下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The low-cost strategy of American newspapers，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国报业的低成本策略。2008年以来，新闻纸经历了数次大幅度提价，这导致报业成本的提升。美国报业在经济不景气和新闻纸等原材料价格上升的情况下，曾采取多种措施降低成本，试图保持报纸的发行量并维持报社的利润。通过结盟和集约化运作，充分的利用报社内外资源，已成为美国报业运作的重要策略。这样，不但可以扩展内容资源，更重要的是可以降低报社的成本。除了新闻资源可以共享外，经营资源的协作，或者称之为合作经营，具有更长的历史。建立“合作经营协议”是美国在报业经营的道路上寻找到的一种降低成本方式。
Newsprint is an important means of production for newspapers. Paper costs account for about 70% of the direct costs of newspapers. Higher costs will inevitably lead to lower profits. In this case, newspapers will have to cut costs elsewhere if they are to remain profitable. The U.S. newspaper industry has taken several steps to cut costs in an effort to maintain circulation and profit margins amid the economic downturn and rising prices for raw materials such as newsprint. Li ka-shing once said: reduce cost is like twist wet towel, there can be a place: a low cost strategy is a kind of through the throttle and gain competitive advantage strategy, through the use of technology, the strengthening of management, make the unit of production, exchange, management of cost is lower than competitors' costs, in order to gain more than the industry average profit, namely the excess profit. In accounting, it is shown as follows: under the condition of equal investment, the enterprise can create higher customer value; or lower than the investment of competitors to create a comparable customer value; Or both. The American newspaper industry has a long history and has accumulated a large number of coping strategies after going through many business difficulties.
It has become an important strategy to make full use of the resources inside and outside the newspaper through the alliance and intensive operation. In this way, not only the content resources can be expanded, but more importantly, the cost of the newspaper can be reduced.
One is to use outside news sources. Faced with the newspaper industry's woes, some local newspapers are starting to "band together", forming alliances, signing "content-sharing agreements" and sharing interview resources. In February 2007, The Des Moines Register of Iowa, NewHampshire Union Leader of NewHampshire, The State of California and Las Vegas Sun of Nevada signed content sharing agreements to share and exchange political and national election news. Similarly, BBS newspapers decided to rent a large office in the Washington bureau of its flagship newspaper, BBS Chicago, to make it easier for editors to collaborate. 'this allows us to get the most out of what we put in,' says mike tackett, BBS's Washington bureau chief.
The second is the sharing of news resources within newspaper groups. Since the newspaper group has many newspapers at home and abroad, not only overseas news resources can be Shared, but also in the way of exchanging articles in China. "Take BBS group, for example. Before the acquisition of the Los Angeles times, BBS Chicago was the group's largest newspaper. It is also the seventh largest daily newspaper in China, with its own correspondent stations in major cities and even overseas. But the Los Angeles times, the fourth-largest western newspaper in the country, is more popular on national news networks, especially overseas. The latter acquisition has made its overseas news available to more members of the group, while the domestic press base has been reduced by a partnership with Chicago's BBS. The benefits are more likely to accrue to smaller newspapers, such as the Orlando sentinel, which, since joining BBS, has retained only one overseas bureau in Puerto Rico and relies on two major newspapers and the Associated Press. Moreover, many large groups also have their own feature agencies or news service centers, which are responsible for collecting and producing all kinds of feature articles, news features and TV programs, etc., which are provided to members for a fee. Gannett company even makes use of the advantages of big group in information collection, with the help of the ability of some journalists in the group, the general news service center produces four pages of the magnificent format of "E technology" supplement every week, which is adopted by member newspapers.
In addition to news resources being Shared, collaboration, or co-ops, has a longer history. The establishment of "cooperative operating agreement" is a way to reduce the cost of newspaper business in the United States. Alleged to be Operating Agreement, especially the United States for nearly 10 years of cooperation between a newspaper group run a particular newspaper management way, namely after the group negotiation between the two rivals in the newspaper editorial board outside of the Operating parts, to form a new company, unified business newspaper advertising, distribution and other business, the profits distribution according to the Agreement.
For the two newspapers, working together can save money on manpower, equipment, operations and raw materials. "In terms of specific operation, cooperative operation is usually conducted in two ways: the first is that the partners jointly form a new entity, where the risks and benefits are Shared by both parties. The new entity operates independently and has the same independent legal status as both parties. The second is not to set up a new entity, but to focus on one newspaper, the other as a partner of this one, share the corresponding equipment and so on. A partnership is not a merger. Because the result of a merger is that there will be only one legal entity, and the result of a partnership is the continuation of two or more legal entities ".
