With years of experience, scientists have been devoting themselves to researches and experiments of genetically modified food, creating great benefits to the public. Genetically modified technology helps to change the breeding methods, to cultivate the positive characteristics, to produce anti-disease food and to keep food away from being influenced by season and climate factors. All these benefits can be described and analyzed in this part. For the next part, there will be some side effects of genetically modified food. Firstly, they may contain toxic substances and allergens. Secondly, some nutritious substances may be damaged when having genetically modified food. Thirdly, they may lead to gene pollution, influencing the whole environmental and ecological systems. In the end, they can also have some effects on other organisms.

Current debates on genetically modified food are still about their security and potential effects，namely how they may influence human health, organisms, and environment. On the basis of above aspects, I will finally give my opinions and draw a conclusion to genetically modified food.

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Essay代写：Corruption at the court of England

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Corruption at the court of England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国宫廷的腐败。在17世纪初，伦敦成为了英国的经济中心和消费中心。在伦敦西区出现了以宫廷为中心、以大贵族豪宅为卫星官邸的巨大消费社会。这些上流社会的奢侈、摆阔和攀比之风激起世人的强烈不满。众多的知识分子对英国的社会发展持悲观态度，他们认为过度的繁荣将导致社会腐化甚至社会崩溃，奢侈和摆阔则是英国鼎盛即将结束的先兆。他们把攻击的矛头指向了宫廷，因为宫廷作为上流社会风尚的中心，在此时却极尽搜刮之能事。这些知识分子措辞激烈、讽刺宫廷奢侈腐败的小册子和文学作品风行英伦大地。

In the early modern times, the role of the court in the British political country is very important. Palace life is not only about the personal preferences of the royal family, but also about the security of the country. Unfortunately, the English courts of the early 17th century were perceived to have "a smell of bribery, envy, and corruption." the Stuart courts were no longer comparable to queen Elizabeth's.

We used in the research of the early modern British society and history, often lay particular stress on the revelation of court of corruption, neglecting to explore the structural problems of corruption, we have the one-sided emphasis on the greed of palace, enjoy nature and life erosion of luxury to court the direct impact of corruption, while ignoring the institutional defects in the court of corruption. This paper argues that, in addition to human factors, palace corruption is largely caused by institutional defects, and such institutional defects are the most important source of palace corruption. Corruption itself covers a very broad field, limited to the length, this paper mainly discusses the institutional root of corruption in the palace economy.

In the early 17th century, London became the economic and consumer center of Britain. In London's west end up in court as the center, big noble mansion as the residence of the satellite giant consumer society, past a rare luxury goods such as socks, lace collar, Venetian glass, watches and the big wagon has everywhere in the UK at this time, meet the need of high society social store sells a wide variety of luxury. Contrast with the increasingly luxurious lifestyle of the royal aristocracy. Poverty is rising across Britain, and social polarisation is becoming more pronounced. Therefore, the high society headed by the court of luxury, ostentation and comparison of the wind aroused the world's strong dissatisfaction. Many intellectuals hold a pessimistic attitude towards the social development of Britain. They believe that excessive prosperity will lead to social corruption and even social collapse. "feast and luxurious clothing are signs of social morbidity", and extravagance and ostentation are the harbingers of the end of Britain's heyday. They first took aim at the court, for the court, the centre of the fashion of high society, was at this time making the best of it. These intellectuals compared the court to the extravagant and arrogant Roman tyrants Nero, tiberius and caligula in the classical culture. Pamphlets and literature satirizing the extravagance and corruption of the court were popular in Britain. So what are the institutional factors that lead to the economic scandals such as court extortion?

The institutional factor that caused the economic corruption of the British court in early modern times was the serious lag of the financial and tax system. This financial system emerged in the 14th century and has undergone three centuries of changes without major changes. By the early 17th century, the British public finance system had not been established, and the government's expenditure was still borne by the royal family.

In the 17th century, the feudal finance and financial system still prevailed in Britain. The royal government's expenditure was regarded as the personal affairs of the king. Therefore, in general, the government expenditure was borne by the royal family.

The income of British royal family can be divided into normal income and special income. Normal income consists mainly of income from the king's land, the crown court, feudal taxes such as guardianship tax and royalties, and customs revenue. Royal land was the traditional source of revenue for the government. However, due to poor management and currency devaluation, the revenue of royal land dropped sharply, from 200,000 pounds in the 1630s to 72,000 pounds in 1619. By the 1730s, the revenue of royal land was less than 10,000 pounds. In addition, in order to win the support of nobles, the king often granted land in exchange for their loyalty, which led to the gradual decrease of royal land. Although the court minister Salisbury once raised the royal land rent and increased the revenue of the guardianship court in order to reverse this situation, it still could not meet the needs of the court's expenditure and fundamentally solve the financial distress of the court. By the time Salisbury died in 1612, the king's debts had reached 500, 000 pounds and the royal Treasury was in deficit at 160, 000 pounds.

