Thesis写作标准的结构框架分析

Thesis常见于研究生阶段的留学生，是比较难写的论文类型之一，难倒了不少留学生。大多数留学生在写作Thesis的时候，对论文的结构框架都不懂，结果是可想而知的。那么Thesis写作标准的结构框架是怎样的呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

Thesis写作的内容由于研究生论文的目的是证明对知识作出的具有独创性的或具有裨益的贡献，那么阅读论文的导师要能够在论文中找到如下问题的答案：

研究生研究的问题是什么；

1.该问题是不是一个好问题（是否被回答过？是否有用处？）；

2.研究生是否能够使导师相信该问题被充分地回答了；

3.研究生是否对知识作出了足够的贡献；

如果论文不能够对上述几个问题做出充分的回答，那就很容易被挂重写。为此，本文为大家给出了Thesis写作标准结构框架，突出了如何以合适的段落标题和论文的组织来回答上述问题。

1.Introduction介绍

Introduction概括介绍论文的主要内容----不是对每个部分进行描述。简洁地概述问题，说明为什么该问题是值得研究的，也可以概括一下取得的成果（在论文的后续部分再详细阐述）。这是对论文中主要问题的综合概括。

2. Background Information背景信息 (可选)

简短地概括一下背景知识是必要的，尤其当你的研究涉及两个或多个领域的时候。这意味着论文读者可能对论文的部份材料不熟悉，你有必要在这一部分进行阐述。定义一个与Introduction部分不同的标题可能会更好一些，

3.Review of the State of the Art技术发展水平的回顾

在这一部分，你可以回顾一下与论文相关（领域）的发展现状。再定义一个与前面有所不同的合适标题，

例如：“State of the Art in Zylon Algorithms.”

Zylon算法的现状。

目的是展示目前该领域的主要观点（关键性的分析在后续部分展开），但不要包括你个人的独特见解。可以根据不同的观点来组织这一部分，而不是根据作者或发表的论文。

例如：如果到目前为止关于Zylon问题已经有三个主要的算法，你可以把这些算法组织成三个小部分：

3.1 Iterative Approximation of Zylons

3.2 Statistical Weighting of Zylons

3.3 Graph-Theoretic Approaches to Zylon Manipulation

3.1 Zylons的迭代近似；

3.2 Zylons的统计权重；

3.3 Zylon操作的图论法；

4. Research Question or Problem Statement研究的问题或问题陈述

工程（学科）论文偏向于“要解决‘问题’”，而别的学科则偏向“要回答‘问题’”无论哪个，这一部分主要有三个内容：

1）对论文要解决问题的简洁描述；

2）通过对第三部分的直接引用证明你研究的问题没有被回答过；

3）讨论为什么该问题值得回答；

5. Describing How You Solved the Problem or Answered the Question描述你是如何解决难题或回答问题的

论文的这一部分结构更为自由。可以有一个或几个部分和子部分。但目的只有一个：是使导师相信你已经回答了或解决了你在第四部分提出的问题。

只解释你是如何解决或回答你所设定的问题的。不要包含你所犯的错误或走过的死胡同，除非这些内容是与回答问题确实相关的论证。

6. Conclusions结论

在结论部分你一般可以包含三点，每一点可以用一段内容进行单独阐述：

1）结论

2）研究价值概要

3）需要进一步研究的部分

结论不是对论文进行随便地总结：结论是你所作出推论的简短描述。简短的几个段落按重要性高低进行排列有助于组织好结论部分。

所有的结论应该与第四部分研究的问题直接相关。

例如：

1.第五部分阐述的解决方案成功地解决了第四部分设定的问题。这是一种适合于在有限的时间内处理大规模的Zylon难题的新算法；

2.在改善的Zylon算法中主要的机理是Grooty原理；

3. ……

导师对于研究价值的总结看得更为仔细。这部分你要列出对新知识的几点价值，当然，论文本身必须能够证实这些价值。

结论经常和论文其它部分重复，但没有关系。按重要性排列若干段落也是比较好的办法。

例如：

1.开发了一个解决大规模Zylon难题的更快的算法；

2.论证了第一次使用Grooty原理进行Zylon计算；

3. .…

这部分也应包含论文进一步的研究的内容，以便将来研究该问题的人能够从你当初解决问题时的想法中获益。通常最好用简短的段落描述一下

7. References参考文献

参考文献要跟第三部分描述的技术发展现状密切相关。大多数导师主要看其中是否包含相应领域的重要巨作，所以这些文献一定要列出来并在第三部分进行引用。

当然，如果导师发表了与你论文研究领域相关的文章的话，他们也会看看自己的文章是否也在里面，所以最好列出来。而且，导师可能会问你类似的问题，阅读导师的作品通常会使你有一些线索。