Despite the trend, the number of co-operating newspapers is declining. "In 1997 there were 34 partnerships, but in 1998 there were only 15. By 2000, there were 13 cities in the United States with newspaper cooperatives, including Detroit, Cincinnati, Seattle, LasVegas, Honolulu, San Francisco and salt Lake City. By 2003, there were only 12 such partnerships in the U.S. regional newspaper market. But the partnership has helped both newspapers to increase their profits as costs have fallen and advertising prices have risen.
Oct. 13, 2008 -- newspapers and advertisers are betting that readers won't be paying attention to ads on Monday, so in the face of the industry's slump -- rising costs and plummeting revenue -- some newspapers are starting to run fewer times a week.
The McPherson Sentinel, a Kansas newspaper that pioneered the idea, began keeping its Mondays closed in August, saying the move would ease the pressure on the paper without cutting jobs or reducing its size. Other papers with Mondays off include The Dispatch and star Courier in Illinois and The East Valley Tribune in Arizona.
With global economic conditions once again in decline, it is believed that this trend will not only spread, but also that some newspapers may cut back on the rest of the week.
The profit model of most newspapers is "secondary sale", namely, selling at a price lower than the cost price, or selling at a loss, so as to obtain higher circulation and attract more advertisers, and finally make profits by selling newspaper advertising space. There was a joke in the American press about an American who found a mouse when he opened the door. The mouse died when he hit the newspaper. This story is a good illustration of the phenomenon of American newspapers. However, with the rise of newspaper prices and other newspaper difficulties, the added costs are difficult to be effectively absorbed, and the circulation deficit of newspapers will be even larger, and the new advertising revenue of newspapers is difficult to make up for the new circulation loss, which will lead to a great decline in newspaper profits. In the face of this situation, the reduction of newspaper size is an effective measure to alleviate the cost pressure of newspapers in the United States.
American newspapers slim down in two ways. One is to reduce the width of the page, develop tabloid. The newspaper association of America estimates that a reduction of 54 inches to 50 will save newspapers 8% to 10%. In June 2006, the New York times decided to cut the width of its pages by 3.8 centimeters. "This move is to reduce the printing cost of some printing sites," the paper admitted in its "to readers" on August 5, 2007. Times spokeswoman Diane McNulty said the newspaper spread over the width of 30.5 cm, appearance "seems to be almost the same as before, just slightly narrow", news headlines will also use smaller ~ some of the print, each article takes up the layout will be slightly compressed, a move that will save about $10 million every year for the newspaper. So did the New York times, and so did the Wall Street journal, another big newspaper, which got a makeover and slimmed down on January 2nd 2007. The six columns per edition are now five, and the width has been reduced from 15 inches to 12 inches. The journal saved $18 million a year in printing costs. Second, reduce newspaper layout directly, make thick newspaper thinner. Nearly two-thirds of newspapers have cut back on their coverage of international news, while others have quietly cut back on some content, believing that three or four fewer features won't offend readers, according to a study released on July 21st by the pew research centre.
Since benefits are often rigid, managing labor costs by controlling the number of employees and compensation is probably the simplest and most straightforward approach.
Obviously, with a certain salary level, the fewer employees there are, the less financial pressure the newspaper will have. In the eyes of the market. Controlling the number of employees will help improve the cash flow of newspapers and effectively control the cost of newspapers. As a result, layoffs are one of the most effective and obvious ways to control newspaper costs. A survey by the American association of newspaper editors found that daily newspapers lost a net 2,000 jobs in 2001 alone. Layoffs at American newspapers were still widespread in 2002. In January 2002, Wisconsin's largest news corporation closed a series of weeklies, eliminating 60 jobs. Newsweek has cut 12% of its 85 "buyouts", all of them over 55. Newsday, the tabloid that owns the Los Angeles times and chicago-based BBS, began a second round of buyouts, after cutting 20% of its staff in the previous round. The company has laid off 1,400 employees. Editor in chief and publisher magazine estimates that 2,100 jobs were cut in newsrooms across the country in 2005, with a 4.1 percent reduction in editorial staff.
Over time, this pattern of layoffs continues. The newspaper age, a magazine run by the newspaper association of America, reported that American newspapers began another round of layoffs in 2007, especially at big-city papers. After two years of layoffs, the Philadelphia inquirer has shrunk its newsroom from 490 in 2005 to 330 now. The Philadelphia inquirer is not alone. From Dallas to Detroit, from the New York metropolitan to SAN jose, newspapers are cutting jobs through buyouts. Under financial pressure, newsrooms in the United States were shrinking by an estimated 7 percent by the end of 2007, compared with 2000, according to the project's report.
