Essay代写：The play Barbecue

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The play Barbecue，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了戏剧《烧烤》。戏剧《烧烤》虽然叫烧烤，但是烧烤的食物不多。烧烤主要是一个借口，或者更像是帮助他们妹妹的计策。在戏剧中，他们要一起去公园烧烤，但事实上，他们来是有原因的，来帮助他们的妹妹芭芭拉，因为芭芭拉完全沉溺于酒精和毒品。

Written by Robert O'Hara, an African American playwright and direct, the play Barbecue has focus on the O'Mallery families, a lower echelon of America. It's called Barbecue, but there are not much of grilling food. Barbecuing is mainly an excuse or more like trap for helping their sister. It was performed at the Public Theatre in New York in Sept 22nd, 2015. Actually, there are two families that share the same names in this play though their skin is totally different, one white and one black. The play is composed of four scenes and the white and black family each has two scenes.

Apparently, they are coming together to have a park barbecue, but as a matter of fact, they come for a reason, to help their youngest sisters Barbara who is completely addicted to alcohol and drug. It's' an intervention of love, Insults and Whisky.

Besides, both of the white and the black families are dysfunctional and each consist of five members, James T., Lillie Anne, Marie, Adlean and Barbara. James T., the only male member of the family, smokes marijuana. Marie suffers drunk and drugs problems while Adlean gives up herself and turns to smoke and painkillers by using her breast cancer as an excuse. And Barbara has a problem with alcohol and methamphetamine. Maybe they are satisfied with their current situations, that's why most of them are less agree with Lillie Anne's idea to send Barbara to a treatment center in Alaska. As expected, Barbara is unwilling to go there.

In this play, Lillie Anne is the most impressive characters for me. As is known to all, play centers on characters making full use of their body languages, choreograph, music, dressing or any other ways so as to tell the audience the story how to move on. Characters play a crucial role of the play. When audience watch the play, they will be attracted by the characters' dressings, props, manners, tones of voice and even every move of them, which have a great effect on explaining the stories background and advancing stories. The reason why play can inherit and continue is that it's being applied or misapplied. Teachers use play to preach morality while merchants use it to make money. However, in an awesome play, the characters have distinctive personalities which lay stress on the sharp contradiction or cultural values by their dramatic movements. In addition, their complicated relationships are emphasized on the conflicts of the play that on this account the dramatic effects improve.

In the meanwhile, of Barbecue, except Lillie Anne all the other siblings hesitate to send their little sister to the treatment center. In their point of view, it's really ruthless and merciless to leave Barbara alone in a strange city. But as a matter of fact, they exactly know how severe and out of control about Barbara's volatility and violence. They remember what Barbara's weird and ridiculous antics. While they get together, Marie recall that one of odd behaviors that she once put the dentures and razor blades simultaneously in her mouth. Barbara's teeth have fell out five years ago and the doctors gave dentures to her. Lillie Anne retorted Marie's memory immediately and underline that it's impossible for Barbara to do that stupid thighs. From Lillie Anne's reaction, it's easy to see that she does not want to admit that her sister is kind of alcoholic and drug addicts who has done such an absurd action. Inside her heart, Lillie Anne are worried about her sister and wish her sister can get rid of those bad habits.

Barbara, the most concerned characters in the play, is the cause of gathering. Before her show up, the siblings of the families wait for her in the panic table set in the forest, screaming and shouting. They aren't aim to have a big quarrel but to get Barbara back on track. And the colorful dressing and vulgarism ways of speaking of them reveal that every them more or less suffers some problems, yet they gather together to solve the same problem, saving their sister. There has a surprising image about Barbara. She bound to a tree, duct tape covering her mouth. It seems that she is not prepare or satisfied with the food or juice that planned during the Barbecue. In other words, she is less or nothing to speak than dislike the food. On the one hand, knowing her siblings are planning to send her to rehab for her sake, she understands and appreciates what they want to do for her. On the other hand, she is too frightened and heart-broken to digest the news that her families make an arrange for her. Therefore, she covers her mouth by the duct tape.

Above all, play is performed in a specific period, constant space while the actors applying their languages, movements and etc. to model the characters. It's of great importance for the actors to analysis what emotions or values the play conveys. Sometimes the inner thoughts of the characters can be showed in the outer actions. Barbara covering her mouth by tape is the best example.

The left imagination of that behavior can make the audience enjoin thinking about the characteristics and why this character do this, which drive the audience to explore what experience this character have suffered. The play moves on as the characters using the various modality to progress.