所有列出的引用类目必须在论文中实际引用。要注意参考文献区别于引用文献在于它包含那些没有直接在论文中引用的书目。

根据作者的姓氏组织参考文献的先后顺序（推荐），或者根据其在论文中引用的先后排列。

8. Appendices附录

附录中该写些什么呢？可以写一些在论文进展过程中遇到的有一定难度，但是却能够帮助确认你的结论的内容。

通常是过于详细而不必置于论文主体中的内容，写出来让导师能够细读并充分地相信你的结论。

例如可以包含程序清单、大量的数据表格、冗长的数学证明或推导等等。

以上就是关于Thesis写作标准结构框架的讲解，同学们在写作Thesis的时候，可以按照这样的结构框架去写。

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Paper代写：Hamlet’s Being a Tragedy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Hamlet’s Being a Tragedy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了哈姆雷特。众所周知，《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的著名悲剧之一，一直深受人们所喜爱。大多数读者认为，哈姆雷特是传统悲剧英雄的原型，他从斗争中成长为一个更好、更开明的人。由此可见，从广大观众的角度来看，《哈姆雷特》确实是一部高尚的作品。

Introduction

It is known to us that Hamlet is one of the famous tragedies of Shakespeare and it has earned great popularity among people over history. The critic A. C. Bradley has defined a Shakespearean tragedy as “essentially a tale of suffering and calamity, conducting the hero to his death” and he further adds that the calamity and suffering are exceptional because they befell a noble person; are striking in nature; and they are unexpected and are of great contrast to previous happiness or glory of the character. There is no doubt that Hamlet meets Bradley’s guidelines a tragedy as long as the below few aspects are considered: the calamity and suffering of Hamlet and his final death, Hamlet’s being a noble person before the incidence of calamity and suffering, the unexpected calamity and suffering of Hamlet that are the opposite to his glory and happiness in the past.

Hamlet’s Being a Tragedy

First and foremost, Hamlet surrounds the calamity and suffering of Hamlet and his final death, which accounts for a part as for why Hamlet meets Bradley’s guidelines a tragedy. In the book titled Shakespearean Tragedy by A.C. Bradley, it points out that adultery, a ghost, a fight in a grave and a mad woman and even the bewitching music all help explain how Hamlet tells a sensational story because it involves in eight violent deaths. Just take the hero Hamlet as an example, he has to endure the loss of his father and the quick marriage of his mother to his uncle within a month after his father’s death, which can well indicate the calamity and suffering of Hamlet. In Hamlet, the expression that “But my uncle-father and aunt-mother are deceived” (2.2.399) is really ironic by the calling of “uncle-father” and “aunt-mother”, suggesting the ridiculous marriage between his mother and his uncle together with the inner sadness of Hamlet to a large extent. In the meantime, the death of Hamlet in the end of the play makes it to be a symbol of extreme absurdity so that it obviously fits into the criteria of being recognized as a tragedy.