By cutting staff pay, newspapers' Labour costs will fall. As a result, the American newspaper industry is cutting back on wages and setting up a salary freeze. Singleton, the chief executive of the SAN jose mercury news, which owns the paper, has proposed a pay cut of more than 30% for new journalists. In addition to announcing layoffs, the new owner of the Philadelphia inquirer plans to freeze pensions and reduce commissions for sales staff as part of a new collective bargaining agreement. Galtoett, a prominent newspaper group, has decided not to raise the salaries of its 80 or so senior executives. "The salaries of 80 senior executives will not be increased this year," says corporate lead Tara Connell. "This is the time of year when senior executives get raises, but not now."
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Newsprint is an important means of production for newspapers. Paper costs account for about 70% of the direct costs of newspapers. Higher costs will inevitably lead to lower profits. In this case, newspapers will have to cut costs elsewhere if they are to remain profitable. The U.S. newspaper industry has taken several steps to cut costs in an effort to maintain circulation and profit margins amid the economic downturn and rising prices for raw materials such as newsprint. Li ka-shing once said: reduce cost is like twist wet towel, there can be a place: a low cost strategy is a kind of through the throttle and gain competitive advantage strategy, through the use of technology, the strengthening of management, make the unit of production, exchange, management of cost is lower than competitors' costs, in order to gain more than the industry average profit, namely the excess profit. In accounting, it is shown as follows: under the condition of equal investment, the enterprise can create higher customer value; or lower than the investment of competitors to create a comparable customer value; Or both. The American newspaper industry has a long history and has accumulated a large number of coping strategies after going through many business difficulties.
It has become an important strategy to make full use of the resources inside and outside the newspaper through the alliance and intensive operation. In this way, not only the content resources can be expanded, but more importantly, the cost of the newspaper can be reduced.
One is to use outside news sources. Faced with the newspaper industry's woes, some local newspapers are starting to "band together", forming alliances, signing "content-sharing agreements" and sharing interview resources. In February 2007, The Des Moines Register of Iowa, NewHampshire Union Leader of NewHampshire, The State of California and Las Vegas Sun of Nevada signed content sharing agreements to share and exchange political and national election news. Similarly, BBS newspapers decided to rent a large office in the Washington bureau of its flagship newspaper, BBS Chicago, to make it easier for editors to collaborate. 'this allows us to get the most out of what we put in,' says mike tackett, BBS's Washington bureau chief.
The second is the sharing of news resources within newspaper groups. Since the newspaper group has many newspapers at home and abroad, not only overseas news resources can be Shared, but also in the way of exchanging articles in China. "Take BBS group, for example. Before the acquisition of the Los Angeles times, BBS Chicago was the group's largest newspaper. It is also the seventh largest daily newspaper in China, with its own correspondent stations in major cities and even overseas. But the Los Angeles times, the fourth-largest western newspaper in the country, is more popular on national news networks, especially overseas. The latter acquisition has made its overseas news available to more members of the group, while the domestic press base has been reduced by a partnership with Chicago's BBS. The benefits are more likely to accrue to smaller newspapers, such as the Orlando sentinel, which, since joining BBS, has retained only one overseas bureau in Puerto Rico and relies on two major newspapers and the Associated Press. Moreover, many large groups also have their own feature agencies or news service centers, which are responsible for collecting and producing all kinds of feature articles, news features and TV programs, etc., which are provided to members for a fee. Gannett company even makes use of the advantages of big group in information collection, with the help of the ability of some journalists in the group, the general news service center produces four pages of the magnificent format of "E technology" supplement every week, which is adopted by member newspapers.
In addition to news resources being Shared, collaboration, or co-ops, has a longer history. The establishment of "cooperative operating agreement" is a way to reduce the cost of newspaper business in the United States. Alleged to be Operating Agreement, especially the United States for nearly 10 years of cooperation between a newspaper group run a particular newspaper management way, namely after the group negotiation between the two rivals in the newspaper editorial board outside of the Operating parts, to form a new company, unified business newspaper advertising, distribution and other business, the profits distribution according to the Agreement.
For the two newspapers, working together can save money on manpower, equipment, operations and raw materials. "In terms of specific operation, cooperative operation is usually conducted in two ways: the first is that the partners jointly form a new entity, where the risks and benefits are Shared by both parties. The new entity operates independently and has the same independent legal status as both parties. The second is not to set up a new entity, but to focus on one newspaper, the other as a partner of this one, share the corresponding equipment and so on. A partnership is not a merger. Because the result of a merger is that there will be only one legal entity, and the result of a partnership is the continuation of two or more legal entities ".
Despite the trend, the number of co-operating newspapers is declining. "In 1997 there were 34 partnerships, but in 1998 there were only 15. By 2000, there were 13 cities in the United States with newspaper cooperatives, including Detroit, Cincinnati, Seattle, LasVegas, Honolulu, San Francisco and salt Lake City. By 2003, there were only 12 such partnerships in the U.S. regional newspaper market. But the partnership has helped both newspapers to increase their profits as costs have fallen and advertising prices have risen.