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Assignment代写：All elementary schools in America should be bilingual

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- All elementary schools in America should be bilingual，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国小学双语教育的问题。美国作为一个大熔炉，接纳了世界各地的人，因此有大量的移民子女。虽然美国是一个以英语为主的国家，但也有许多语言。美国应充分利用其独特的多语言环境，丰富美国小学的教学内容。从历史和现代的角度来看，美国所有的小学都应该是双语的，让孩子更好的适应新的环境，满足新的要求。小学双语教育还是保护不同语言的有利途径，可以让孩子们记住自己的文化身份和传统遗产。

America, as a melting pot, receives a variety of people around the world and consists of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics and so on. Consequently, there are enormous children of immigrants. Then, although America is an English-dominant country, there are many languages, like Chinese, French, Spanish and Japanese, etc. America should take advantage of its particular multi-language environment and enrich the content of elementary schools in America. Therefore, from historic and modern perspectives, all elementary schools in America should be bilingual to make young children better adapt to the new environment and meet the new requirements.

Firstly, most of children are "heritage speakers". Kagan(2014) notes that most of young children of immigrants need to speak their parents' native language at home, though they speak in English at elementary schools. Based on the findings from the survey conducted by the Census Bureau, people can learn that there are 21 percent of people who speak a language other than English in America. In California, there are 44 percent of residents who speak another language other than English at home. In Los Angeles County, the number crest to almost 57%. However, people need to admit that the majority of young children gradually have no literacy in the language they speak. They are unable to speak their parents' language and just say English. As a result, American government needs to implement a far-reaching policy committed to maintaining and enhancing the skills of heritage speakers. Bilingual education in elementary schools is a beneficial way to safeguard diverse languages and make these children remember their cultural identity as well as traditional heritage.

Additionally, elementary education plays an essential role in promoting child's skills in language. Bilingual education in elementary schools is necessary for students to keep an open and inclusive attitude towards cultures and ethnics. Williams(2017) introduces what happens in Stephanie Lugardo's second-grade classroom where students chatter with each other in English and Spanish. According to a "dual-immersion" program, children can become fully bilingual in the process with enjoyment. At the same time, the needs from a linguistically diverse population will be met by various kinds of programs guided by bilingual eductions. Besides, the National Heritage Language Resource Center at UCLA has conducted a survey in the recent years and it finds that numerous students would choose to formally study their home language when they enter college with the aim to learn more heritage and culture as well as linguistic roots. Therefore, once elementary schools implement bilingual education, children can not only better communicate with their relatives, but also gain more knowledge of heritage as well as promote their formulation of their cultural identity. Thomas (2016) points out that, when people live in the 21 century, coupled with globalization, the boundary between nations, ethnics and cultures, is gradually broken. At the same time, the gap between people also be shortened. Children in elementary schools should have the opportunity to learn diverse languages to improve their language skills so that they will have more capacity to compete with others.

People need to admit that language skills need to be nurtured at home and in the classroom. Elementary schools should shoulder its responsibility to introduce diverse knowledge and cultures to students instead of teaching them in accordance with textbooks. Bilingual eduction in elementary schools is helpful for children to maintain and develop their own heritage and cultures. When children speak other languages other than English in elementary schools, they would share their particular cultures and perspectives with other children, which is beneficial for them to form a cultural identity and progress at a faster rate. Overall, all elementary schools in America should be bilingual.

References

Kagan, Olga.(2014). Schools should help the children of immigrants become truly bilingual. The

Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-1222-kagan-heritage-languages-20141222-story.html

Thomas, P. (2016). The great convergence: information technology and the new globalization. Business Economics, 53, 1-3.

Williams, Conor. (2017). The Intrusion of White Families Into Bilingual Schools. The Atlantic.

Retrieved fromhttps://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/12/the-middle-class-takeover-of-bilingual-schools/549278/#article-comments

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Essay写作需要深度阅读

Essay写作需要深度阅读？同学们乍一看可能会觉得有些奇怪，但其实Essay写作真的需要大家去深度阅读。因为如果大家对theme的阅读深度不够的话，那么很多东西是发掘不出来的。下面就给大家讲解一下Essay写作该怎么去深度阅读。