Moreover, Hamlet is originally a noble person before the calamity and suffering come to him, suggesting that Hamlet meets Bradley’s guidelines a tragedy at the same time. In the article “Or the Tragedy of Shakespeare”, the author A. Andre Glaz puts forward that Hamlet reveals the totality of a human spirit at the moment of the supreme struggle between its conscious and unconscious elements, which is believed to be the indestructible power of this tragedy. Before the death of his father, he is the princess of Denmark and he receives good education from his childhood so that the carefree life has made him a simple and kind idealistic and perfectionist. From his perspective, everything is beautiful and he trusts in the beauty of life, goodness and truth while he doesn’t know the darkness and ugliness of the world. However, the calamity and suffering after his father’s death let all these disappear. Polonius in Hamlet proposes that “this above all to the thine self to be true” (1.3.84), which shows that one can be happier and healthier when they act based on their own personal beliefs and convictions. In fact, it is the state of Hamlet to be true to himself before his father’s death. From the perspective of Polonius, being ‘true’ is being devoted to one’s self-interest and it is against the idealistic interpretation. However, being ‘true’ may actually mean acting to please others as long as doing do can help advance one’s objectives. After the death of his father, Hamlet tends to not act himself and he has no choice but to pretend to be mad. In the paper called “Tragedy of Hamlet’s World View”, the author Richard A. Levine explores the world view of Hamlet, during which the public’s idea toward Hamlet has been mentioned. Most of the readers hold that Hamlet is the mold of the traditional tragic hero who emerges from his struggles a better and more enlightened man. According to this, a fair knowledge can be obtained that Hamlet is really a noble one from the point of view of a vast majority of audience.

Last but not the least, another aspect that Hamlet meets Bradley’s guidelines a tragedy lies in that the calamity and suffering of Hamlet are unexpected and they are of great contrast to his previous happiness or glory. In the past, he is the princess and all people have to respect him, which can effectively suggest that he is full of glory. Besides, he is happy with the love from both his father and his mother as well as love from Ophelia. However, what is a pity to say is that the sudden death of his father makes all this disappear and he has to take revenge for his father because his father is murdered by his uncle. At this time, all that is in front of him is unexpected calamity and suffering and he has to do it all by himself. Just as what Marcellus has expressed in Hamlet that “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”, which can clearly show the moral and political corruption of the state of Denmark. As a matter of fact, the moral and political corruption of Denmark can be used to explain for the unexpected calamity and suffering that is faced by Hamlet. Accordingly, Lily B. Campbell in “Concerning Bradley’s Shakespearean Tragedy” states that Hamlet’s uncertainties are constant there throughout the play and the difficulty in front of him is that he has to attack a defenseless man, which can strongly show that his difficulty is at its maximum. In this sense, it is not hard to find that the glory and happiness of Hamlet is really in distinct comparison with the calamity and suffering of Hamlet after his father’s death. And the moral and political corruption of Denmark is right in the opposite to the glory and prospects of the state of Denmark as well.

Conclusion

To sum up, a reasonable conclusion can be drawn that Hamlet is undoubtedly a tragedy by taking the following three aspects into consideration: the calamity and suffering of Hamlet and his final death, Hamlet’s being a noble person before the incidence of calamity and suffering, the unexpected calamity and suffering of Hamlet that are the opposite to his glory and happiness in the past. Based on this, there is no doubt that the tragedy of Hamlet plays a key role as for why Hamlet can win the full support of the wide public in the long run.

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Assignment写作怎么解决冗余

在国内，老师都教过我们在写作的时候要避免冗余的问题，这条同样适应于Assignment写作，就像一个短语或一句句子中有一个单词完全重复了同一短语或句子中的另一个单词的含义。那么Assignment写作该怎么解决冗余的问题呢？

写作冗余

举一个简单的例子：

We must complete the quest by twelve midnight!

在上述例子中，twelve midnight就是一个redundant expression，因为midnight等同于twelve o’clock。

Assignment写作怎么解决冗余

通常，解决冗余表达的最佳方法是删除一个语义重复的单词，同时保持句子意思不变。例如在上面例子的twelve midnight里，我们可以删除其中的一个词，那么就有两种选择：

1）We must complete the quest by midnight!

或：2）We must complete the quest by twelve!

然而，由于twelve也可以指中午12点，因此第一种选择更加合适。确保语义表达的清晰度至关重要。因此在有些冗余表达中，只能删除语义重复的一个单词才能保持句子意思仍然清楚流畅。举个栗子：

The ogre had an unexpected surprise in store for our hero…

这里的unexpected surprise在语义上有所重复，因为surprise已经体现了unexpected的意味。而且，由于surprise（一个名词）比这句话中的unexpected（一个形容词）在句子构成上更为重要，因此只能删除unexpected来解决冗余问题。如果去掉了surprise，在语法上就有毛病咯：

