Exam Essay Outline写作讲解

不知道留学生们在写作Exam Essay的时候，会不会先写一个Outline。Outline也就是大纲，它可以帮助大家理清写作思路，以防跑题，所以是非常重要的。当然，可能很多人会认为写Outline会浪费很多时间，但其实不是这样的，一个好的大纲是可以大幅缩短写作所花的时间，下面就给大家讲解一下。

深入分析题目要求

通常当我们看到Essay题的时候，首先要确定的是题目要求是什么，比如是agree or disagree还是discuss both and give your opinion。因为不同的提问方法决定了不同的文章结构和论述方式。当然，在这个环节还包括其他一些问题的思考，比如题目里有几个问题？topic的争论核心点是啥？在每个分段中要提及的分论点是什么？每个部分大约涉及多少字数？每个部分要花多少时间来写？

Brain Storm

在这个环节，我们需要动笔罗列出关于该话题能想到的所有分论点，但这并不是你的大纲，而是你ideas的集合。从各个维度分别下手，找到属于最适合你这篇文章的points.

精挑细选

在总结了观点之后，你会发现自己的观点数量其实是真的不少，但是如果都写进Essay的话，恐怕两三张答题卡都写不完，何况有时一些分论点不是三言两语就能讲清楚的，再加上例子和转述有时就会显得文章冗余，这时就需要我们对列出的分观点进行筛选。可以参考自己的词汇量以及观点的论述难度，找出最适合自己的点，1～2个即可。

拼凑大纲

这个环节简而言之就是将论点进行排列组合，使得观点的论述顺序更符合认知规律。我们不需要把每一个点都写得很细致，只需要将观点以及论述过程的逻辑推演以关键词的形式呈现出来即可。不过，这里小哥需要给大家强调的是，在你的提纲中，最好要将主体段的topic sentences写出来。这样才能保证文章不跑偏。

词汇选择

大部分同学都会把注意力放在思路上，因为有时候思路就让我们难以下笔，如果思路问题解决了，文章也就好写了。另外，还有一个条件限制了我们，那就是词汇。很多同学将口语化的表达放进Essay里，这样会显得我们的essay很不academic。在雅思写作的评分标准里，LR(Lexical Resources)就是用来评判这一点的。

当然，一部分同学会将自己积累到的生僻词汇放进Essay里，这里我们需要提醒同学的是，在使用高难度词汇之前，请务必确认词汇的使用场合，如果对用法不是特别清楚，则不建议大家使用没有把握的表达。换句话说，只用你会的，才是最对的。除此之外，大家还要关注连词的使用。

以上就是关于Exam Essay Outline的写作讲解，看完之后，想必大家都知道大纲对Essay写作是多么重要了吧，所以大家还是得写好Outline才行。

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Paper代写：What Happened to Art Criticism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- What Happened to Art Criticism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了艺术批评。在《艺术批评发生了什么》一书中，作者的观点是十分出色，他的分析所得从简单到困难，从而使我一步一步把握问题的本质：从艺术批评的困境这意味着公众大量展览手册所困扰，但与此同时，艺术批评是忽视了当代知识分子，造成这一现象的原因，然后解决方案在最关键的时刻。作者像一位杰出的艺术家一样，用透视的手法描绘了一幅艺术批评的全景图。整篇论文充满了例子，大量的统计数据和对比。最重要的是，论文的论述十分清晰：通过对艺术批评现状的分析，提出了批评应具备的三个素质。

After reading James Elkins’ paper which is an excerpt from “What Happened to Art Criticism”, it is mainly a discussion on the state of the practice of art criticism. I have found the author’s view is quite outstanding and his analysis proceeds from the easy to the difficult, thus enabling me to grasp the essence of the issue step by step: from the dilemma of art criticism which means that the public are plagued with a flood of exhibition brochures, but at the same time art criticism is ignored by contemporary intellectuals, to the reason why causes this phenomenon, then to the solution at a most critical moment. Like a wonderful artist, the author depicts a panoramic drawing of art criticism in perspective. Although the author expounds the current state of art criticism in a convincing way, I could hardly agree without giving serious thought about some of his ideas which I will talk about in the following text. Generally speaking, the whole paper is full of examples and a lot of statistics and many contrasts. The most important thing is that the thesis statement is quite clear: through analyzing the current state of art criticism, the author puts forward three qualities which criticism should have.