Oct. 13, 2008 -- newspapers and advertisers are betting that readers won't be paying attention to ads on Monday, so in the face of the industry's slump -- rising costs and plummeting revenue -- some newspapers are starting to run fewer times a week.
The McPherson Sentinel, a Kansas newspaper that pioneered the idea, began keeping its Mondays closed in August, saying the move would ease the pressure on the paper without cutting jobs or reducing its size. Other papers with Mondays off include The Dispatch and star Courier in Illinois and The East Valley Tribune in Arizona.
With global economic conditions once again in decline, it is believed that this trend will not only spread, but also that some newspapers may cut back on the rest of the week.
The profit model of most newspapers is "secondary sale", namely, selling at a price lower than the cost price, or selling at a loss, so as to obtain higher circulation and attract more advertisers, and finally make profits by selling newspaper advertising space. There was a joke in the American press about an American who found a mouse when he opened the door. The mouse died when he hit the newspaper. This story is a good illustration of the phenomenon of American newspapers. However, with the rise of newspaper prices and other newspaper difficulties, the added costs are difficult to be effectively absorbed, and the circulation deficit of newspapers will be even larger, and the new advertising revenue of newspapers is difficult to make up for the new circulation loss, which will lead to a great decline in newspaper profits. In the face of this situation, the reduction of newspaper size is an effective measure to alleviate the cost pressure of newspapers in the United States.
American newspapers slim down in two ways. One is to reduce the width of the page, develop tabloid. The newspaper association of America estimates that a reduction of 54 inches to 50 will save newspapers 8% to 10%. In June 2006, the New York times decided to cut the width of its pages by 3.8 centimeters. "This move is to reduce the printing cost of some printing sites," the paper admitted in its "to readers" on August 5, 2007. Times spokeswoman Diane McNulty said the newspaper spread over the width of 30.5 cm, appearance "seems to be almost the same as before, just slightly narrow", news headlines will also use smaller ~ some of the print, each article takes up the layout will be slightly compressed, a move that will save about $10 million every year for the newspaper. So did the New York times, and so did the Wall Street journal, another big newspaper, which got a makeover and slimmed down on January 2nd 2007. The six columns per edition are now five, and the width has been reduced from 15 inches to 12 inches. The journal saved $18 million a year in printing costs. Second, reduce newspaper layout directly, make thick newspaper thinner. Nearly two-thirds of newspapers have cut back on their coverage of international news, while others have quietly cut back on some content, believing that three or four fewer features won't offend readers, according to a study released on July 21st by the pew research centre.
Since benefits are often rigid, managing labor costs by controlling the number of employees and compensation is probably the simplest and most straightforward approach.
Obviously, with a certain salary level, the fewer employees there are, the less financial pressure the newspaper will have. In the eyes of the market. Controlling the number of employees will help improve the cash flow of newspapers and effectively control the cost of newspapers. As a result, layoffs are one of the most effective and obvious ways to control newspaper costs. A survey by the American association of newspaper editors found that daily newspapers lost a net 2,000 jobs in 2001 alone. Layoffs at American newspapers were still widespread in 2002. In January 2002, Wisconsin's largest news corporation closed a series of weeklies, eliminating 60 jobs. Newsweek has cut 12% of its 85 "buyouts", all of them over 55. Newsday, the tabloid that owns the Los Angeles times and chicago-based BBS, began a second round of buyouts, after cutting 20% of its staff in the previous round. The company has laid off 1,400 employees. Editor in chief and publisher magazine estimates that 2,100 jobs were cut in newsrooms across the country in 2005, with a 4.1 percent reduction in editorial staff.
Over time, this pattern of layoffs continues. The newspaper age, a magazine run by the newspaper association of America, reported that American newspapers began another round of layoffs in 2007, especially at big-city papers. After two years of layoffs, the Philadelphia inquirer has shrunk its newsroom from 490 in 2005 to 330 now. The Philadelphia inquirer is not alone. From Dallas to Detroit, from the New York metropolitan to SAN jose, newspapers are cutting jobs through buyouts. Under financial pressure, newsrooms in the United States were shrinking by an estimated 7 percent by the end of 2007, compared with 2000, according to the project's report.
By cutting staff pay, newspapers' Labour costs will fall. As a result, the American newspaper industry is cutting back on wages and setting up a salary freeze. Singleton, the chief executive of the SAN jose mercury news, which owns the paper, has proposed a pay cut of more than 30% for new journalists. In addition to announcing layoffs, the new owner of the Philadelphia inquirer plans to freeze pensions and reduce commissions for sales staff as part of a new collective bargaining agreement. Galtoett, a prominent newspaper group, has decided not to raise the salaries of its 80 or so senior executives. "The salaries of 80 senior executives will not be increased this year," says corporate lead Tara Connell. "This is the time of year when senior executives get raises, but not now."
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
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