The ogre had a surprise in store for our hero…✓

The ogre had an unexpected in store for our hero…✗

Assignment写作冗余一定不对吗？

在创意写作中，redundant expressions可能有它独特的作用。例如，在童话故事中经常看到的“forever and ever”里，虽然ever可以说是重复冗余的，但它的存在起到了强调作用，读起来也更富有韵律。此外，小说里的人物对话或心理活动中也会有不少语义重复的表达，但读者也会觉得很自然，因为在平时对话里就是喜欢重要的事情说三遍的嘛。

然而，在学术写作等正式写作中，表达清晰简洁总是上上之策。从行文中删除重复冗余的表达会使你的文章更为流畅精简，对读者而言也更容易阅读和理解。

以上就是关于Assignment写作的冗余问题，国外大学一直都讲究精炼、简洁，所以同学们还是得避免冗余这个问题。

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Paper代写：Tea culture in Britain

本篇paper代写- Tea culture in Britain讨论了英国的茶文化。虽然英国茶文化历史仅有数百年，但这并不妨碍英国茶种类的翻新与繁多。英国茶文化深厚浓郁，英国人认为饮茶可以增强彼此之间的理解与沟通。而且英国人在饮茶过程中的礼仪也完美的表现出英国人尤其注重的绅士风度，饮茶中英国礼仪得到彰显，并且通过饮茶将英国人的礼仪习惯向世界各国传播。随着时代发展，英国茶文化及其内涵也在不断延伸、扩大、发展与创新，英国人通过茶文化渗透出来的追求“深度生活”与高雅境界的特点使英国民族形成保持安静、内敛与独立的气质与独特的艺术文化魅力。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the 16th century, the relevant records of "Chinese tea" first appeared in European works. In the 17th century, western countries joined in the consumption of tea one after another, but only Britain formed a systematic tea culture due to tea drinking. Tea culture is a major feature of Britain, which has a profound impact on British people's ideology and lifestyle. This paper mainly analyzes British tea culture and its connotation, and summarizes the essence of tea culture.

For the Chinese, "tea" has become one of the necessities of life, and even today, the Chinese people still have a special liking for tea. However, the British are not short of tea. Tea footprint now throughout the British Isles, tea and tea drinking became a British people a kind of life enjoyment, whether standing or leisure time, "tea" is a social, the interest in tea form with dependence on the British system and the unique tea culture, to say, "tea" has been integrated into the British in the blood, in their thoughts and life is indispensable.

According to relevant records, Chinese tea was introduced to Europe by missionaries and Portuguese in the 16th century. At that time, tea was very expensive, and the habit of drinking tea was only popular among the rich merchants and nobles in the Netherlands. The British people fell in love with tea, which first owed to princess Catherine. Princess Catherine is a Portuguese who married prince Charles ii of Britain in 1662. She brought the fashion of tea drinking to the British royal family. Princess Catherine, known as "queen of tea drinking", not only loves tea, but also highly admires tea culture. Under its promotion and advocacy, the trend of tea drinking gradually prevailed in the British noble families, because it was difficult for ordinary people to afford expensive tea. In 1826, the British began to plant tea trees in the mountains of India. Tea leaves were picked, processed and transported to Britain. After that, the price of tea gradually adjusted to the range acceptable to ordinary people. In particular, many doctors recognized and recommended tea, making the British believe that drinking tea can prolong life and promote digestion. Over time, the whole of Britain began to be popular tea drinking, Britain has become a famous tea country.

For a long time, tea has exerted a profound influence on people of all ages and classes in the UK. British people love drinking tea very much, and there is even a saying that "no tea, no Britain". Compared with Chinese tea drinking habits, British tea drinking is more with style and regularity. After getting up, English people need to drink morning tea first. The main purpose of drinking morning tea on an empty stomach is to replenish the water lost by the body after a night of rest, and to warm up the body and wake up the stomach. The morning tea habit has been in Britain for at least a century. The British take breakfast very seriously. Having a cup of tea with your meal is a wonderful thing. Breakfast tea is generally selected from Ceylon or India and other places of black tea, adding lemon or milk, after carefully concocted into a cup of full-bodied authentic breakfast tea, this tea has a special taste, which not only contains the fragrance of tea, but also gives consideration to the sweetness and delicious milk. In the eyes of British people, this is the collision and integration of Chinese and western cultures. Chinese black tea is also served in some English breakfasts. British earl grey tea is based on Chinese tea, which is then blended with bergamot. Earl grey tea has a special aroma and can refresh the mind.