Taking the overall explication into account, it mainly talks about newspapers and magazines which can be classified as journalism that means the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television. Therefore the presumed audience include the journalists with certain knowledge about art criticism and the potential critics who want to dedicate themselves to the cause of this career and some professional art critics who has already published several pieces of art criticism and even the ordinary people who occasionally glance through the newspaper or magazine. In a word, the presumed audience are quite a lot people of many varieties who have interest in the topic: what happened to art criticism? The shining point of this paper is that the brilliant exposition has made a deep impression on the readers. The author tries to persuade the readers into believing what he says and it is a difficult task for the author to make the readers believe that there is no other choice but to abide by what advice the author has given including three points: ambitious judgment; reflection about judgment itself; criticism important enough to count as history, and vice versa. In my opinion, it is somewhat of an overstatement aimed probably at producing a sensational effect. It can be proved at the beginning of the paper when the author says that art criticism is on the verge of death. Perhaps the author wants to catch the eyes of the readers by using this kind of words such as “in worldwide crisis”, “invisibly” and “dying”. I do not know what other people react to these words, as for me, they attract my attention successfully. The other opinion that I disagree with the author is the discussion about the phenomenon of a lot of exhibition brochures. The author thinks these brochures are no use in the development of art criticism. But I think perhaps these brochures have not much help for the cause of art criticism, at least they have their own advantages. The most important advantage is that it is considered desirable to spend some money advertising the elegant work of art, especially for the visitors from different countries.

To put it in a nutshell, I will quote an old Chinese saying: success comes from forethought, while thoughtlessness leads to failure. By analyzing this paper about art criticism, I have learned a lot about the current state of criticism. It is a long way to spread this solution to solving the dilemma in a much broader sphere which needs more academic research and hard work. At the same time, the drawback that we should not ignore is that this solution is easier said than done. Therefore I cannot help remembering an old saying: where there is a will, there is the way. I believe that art criticism will regain its strength in the future.

Discussion Questions:

1. Why does the author say “writing without readers”?

2. What should a critic do when criticizing the work of art?

Bibliography

Elkins, James.1993. Excerpt from “What Happened to Art Criticism?” Art Critics on the State of Their Practice pp.302-309.

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英文论文写作如何体现连贯与衔接

在英文论文写作中，Coherence and Cohesion是非常重要的，它指的就是文章的连贯和衔接。如果一篇英文论文不连贯或者衔接得很差的话，那么基本就没有可读性了，所以肯定是及格不了的，那么英文论文写作该如何体现连贯与衔接呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

什么是Coherence and Cohesion？

基本上，Coherence---连贯性是指你的写作的“修辞”方面，包括发展和支持你的论点(例如，论文陈述的发展)，综合和整合阅读，组织和澄清思想。Cohesion---写作的衔接集中在写作的“语法”方面。

衔接（Cohesion）也是学术写作的一个非常重要的方面，因为它会立即影响你写作的基调。在学术论文写作语法错误（grammatical error）虽然影响你的主要观点，但是会影响你的总体分数。但是,衔接的写作并不意味着仅仅是“语法正确”的句子;内聚性写作是指你的思想在句子层面和段落层面上的联系。

Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level, and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level. Basically, coherence refers to the“rhetorical”aspects of your writing, which include developing and supporting your argument(e.g.thesis statement development),synthesizing and integrating readings, organizing and clarifying ideas. The cohesion of writing focuses on the “grammatical” aspects of writing.

Cohesion is also a very important aspect of academic writing, because it immediately affects the tone of your writing. Although some instructors may say grammatical errors may not affect your main idea, you will lose mark due to many grammatical errors. However, cohesive writing does not mean just “grammatically correct” sentences; cohesive writing refers to the connection of your ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level.

如何提高Coherence和Cohesion？

一个实用的工具可以帮助你提高写作的连贯性，那就是使用概念图（concept map）。概念图也被称为“反向提纲”reverse outline，当你完成论文的主要观点后，把每段的主要观点写下来——主题句（topic sentences）。检查主题句是否与论文的主题陈述相关联，或者是否偏离了主要论点。当你重复这个过程的时候，它会帮助你更清楚地知道如何连贯地发展你的论点，以及如何有效地组织你的想法。

One of the practical tools that can help improve the coherence of your writing is to use a concept map. The concept map is also known as “reverse outline” since you make an outline of your paper after you have finished the main ideas of your paper.

Write down the main idea of each paragraph—which is called a topic sentence—on a blank piece of paper. Check to see if the topic sentences are connected to the thesis statement of your paper or if you have strayed from your main argument. As you repeat this process, it will help you become more aware of how to develop your argument coherently and how to organize your ideas effectively. Here is a concept map template you can use.