什么是主题

主题是文学作品的核心或基本思想，它可以直接或间接地陈述。所有小说、故事、诗歌和其他文学作品都至少有一个主题贯穿其中。作者可以通过主题表达对人性或世界观的见解。

题材与主题

不要将作品的题材（Subject）与主题（Theme）混淆：

题材（Subject）指的是文学作品探讨的话题（topic），它是文学作品的基础，如某部作品探讨的是19世纪法国的婚姻。

主题（Theme）指的是作者针对该话题表达的观点，例如，作者对19世纪法国资产阶级小圈子婚姻的不满。

主要和次要主题

文学作品中可以有主要和次要主题：

主要主题是作家在作品中重复表达的思想，也就是最重要的思想。

次要主题作者则表达得较为简短，一个作品可能包含多个次要主题。

如何分析作品主题

下面这个步骤可以提示大家在阅读的过程如何总结和思考，并最终分析出该作品的主题加以强化，去其糟粕取其精华融入到自己的Essay当中去。这一系列步骤实际上就是文献作品精读的过程。

1.阅读并了解情节

花一些时间写下主要的文学要素：情节、人物、场景、语气、语言风格等。思考作品中的冲突是什么？最重要的剧情是什么？作者是否解决了冲突？作品是如何结束的？

2.确定作品题材

想一想，如果你想告诉朋友这本书讲的是什么，你会怎么说？这本书探讨的是什么话题？讲了哪些内容？

3.分析主角

思考主角发生了什么改变？主角是否影响了其他角色？这个角色让我们想到了什么？

4.评估作者的观点

最后，思考作者对书中角色及其选择的看法。作者对主要冲突的解决持什么样的态度？作者在向我们传达什么样的信息？这个信息就是作品的主题。你可以在书中找到对应的线索，比如人物的对话，或者冲突的最终解决方案等。

以上就是关于Essay写作深度阅读的分析，希望对大家的写作有所帮助。

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Paper代写：American advertising education

本篇paper代写- American advertising education讨论了美国的广告教育。美国之所以能够形成如此庞大而又成熟的广告市场，与其普及的广告教育密切相关。美国的大学广告教育已超过100年的历史，而大学广告教育是其广告人才培养的主要方式。经过多年发展，美国已逐渐形成了较为先进的广告教育理念和较为科学的广告教育模式，其广告教育理论在当今的世界广告业界和学界都具有重要影响。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

As we all know, the United States is a big country of advertising industry in today's world. Its advertising revenue accounts for nearly half of the world's total advertising revenue, and its advertising employees amount to as many as 100,000. With the global spread and expansion of 4A transnational advertising companies in the second half of the last century, the advertising industry in the United States is having an important impact on the world.

The reason why the United States can form such a large and mature advertising market is closely related to the popular advertising education. American university advertising education has a history of more than 100 years, and university advertising education is the main way to cultivate its advertising talents. A hundred years of exploration and accumulation have gradually formed a more advanced advertising education concept and a more scientific advertising education model in the United States.

Advertising education in the United States, the first began in 1893, the university of Pennsylvania's Wharton school of the Joseph F.J ohnson professor first lesson in the classroom teaching of advertising, eight years later in 1905 at New York university will be advertising as a completely formal university course in the school opened, and in 1913 at the university of Missouri in the journalism college, was the first American advertising professional, make advertising education in the United States formally become a professional into the palace of the higher education. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of advertising education in the United States began to sprout and continue to evolve. One hundred years later, according to the understanding and analysis of the training objectives of advertising majors in many American universities, the contemporary advertising education concept in the United States has two remarkable characteristics in a general sense.

The main force of advertising education in American universities is undergraduate education. Today's undergraduate advertising education in American universities has a very clear goal, which is to provide comprehensive skills and application ability education and training for future practitioners in the developed advertising industry and other communication industries in the United States. This philosophy runs through the educational system of advertising majors in many American universities.

For example, western Kentucky university, whose advertising major is set up in the school of journalism/communication, has the running philosophy of "the best school, the best major, the best job! , the specific goal of training students is to pass the advertising professional best skills education. And to enable graduates to "work for and be paid for the real clients of their advertising agencies; During the employment period, these students' outstanding performance and sales and design skills can be fully demonstrated." At the same time, the school will "build a large and complete network of people with profound impact" for its graduates; And visit successful AD agencies in Chicago, Atlanta, New York and Cincinnati."

The advertising program at the school of journalism and mass communication at st. George's state university in the western United States also places great emphasis on developing students' professional skills and practical abilities. Its advertising teaching idea is very simple: "in the practice of middle school", therefore, in its open 10 advertising major courses, attaches great importance to the students to good advertising company internship practice course and information about the environment and the new technology application of compulsory course, and rules all major courses are taught by a computer. Similarly, Roosevelt University fRoosevelt University) is located in the school of advertising professional education philosophy and the western Kentucky University, state University of st. George's almost the same, that it will be to read the University student professional advertising "provide flexible curriculum, including graphic design, photography, printing, such as the latest technology courses, so as to meet the needs of traditional and non-traditional students".