British people drink tea for 15 to 20 minutes in the morning and afternoon. Around 11:00 in the morning is usually tea time, and 4:00 in the afternoon is afternoon tea time. Some British people also drink afternoon tea at 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon. Afternoon tea is served in many public places and eating places. Tea baskets are also set up on the train to hold milk, bread, tea, snacks and sugar to provide afternoon tea for passengers. Some coffee houses also serve tea, usually fruit tea and black tea in bags. Some coffee houses also provide porcelain POTS and cups. Of course, it is well known that afternoon tea is the most charming of all teas. Tea making and drinking represent high art in Britain and represent a unique culture. Afternoon tea is not only a symbol of leisure and warm family life, but also a good place for people to socialize. Generally in China, middle-aged and elderly people are tea lovers, while in Britain, tea drinking has no class, age or status restrictions. Drinking tea for leisure is a common behavior of people all over the country, and this culture has also become a kind of "British culture", which not only reflects the leisure complacency of British people, but also reflects the romantic feelings of a country. Compared with Chinese drinking friends, British people are more keen on tea friends, and this way seems to be more elegant, affordable and comfortable.

Compared with Chinese tea culture, British tea culture has a history of only a few hundred years, but this does not hinder the renovation and variety of British tea. In addition to milk tea and English green tea, fruit tea, spice tea and rose tea developed by British people are also popular. These teas are usually fragrant, colorful and tasty, and packaged black tea is the main representative of these teas. Of famous world "litton" black tea has become the delegate of all black tea almost now, according to statistic, "litton" the sale that black tea ranks the first in China for 5 years continuously. "Lipton" has now launched jasmine tea, lemon tea, green tea, milk tea and other bags of instant tea series, "Lipton" has become the world's largest and most famous tea brand.

British tea culture is deep and rich, British people believe that drinking tea can enhance the understanding and communication between each other. In addition, the etiquette of British people in the process of tea drinking also perfectly reflects the gentlemanly manners that British people pay special attention to. British etiquette is highlighted in tea drinking, and British etiquette is spread to the world through tea drinking. British people pay special attention to manners and clothes, which is also reflected in the tea tasting. It is common to see that British women usually wear appropriate skirts and elegant hats with wide brims when drinking tea. British people are very conservative, although now carbonated drinks and many other drinks are popular, but still can not replace the status of tea, this profound, simple introduction, rich connotation, profound history of culture and British nostalgia architecture, ancient architecture, lattice scarf and other implied connotations happen to coincide.

With the development of The Times, British tea culture and its connotation are also continuously extending, expanding, developing and innovating. The British people's pursuit of "deep life" and elegant state through the tea culture has formed a quiet, introverted and independent temperament and unique artistic and cultural charm.

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Essay代写：The Japanese view of America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The Japanese view of America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了日本人的美国观。近代以来，日本人的美国观是根据两国实力及其双边关系乃至国际关系的变化而不断发生变化，从以前的“惧美”到现在的“亲美”，充分体现了日本文化中的相对主义色彩与对外关系的实用性特点。日本通过依附美国获取安全、政治、经济的利益，尽管有些日本人对美国怀有不满甚至反抗情绪，但美国的强大实力以及东亚格局中的一些变化因素是束缚日本自我行动的障碍性因素，也是左右日本人美国观的决定性因素。

Since modern times, the Japanese view of the United States is based on the strength of the two countries and their bilateral relations and international relations change and change constantly, successively experienced the commodore 1853 bailey to navigation of fear "beauty" and "beauty", the Meiji restoration period gradually after the russo-Aapanese war to "revenge" and "anti-American", after the defeat of world war ii turned again "beauty" and "beauty", to become the world's second big economy has been growing at the same time "form beauty", "dismiss", "pro-American" speech today again rising precipitously, fully embodies the Japanese cultural relativism in color and the practical characteristic of foreign relations.