Special revenue refers to taxes levied by the king and various forms of borrowing approved by parliament. The taxes approved by parliament include council grants, fifteenth and tenth. The rates of these taxes were determined primarily by the land and property holdings held by the local magistrate. Since the local officials in charge of assessing tax rates often used their power to make profits for themselves and their friends and relatives, tax evasion, tax evasion and other frauds were common in the process of tax rate assessment, resulting in less and less income for the royal government from the taxes approved by the parliament. Council grants fell from 130,000 pounds in the middle of Elizabeth to 70,000 pounds in 1621 and only 55,000 pounds in 1628. A justice of the peace in Sussex complained bitterly that "the rate of taxation of the rich is often greatly underestimated." in the county, the average parliamentary contribution of the 70 great squires fell from 6l in the 1540s to 14 in the 1620s. Special income also includes taxes that are not approved by parliament. For example, the king relies on his royal power to levy various forms of loans in the name of safeguarding national security and the interests of the people of the kingdom. For example, Charles imposed forced loans, taxes and ship money, etc., but the special income without parliamentary approval was often condemned as violating the property rights of the people, which was criticized and resisted as the corruption of the royal economy.

So by the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century, after almost a hundred years of inflation. At the end of the queen's reign, the royal family's annual income was 330,000 pounds, double that of 1510, while prices rose more than five times during the same period. While the real value of the court's income declined, the court's expenditure rose sharply because of the rising prices. During the reign of queen Elizabeth, the annual expenditure of the royal government was 300,000 pounds. By 1614, the expenditure of the royal government of James rose rapidly to 522,000 pounds. In times of peace, the royal government's income has been difficult to maintain the normal government expenditure, in case of war, the fiscal predicament of the royal government is more prominent, because the price of strategic materials rises faster. The strain on the palace finances was evident in the last four years of queen Elizabeth's reign. Although the queen received three parliamentary grants and six tithes in 1593, and four grants and eight tithes in 1601, compared with the previous year, the amount allocated by parliament was unprecedented. However, due to inflation, the actual value of the parliamentary grants decreased significantly. Unable to meet a million pounds of war costs, the queen was forced to sell royal land to raise money for the war, leaving her with debts of at least 400,000 pounds.

In the early period of modern times, the drawback of the British fiscal and taxation system was that it failed to adjust the taxation policy according to the rising prices and the actual expenditure of the royal government. Take tariffs as an example. The tax book is the basis for paying import duties. It sets tax rates according to the value of imported goods. But the tax book under queen Elizabeth was never revised after 1558. The king's power over tax policy was much more limited than in France and Spain at the same time. The king of France and the king of Spain, when they raised taxes, they were largely unconstrained by other political forces, and they were able to adjust their tax policies according to the development of the situation, especially the needs of the war. In Britain, the laws and common laws of the kingdom prevented the royal government from increasing tax items and raising tax rates. For example, during the Tudor period, the monarch imposed additional tariffs, but the power of the king to impose additional tariffs on certain imported goods was never established. Another reason why fiscal and tax policy failed to adjust in the early Stuart period was queen Elizabeth's fiscal conservatism. Most obviously. Compared with the big European countries during this period, Britain's rate is almost the lowest, but the queen is not to reform in a timely manner, she deal with rising government spending policy is not to raise taxes, increasing the income of the royal family, but a strict control of government spending, thus make the royal government fiscal problems cannot be fundamentally solved, so that the legacy.

In the face of financial difficulties, the court ministers once carried out financial reforms, both implementing traditional reform measures and proposing radical fiscal reform plans, but these all failed.

Soon after James entered England, the court was in financial trouble, and its debt soared. The court debt was 422,000 pounds in 1603, rapidly increased to 816,000 pounds in 1606, and 900,000 pounds in 1618. The monarch and the minister realized that the financial system was the root cause of the financial distress of the court. For this reason, the minister of the court had taken the traditional financial reform measures, that is, to increase revenue and reduce expenditure, on the one hand to reduce the expenditure of the court, and on the other hand to increase the income of the royal family.