For example, the advertising education philosophy of the school of mass communication and journalism at the university of southern Mississippi is more explicit than those of these universities: students should "practice advertising and public relations as never before, create a strong academic base, and work hard to learn the applied skills needed to succeed. And actively participate in the practical activities of AAF and PRSSA."

Texas Christian university's advertising and public relations program aims to train students: "you can earn a master's degree in advertising and public relations in the most dynamic media market in the United States, while tracking your advertising and public relations career in the 7th largest media market in the United States."

As mentioned above, many traditional advertising education concepts in the United States are more practical and skill-based. But as the third revolution of science and technology and the appearance of new media, traditional education idea is the challenge of the real world, thus, since the 1990 s, the advertising community in the United States of American colleges and universities of advertising focus on the concept of vocational skills training and pattern questioned, advertising education summit of the United States in 2001 put forward under the new situation of the report "through what way can we make the students to make the biggest progress?" This proposition. And advertising professionals in the United States in the 1960 s after gradually belonging to spread the news/discipline, and improved the advertising professional theoretical and academic, many American first-class universities advertising specialty in stressed the importance of professional training at the same time, has been to develop a senior advertising talents with theoretical attainment and innovation ability as a main concept of education and training objectives.

School of journalism, such as the university of Florida in the advertising specialty education goal is "to cultivate students to become leading role" in the field of strategic communication, therefore, the university of Florida proposed "although we believe we can provide guidance and help for students, but also create an environment, stimulate the strong desire to study consciousness and learning. They regard the cultivation of learning ability, thinking ability and reaction ability as the main guidance of advertising education.

For lay particular stress on journalism at the university of Missouri, their education goal is the same as the university of Florida, "our future strategic communication industry leader", its target is: they trained students, will be America's "the art of the future, director of public relations experts, graphic artists, marketing director, creative developers, AD copy, financial managers, researchers and so on.

Similarly, the advertising education philosophy of the Howard university school of journalism is "to nurture tomorrow's advertising and public relations elites". The advertising department of the university of Texas at Austin, the only famous university in the United States with the right to confer a doctorate in advertising, has the following educational objectives: "Has always been recognized as America's top advertising at the university of Texas, one of the professional advertising to award bachelor's, master's, the stages of Dr, we all practice the theory and practice of teaching strategy," "the emphasis is to help our students with a smart brain to be able to play to their talents and improve their thinking ability, they will focus on advertising creativity, design and media aspects of learning", therefore, "our students both in the depth of the advertising knowledge and on the cultivation of the creative extensively, the university of Texas is the best college in America".

Nature, the academic circles in the United States expect objectives of advertising education in colleges and universities put forward at the same time, also put forward and its education objectives of advertising education teachers consistent requirements, as early as 4 a central conference of the United States in 1978, Thomas J as sur is put forward: "in teaching the students of advertising work, we really need to do what kind of job" of such a proposition. Therefore, he proposed that advertising educators also need to have professional skills, academic accomplishment and innovation ability.

The training objectives of comprehensive skills and application ability, theoretical literacy and innovation ability advocated by the advertising major in American colleges and universities are the result of the interactive development of American advertising education and its developed advertising industry.

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Essay代写：The low-cost strategy of American newspapers

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The low-cost strategy of American newspapers，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国报业的低成本策略。2008年以来，新闻纸经历了数次大幅度提价，这导致报业成本的提升。美国报业在经济不景气和新闻纸等原材料价格上升的情况下，曾采取多种措施降低成本，试图保持报纸的发行量并维持报社的利润。通过结盟和集约化运作，充分的利用报社内外资源，已成为美国报业运作的重要策略。这样，不但可以扩展内容资源，更重要的是可以降低报社的成本。除了新闻资源可以共享外，经营资源的协作，或者称之为合作经营，具有更长的历史。建立“合作经营协议”是美国在报业经营的道路上寻找到的一种降低成本方式。

Newsprint is an important means of production for newspapers. Paper costs account for about 70% of the direct costs of newspapers. Higher costs will inevitably lead to lower profits. In this case, newspapers will have to cut costs elsewhere if they are to remain profitable. The U.S. newspaper industry has taken several steps to cut costs in an effort to maintain circulation and profit margins amid the economic downturn and rising prices for raw materials such as newsprint. Li ka-shing once said: reduce cost is like twist wet towel, there can be a place: a low cost strategy is a kind of through the throttle and gain competitive advantage strategy, through the use of technology, the strengthening of management, make the unit of production, exchange, management of cost is lower than competitors' costs, in order to gain more than the industry average profit, namely the excess profit. In accounting, it is shown as follows: under the condition of equal investment, the enterprise can create higher customer value; or lower than the investment of competitors to create a comparable customer value; Or both. The American newspaper industry has a long history and has accumulated a large number of coping strategies after going through many business difficulties.