The initial impression of the Japanese on the United States is not good, call the Americans "moyi", think that although the United States is known as "fair", but really is "the generation of the tiger and Wolf", fear of it. In the early 19th century, American ships frequented the Japanese archipelago and repeatedly tried to open the door to Japan, much to the horror of the reclusive tokugawa shogunate. On July 8, 1853, boerui led four "black ships" to reach edo bay, measured the waters, forced the landing, and asked the shogunate to accept the letter of the President of the United States, causing "the citizens of edo city, high or low, were all in panic, sleeping and eating restlessness, and fled to the suburbs to support the old and the young". Helpless, the shogunate accepted the credentials of the United States and agreed to reply the following year. On February 13, 1854, Barry came to Japan again with his ship. On March 31, he forced Japan to sign the treaty of goodwill between Japan and the United States, opening the door of Japan for more than 200 years.

When the crisis came, the Japanese, who were good at accepting the foreign strong culture, realized that their own strength was insufficient and backward, so they quickly changed from "respecting the king and rejecting foreigners" to "founding the nation behind the curtain" and "learning from foreigners". 1868, Meiji government hit "to seek knowledge in the world" banner, began Meiji restoration, imitate the European and American powers, in order to male fly overseas, to the mainland expansion. In 1871, the first stop of the iakura mission's overseas visit was the United States. Many foreign students went to the United States to study and prepare to open the door of other countries like the United States one day. In 1876, the Meiji government sent kuroda to force the north to make a deal, and kuroda took along with him a book, "the expedition of berly admiral," about the American fleet's conquest of Japan. Therefore, it is not hard to see that the Japanese do not hate the United States for forcing them to start the country. Instead, they are grateful to the United States for helping them to become a civilized country. Today in yokosuka's bailey park, still standing in ITO bowen calligraphy "north American admiralty admiral bailey landing monument." Fukuzawa yoshi, the thinker, also praised the voyage of bailey "as if a fire had been kindled in the hearts of our people, which, once kindled, would never be extinguished".

Although the United States supported Japan in its war with Russia and presided over the peace talks between Japan and Russia, Japan, which was gradually becoming more and more prosperous, believed that the "Monroe doctrine" pursued by the United States in America and the "open door" policy pursued in east Asia were deliberately hostile ACTS to prevent its expansion to the mainland, thus the relations between the two countries gradually deteriorated. In 1906, Japan cancelled the plan of American railway king Harriman to purchase the southern manchuria railway, and signed the Aapan-Russia treaty with its old rival Russia for four times from 1907 to 1916, jointly resisting the infiltration of American forces into northeast China and Inner Mongolia. However, at this time, Japan was still dependent on the United States in terms of technology, materials and market. Therefore, at the Washington conference held in 1921, Japan was forced to accept the request of the United States and conclude the agreement of five navies and the convention of nine navies. Japan admitted that it was behind the United States in the number of major naval ships, and that the United States had an "open door" policy toward China, and had to "coordinate diplomacy" with the United States and Britain. In 1924, the us congress passed the "Japanese exclusion act", which further intensified Japanese hostility towards the us. A growing number of Japanese see the United States as a major obstacle and potential enemy to their "mainland policy." At the same time, Japan's military ministry lists the United States as the number one imaginary enemy in its foreign strategy.

With the emergence of the unification regime in mainland China, the contradiction between Japan and the United States gradually intensified, and the public opinion and consciousness of despising and hating the United States in Japan also rose. After the Sept. 18 incident, the U.S. government issued a fairly mild "non-admission doctrine", but it still aroused strong anti-American sentiment in Japan. Japan denounced "American imperialism", saying "how shameless and arrogant it must be for a country that has achieved its status by criminal ACTS to watch Japan's actions in manchuria". The Japanese army shouted "no matter what war against the United States", warning and exhorting its citizens: "what a terrible enemy the United States is... But don't worry. If you are determined and prepared, you don't need to be afraid." In 1937, Japan launched an all-out war of aggression against China, which seriously threatened the interests of the United States in China and aggravated the contradiction between Japan and the United States. But isolationism was rampant in the United States, and large quantities of American steel scrap, oil and jet fuel were still being shipped to Japan, as American business groups sought to cash in on Japan's war of aggression against China. It was not until 1940, when Japanese troops occupied southern France and formed an axis group with Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, that the United States realized the helplessness of "feeding tigers" and began to implement comprehensive economic sanctions against Japan. War madman hideki tojo and other desperate, determined to enter the south to seize war resources, attack Pearl Harbor, the Pacific war broke out. At the same time, the xenophobic fever in Japan to purge the influence of the United States continued to grow. The United States became the "land of the ghost" and the American officers and soldiers became the synonym of "afraid of death".