Salisbury, the chancellor of the exchequer, has tried to address the royal family's financial woes by cutting spending. However, due to the fierce resistance of the aristocracy, the method of cutting down the palace expenses soon became unworkable. The court aristocracy were the main beneficiaries of the king's gift, and the promotion and reward of the aristocracy were the major strategies for the governance of anbang. Especially in the early seventeenth century. This is because James as an exotic monarch from Scotland, to expand the basis of the rule of the British throne, after the British throne, has been from Scotland and England to the old noble generous gifts, the chancellor of the exchequer Salisbury once said, "the king generous... Every day is like Christmas. In the first three years of James's reign, he gave the chancellor a gift of 68,000, an annuity of 30,000; By 1610, he was giving tips and an annuity of 80,000 a year to royal servants, which was more than 50,000 a year for the daily expenses of queen Elizabeth's court. With the increase of the bounty. The court financial deficit and court debt rose sharply. From 1606 to 1610, the deficit of daily expenses of the court was 334,000 pounds. By 1613, the court debt reached 500,000 pounds.

The king's generosity not only caused financial difficulties for the court, but also had a very adverse effect. In a letter to Cecil on October 10, 1604, the bishop of york hutton worried that his subjects were worried that his majesty's generosity would exhaust the wealth of the kingdom and bring disaster to the kingdom. Salisbury force to fight the king, the then chancellor of the exchequer, reduce the reward for aristocrats, signed in 1608, James "gift handbook", limit the king of the reward gift range, in addition to the low-level bureaucracy and the royal garden caretaker repeat the confiscated property may be a reward, such as the royal land, tariffs, additional tariffs and monopoly is not a reward without exception. After Salisbury's death, cranfield was the first court minister to make an active attempt to reduce royal spending. As a successful businessman, cranfield gave full play to the advantage of being a businessman in the financial reform of the court. He practiced economy carefully and restrained the extravagance and self-enrichment of the court. He was a hands-on man, reaching deep into palace ministries and plugging financial loopholes. During a 1617 inspection of the quality and quantity of food purchased by the court, court officials who attempted to smuggle 132 cows and 1,248 sheep were investigated. He also reformed the court diet, stopped the ostentation in the court banquets, and sold the fish, wine bottles and kettles thrown away after the court banquets in the past, thus increasing the income of the court. Cranfield's reforms are beginning to bear fruit. Between 1616 and 1622. Royal spending fell by 22%. He also reformed the catering department, made redundant officials redundant, and introduced a new system of accounts. Promulgated in 1619, he again "reward handbook", limiting the king gave the amount of the annuity, and in 1621 to play king, please immediately stop annuities, at the same time, the exclusive rights to all must be checked by the king himself to work, the following year, James commitment, without the permission of the royal treasurer and justice, are not allowed to land, annuities and subsidy and so on a reward to the secretary. Cranfield's practice of limiting the king's reward damaged the vested interests of the aristocracy, which was bound to cause resentment and exclusion of the aristocracy. The reform ended in failure. From 1621 to 1624, the court increased its expenditure on annuities alone by 22 percent.

In the past, the traditional way to solve the royal family's financial problems was to dig up financial resources and increase the royal family's income. However, just like reducing the royal family's expenditure, this also encountered huge difficulties. Due to the sharp decrease of royal income and long-term financial deficit, some royal nobles could not get the annuity from the king, but the aristocracy was the main social foundation of the monarchy, so as to win their support. The king transferred to them certain economic privileges of the court, such as contracting royal land taxes and duties, enjoying the right to export tax exemption, guardianship and exclusive right to purchase knight's land at a low price. One of the more lucrative economic privileges is the contracting tariff. At the beginning of the 17th century, some court order from king contracting a right of import and export tariffs, such as Cecil won the right to import and export of silk, satin and duties, then the right to transfer the price of 1333 pounds a year to a businessman consortium, in 1612, he put the contract sum up to 7000 pounds, get huge benefits. In addition, some courtiers who did not have tariff power enjoyed certain economic privileges in other ways. For example, in 1604-1605, Philip, the earl of Montgomery, James hay and the earl of argyle obtained the right to impose import and export tariffs on foreign woolen merchants. The aristocracy benefited greatly from economic privileges at the expense of the king's income, and the court lost 8,602 pounds a year.

As can be seen from the above, the traditional measures to solve the financial difficulties of the court had little effect. The failure of the traditional financial reform shows that we can only break through the fetters of feudalism and financial system. Can solve palace finance problem fundamentally. But, unfortunately, the economic corruption court, and the court of the resulting degraded image, damage the moral image of the royal family, and radical changes to the plan of the financial system in the middle ages to squire resistance as the main body of the house of Commons, an mp Seymour in parliament in 1625, "the council to the king of the subsidies, along with income, tax privilege and monopoly income, the amount is huge, but unfortunately the large sum of money in the pockets of individuals." Salisbury's fiscal reform plan was the most radical fiscal reform in the early Stuart period. The failure of this reform made the early Stuart royal fiscal system miss the best opportunity for reform.

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