以上就是关于英文论文写作提升连贯和衔接的方法，Coherence and Cohesion提高不是一日之功，尤其英文论文作业写作的方式还有思考方式和中文的差别很大。只有不断思考，不断练习，才会有所改进。

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Paper代写：Building a low-carbon economy in the UK

本篇paper代写- Building a low-carbon economy in the UK讨论了英国低碳经济的建设。英国作为世界低碳经济的先行者和倡导者，在大力发展新能源、引导民众低碳生活方式转变和推广低碳经济模式上领先世界。在积极倡导低碳行为方面，不但英国政府大力支持，一些非政府绿色组织在促进社会节能习惯养成方面也发挥了重要作用。他们以多种方式提供和传播低碳经济的信息和知识，引导人们改变以往的生活方式，像英国的公益广告有不少都是关于低碳经济的。英国政府在潜移默化中引导民众逐渐改变传统的生活方式，使低碳消费日益深入人心，成为一种社会习惯。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

As a pioneer and advocate of low-carbon economy in the world, the UK is in a leading position in vigorously developing new energy, guiding the transformation of people's low-carbon lifestyle and promoting low-carbon economic model. In contrast, China's current energy structure and industrial model have problems, and foreign experience is worth learning. Meanwhile, according to our own situation, we should increase support, carry out carbon financial innovation, and guide the public to change their minds to find a suitable low-carbon economic model.

Britain is a pioneer and active advocate of low-carbon economy in the world. As a pioneer of the first industrial revolution and a resource-poor island nation, the UK is fully aware of the threat posed by energy security and climate change, as well as the importance of developing a "low-carbon economy". The UK energy white paper of 2003, our energy future: creating a low-carbon economy, first put "low-carbon economy" into government documents. In 2006, the stern report, led by former world bank chief economist Nicholas stern, was released in Britain. The report pointed out that the annual investment of 1% of global GDP could avoid the annual loss of 5% to 20% of GDP in the future, and called for the global transition to a low-carbon economy. In April 2009, the UK officially unveiled a carbon budget with clear legal constraints, becoming the first country in the world to publish a carbon budget. In 2009, the UK department of energy and environmental change published a report entitled "road to Copenhagen", calling on the world to take action to develop a low-carbon economy. At the same time, the British government has announced a series of supporting reforms on business and transport, including the UK renewable energy strategy, the UK low-carbon industry strategy and the low-carbon transport strategy, etc., to put the low-carbon economy into practice. It can be seen from the above that the UK has promoted the "low-carbon economy" from the height of national strategy, and hopes to vigorously promote the development of new energy industry, occupy the commanding heights of technology, and make the UK lead the world economic development trend once again. In recent years, the British government has taken a series of measures to promote the development of low-carbon economy, mainly including three aspects:

The key to developing low-carbon economy is to vigorously develop renewable energy and improve the efficiency of energy utilization. For example, given the abundant wind resources in the UK, wind power has become a focus of new energy development in recent years. Since the first offshore wind power station was approved in 2000, through policy support and economic subsidies, the UK has now become the country with the largest number of offshore wind power stations and the largest total installed capacity in the world. It is expected that the total wind power capacity in the UK will reach 33 gigawatts in 2020, accounting for 50% of the total wind power in the world. To ensure the smooth implementation of this plan, the British government has launched a stimulus package, such as the government will spend 120 million pounds on the development of offshore wind power. At the same time, the British government is also very concerned about the development of other clean energy sources, such as strengthening the development of nuclear energy, geothermal energy and so on, and providing subsidies to those who install clean energy equipment in their homes. The government will also strengthen technical supervision to ensure the smooth implementation of these measures.

The UK energy expert Andrew Gary once said "anywhere in the world and build a low carbon economy faces a major hurdle, is people are not willing to change waste energy lifestyle and habits - we become accustomed to comfortable and rich life are built on the basis of excessive consumption of energy". As well as the UK government, green ngos have also played an important role in promoting low-carbon behavior. They provide and spread information and knowledge about low-carbon economy in a variety of ways to guide people to change their previous lifestyles. Many public service advertisements in the UK are about low-carbon economy, such as "removing the plug of charger when not in use can save ￡30 per year, and replacing energy-saving lamp can save ￡60 per year". The British government is subtly guiding the public to gradually change the traditional way of life, making low-carbon consumption increasingly popular and become a social habit.

The UK has been emphasizing the importance of "low-carbon economy" not only for the UK, but also for the whole world. It has been promoting "low-carbon economy" internationally through various channels. Former British prime minister Gordon brown has repeatedly stressed that developing countries should not continue the energy-intensive development model of developed countries and should consider a new low-carbon economy. The UK proposes that developed countries provide developing countries with as much technical and financial support as possible, given the wide variety and difficulty of developing countries in tackling climate change and promoting low-carbon economy. The UK is also promoting its low-carbon technologies around the world, hoping that by exporting low-carbon technologies to developing countries, the UK will gain a bigger share of the world's 3 trillion pound industry and boost its economic development and full employment.