In the Pacific war, American power taught the Japanese a lesson. At the end of August 1945, American troops began to move into Japan. Much to the surprise of American soldiers, the frenzied resistance that once prevailed on the battlefield has died down, and Americans are everywhere seeing the smiling faces of the Japanese and hearing about initiatives to make Japan the 51st state. "From the moment MacArthur set foot on Japanese soil," says writer takeo tokawa, "Japan was destined to spend the next few years as the frontier of the United States, geographically, politically, economically, socially and customarily."

The United States became an object of welcome, admiration and worship for many Japanese. Almost overnight, the ghost became god. From emperor hirohito himself called MacArthur, posing like to listen to reprimand a schoolboy respectful attitude, to the prime minister, shigeru yoshida, time don't forget to praise the United States and MacArthur, again according to the American occupation authorities to instruction, implements the democratic reform, completely in diplomacy pursues "one-sided" policy, so far, have taken place in the Japanese view of the 180 degree turn. By virtue of its subordination to the United States, the Japanese ruling group was sheltered by the United States, and the world war ii chief hirohito escaped the harsh punishment of war and retained his position as emperor. In 1951, shigeru yoshida attended the peace conference of San Francisco over Japan, signed the one-sided peace treaty of San Francisco over Japan and restored sovereignty and independence. In the same year, the Aapan-us security treaty was signed, which formed the us-Aapan security guarantee system. Using this system, Japan received a large amount of assistance from the United States and quickly recovered its economy. During the Korean war, Japan served as the rear base of the United States army, forming a "special demand boom". The economy began to grow rapidly and "the victory of the defeated" appeared.

The Japanese view of the United States position and attitude is entirely based on their own interests and the United States power change. In the early postwar period, in the international affairs that did not directly affect its own interests, Japan mostly adopted the attitude of advocating, following or acquiescing to the diplomatic measures and military actions of the United States. But as Japan became the second largest economy in the capitalist world in 1968 and the United States was weakened in the Vietnam war, prime minister takeshi sato, while continuing to be "one-sided toward the United States," lost no time in asking the "great ally" for equal partner status. In early 1980, the foreign minister of the United States declared: "even if Aapan-u.s. coordination is the basis axis, it will change from following the United States to an equal partnership." From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, there was a further trend of the "Japanese-American equivalence theory".

At the same time, as bilateral trade frictions between Japan and the United States increase and the "Aapan-bashing" trend in the United States, deep-pocketed Japanese begin to criticize Americans for being lazy, poorly educated and inefficient at work. In February 1992 Mr Miyazawa declared that "Americans lack the work ethic to create wealth through Labour". In Japan, new nationalists and nationalists are full of "anti-American" and "anti-American" sentiments, and people are demanding to get rid of the status of "American subordination to Japan". Shintaro ishihara, then a member of the house of representatives, and others wrote a series of political essays, including "Japan can say no", predicting that "the United States will lose its authority" and that Japan "cannot observe the world through the United States alone".

After the mid-1990s, the economic strength of the United States quickly recovered and strengthened, and Japan, dragged down by the "bubble economy", felt convinced about the vigorous American economy again. The voices of "leaving the United States to enter Asia" and saying "no" to the United States gradually dropped. "Pro-american" speech flush again, some people even put forward at present in addition to rely on the United States, Japan, will have no choice, especially in a bid for a permanent seat on the UN security council, maritime traffic safety, maintaining the stability of northeast Asia and peace issues need help and support in the United States, especially in reform and opening up of China's economic strength, make the Japanese decided to continue with very strong crisis consciousness back to the United States this big tree,, take the initiative to strengthen the alliance to ensure its place as the second seed in the asia-pacific region.

For the moment, Japan will still by attachment America for security, political and economic interests, though some Japanese have discontent and even resistance to the United States, but the power of the United States and some changes in the pattern of east Asia is bound Japan self barrier factors of action, is also the decisive factor of the view about the Japanese.

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