It has become an important strategy to make full use of the resources inside and outside the newspaper through the alliance and intensive operation. In this way, not only the content resources can be expanded, but more importantly, the cost of the newspaper can be reduced.

One is to use outside news sources. Faced with the newspaper industry's woes, some local newspapers are starting to "band together", forming alliances, signing "content-sharing agreements" and sharing interview resources. In February 2007, The Des Moines Register of Iowa, NewHampshire Union Leader of NewHampshire, The State of California and Las Vegas Sun of Nevada signed content sharing agreements to share and exchange political and national election news. Similarly, BBS newspapers decided to rent a large office in the Washington bureau of its flagship newspaper, BBS Chicago, to make it easier for editors to collaborate. 'this allows us to get the most out of what we put in,' says mike tackett, BBS's Washington bureau chief.

The second is the sharing of news resources within newspaper groups. Since the newspaper group has many newspapers at home and abroad, not only overseas news resources can be Shared, but also in the way of exchanging articles in China. "Take BBS group, for example. Before the acquisition of the Los Angeles times, BBS Chicago was the group's largest newspaper. It is also the seventh largest daily newspaper in China, with its own correspondent stations in major cities and even overseas. But the Los Angeles times, the fourth-largest western newspaper in the country, is more popular on national news networks, especially overseas. The latter acquisition has made its overseas news available to more members of the group, while the domestic press base has been reduced by a partnership with Chicago's BBS. The benefits are more likely to accrue to smaller newspapers, such as the Orlando sentinel, which, since joining BBS, has retained only one overseas bureau in Puerto Rico and relies on two major newspapers and the Associated Press. Moreover, many large groups also have their own feature agencies or news service centers, which are responsible for collecting and producing all kinds of feature articles, news features and TV programs, etc., which are provided to members for a fee. Gannett company even makes use of the advantages of big group in information collection, with the help of the ability of some journalists in the group, the general news service center produces four pages of the magnificent format of "E technology" supplement every week, which is adopted by member newspapers.

In addition to news resources being Shared, collaboration, or co-ops, has a longer history. The establishment of "cooperative operating agreement" is a way to reduce the cost of newspaper business in the United States. Alleged to be Operating Agreement, especially the United States for nearly 10 years of cooperation between a newspaper group run a particular newspaper management way, namely after the group negotiation between the two rivals in the newspaper editorial board outside of the Operating parts, to form a new company, unified business newspaper advertising, distribution and other business, the profits distribution according to the Agreement.

For the two newspapers, working together can save money on manpower, equipment, operations and raw materials. "In terms of specific operation, cooperative operation is usually conducted in two ways: the first is that the partners jointly form a new entity, where the risks and benefits are Shared by both parties. The new entity operates independently and has the same independent legal status as both parties. The second is not to set up a new entity, but to focus on one newspaper, the other as a partner of this one, share the corresponding equipment and so on. A partnership is not a merger. Because the result of a merger is that there will be only one legal entity, and the result of a partnership is the continuation of two or more legal entities ".

Despite the trend, the number of co-operating newspapers is declining. "In 1997 there were 34 partnerships, but in 1998 there were only 15. By 2000, there were 13 cities in the United States with newspaper cooperatives, including Detroit, Cincinnati, Seattle, LasVegas, Honolulu, San Francisco and salt Lake City. By 2003, there were only 12 such partnerships in the U.S. regional newspaper market. But the partnership has helped both newspapers to increase their profits as costs have fallen and advertising prices have risen.

Oct. 13, 2008 -- newspapers and advertisers are betting that readers won't be paying attention to ads on Monday, so in the face of the industry's slump -- rising costs and plummeting revenue -- some newspapers are starting to run fewer times a week.

The McPherson Sentinel, a Kansas newspaper that pioneered the idea, began keeping its Mondays closed in August, saying the move would ease the pressure on the paper without cutting jobs or reducing its size. Other papers with Mondays off include The Dispatch and star Courier in Illinois and The East Valley Tribune in Arizona.

With global economic conditions once again in decline, it is believed that this trend will not only spread, but also that some newspapers may cut back on the rest of the week.

The profit model of most newspapers is "secondary sale", namely, selling at a price lower than the cost price, or selling at a loss, so as to obtain higher circulation and attract more advertisers, and finally make profits by selling newspaper advertising space. There was a joke in the American press about an American who found a mouse when he opened the door. The mouse died when he hit the newspaper. This story is a good illustration of the phenomenon of American newspapers. However, with the rise of newspaper prices and other newspaper difficulties, the added costs are difficult to be effectively absorbed, and the circulation deficit of newspapers will be even larger, and the new advertising revenue of newspapers is difficult to make up for the new circulation loss, which will lead to a great decline in newspaper profits. In the face of this situation, the reduction of newspaper size is an effective measure to alleviate the cost pressure of newspapers in the United States.

American newspapers slim down in two ways. One is to reduce the width of the page, develop tabloid. The newspaper association of America estimates that a reduction of 54 inches to 50 will save newspapers 8% to 10%. In June 2006, the New York times decided to cut the width of its pages by 3.8 centimeters. "This move is to reduce the printing cost of some printing sites," the paper admitted in its "to readers" on August 5, 2007. Times spokeswoman Diane McNulty said the newspaper spread over the width of 30.5 cm, appearance "seems to be almost the same as before, just slightly narrow", news headlines will also use smaller ~ some of the print, each article takes up the layout will be slightly compressed, a move that will save about $10 million every year for the newspaper. So did the New York times, and so did the Wall Street journal, another big newspaper, which got a makeover and slimmed down on January 2nd 2007. The six columns per edition are now five, and the width has been reduced from 15 inches to 12 inches. The journal saved $18 million a year in printing costs. Second, reduce newspaper layout directly, make thick newspaper thinner. Nearly two-thirds of newspapers have cut back on their coverage of international news, while others have quietly cut back on some content, believing that three or four fewer features won't offend readers, according to a study released on July 21st by the pew research centre.

Since benefits are often rigid, managing labor costs by controlling the number of employees and compensation is probably the simplest and most straightforward approach.

Obviously, with a certain salary level, the fewer employees there are, the less financial pressure the newspaper will have. In the eyes of the market. Controlling the number of employees will help improve the cash flow of newspapers and effectively control the cost of newspapers. As a result, layoffs are one of the most effective and obvious ways to control newspaper costs. A survey by the American association of newspaper editors found that daily newspapers lost a net 2,000 jobs in 2001 alone. Layoffs at American newspapers were still widespread in 2002. In January 2002, Wisconsin's largest news corporation closed a series of weeklies, eliminating 60 jobs. Newsweek has cut 12% of its 85 "buyouts", all of them over 55. Newsday, the tabloid that owns the Los Angeles times and chicago-based BBS, began a second round of buyouts, after cutting 20% of its staff in the previous round. The company has laid off 1,400 employees. Editor in chief and publisher magazine estimates that 2,100 jobs were cut in newsrooms across the country in 2005, with a 4.1 percent reduction in editorial staff.

Over time, this pattern of layoffs continues. The newspaper age, a magazine run by the newspaper association of America, reported that American newspapers began another round of layoffs in 2007, especially at big-city papers. After two years of layoffs, the Philadelphia inquirer has shrunk its newsroom from 490 in 2005 to 330 now. The Philadelphia inquirer is not alone. From Dallas to Detroit, from the New York metropolitan to SAN jose, newspapers are cutting jobs through buyouts. Under financial pressure, newsrooms in the United States were shrinking by an estimated 7 percent by the end of 2007, compared with 2000, according to the project's report.

By cutting staff pay, newspapers' Labour costs will fall. As a result, the American newspaper industry is cutting back on wages and setting up a salary freeze. Singleton, the chief executive of the SAN jose mercury news, which owns the paper, has proposed a pay cut of more than 30% for new journalists. In addition to announcing layoffs, the new owner of the Philadelphia inquirer plans to freeze pensions and reduce commissions for sales staff as part of a new collective bargaining agreement. Galtoett, a prominent newspaper group, has decided not to raise the salaries of its 80 or so senior executives. "The salaries of 80 senior executives will not be increased this year," says corporate lead Tara Connell. "This is the time of year when senior executives get raises, but not now."

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