Since 2006, the Chinese government has been taking low-carbon economy as the development focus and an important way to achieve sustainable development. In 2009, the state council stressed the need to foster new economic growth areas featuring low carbon emissions, and build industrial, construction and transportation systems featuring low carbon emissions, with a view to reducing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20 percent by 2010. Driven by the state, some cities have started pilot projects, such as baoding, which now has China's only complete solar photovoltaic cell manufacturer and the largest wind turbine blade manufacturer. Guangdong, Shanghai, jilin and other places are also promoting low-carbon economy. China has also taken the lead in energy conservation and emission reduction by incorporating energy conservation and emission reduction into the assessment system of local governments. However, overall, China is still in the era of "high carbon economy", which mainly faces four challenges:

The existing energy structure is not reasonable. For example, 69% of the primary energy comes from coal, while the global average is 24.2%. About 80% of the power generation comes from thermal power. The "high coal, low gas and low oil" energy conditions also mean that the coal-based energy structure will be difficult to change in the long term, which is also a long-term constraint in China's transition to a low-carbon development model.

China is now in the middle and late stage of industrialization to the late stage of economic development, in the industrial model is still dominated by heavy chemicals, and large-scale infrastructure construction is inevitable, the sustained growth of energy consumption will become a trend. According to statistics, non-renewable energy sources such as coal and oil account for 90% of China's energy consumption.

The high cost of clean energy largely restricts the application of renewable energy. For example, the cost of wind power is 1.5 to 2 times that of traditional coal power, while the cost of solar power rises to 6 to 10 times.

Some regions have misunderstanding on the development of low-carbon economy, which affects the implementation of low-carbon economy in the whole country. Some regions are resistant to the implementation of low-carbon economy, fearing that it will affect investment. Some regions confuse low-carbon economy with the development of new energy equipment manufacturing and fail to understand the essence of low-carbon economy. Some regions believe that the development of low-carbon economy is government investment, energy conservation and emission reduction, and lack of enthusiasm, ignoring the huge business opportunities of low-carbon economy.

Developing a low-carbon economy requires developed and developing countries to take active actions to meet the challenges guided by the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". Different regions should explore low-carbon development paths suitable for their regions according to their own actual conditions, such as energy structure, so as to realize the progress of low-carbon economy from regional to overall development. Suggestions to this end:

The 12th five-year plan should emphasize the importance of low-carbon economy, establish the priority of low-carbon economy in social and economic development, and incorporate it into the overall plan of national economic and social development in China's 12th five-year plan. At the same time, the leading industries of low-carbon economy should also make development plans for different industries, and make low-carbon development plans for industries with high consumption and high pollution, so as to transform to low-carbon. The government should give reasonable guidance to various industries in the market economy and promote low-carbon production mode in a phased, focused and gradual manner. More importantly, it should formulate a set of statistics and assessment indicators of low-carbon development results that are in line with current national conditions and take them as important indicators in the overall development strategy.

Actively develop carbon finance, explore the establishment of China's carbon trading market. Compared with traditional energy sources, CDM project development financing is difficult, and there are big obstacles of investment and financing. Therefore, we should further promote the concept of carbon finance, gradually establish a policy system to support the development of carbon finance, accelerate the innovation of carbon finance products, and establish an effective carbon finance investment and financing system.

Relevant financial institutions should establish corresponding departments to support the development of low-carbon economy and formulate corresponding policies and measures. At present, it is a good time to vigorously develop CDM projects. Financial institutions should seize the opportunity to remove financing barriers to low-carbon development, strengthen the evaluation and analysis of low-carbon technologies, products and industries, and increase the support of carbon finance.

We will accelerate innovation in carbon financial products, vigorously promote carbon trading, and establish carbon exchanges in places where conditions are ripe. Around the world, with the expansion of the carbon trading market, the degree of carbon monetization is increasing, and carbon emission rights are gradually derived into financial assets with investment value and liquidity. Developed countries have formed a series of financial instruments, including direct investment financing, bank loan, carbon fund, carbon index trading and carbon option futures, around the right to reduce carbon emission. It can be said that carbon trading will become the most dynamic financial instrument in the future development. At present, Hong Kong is building an international carbon trading platform, Beijing and Shanghai have opened carbon exchanges, and tianjin and hunan are also striving to build domestic carbon exchanges.

We will expand financial support for the low-carbon economy and increase support. We will accelerate the spread of new forms of energy by means of financial subsidies. Governments at all levels should also set up special support funds for research and development, promotion and application of low-carbon technologies. At the same time, we will formulate incentives to promote energy conservation and emission reduction, and encourage enterprises to develop new energy sources.

Promote technological innovation mechanism that can effectively promote the development of low-carbon economy. With the implementation of the Kyoto protocol, clean and efficient energy technologies will gradually become the most competitive technologies. A breakthrough in this area of technology will enable us to seize the market and gain an edge in the fierce international competition. We should accelerate the development and application of low-carbon technologies, improve resource productivity and energy efficiency, and strengthen information exchange in the field of low-carbon technologies.

We will guide the transformation of consumption concepts and advocate a low-carbon lifestyle. Relevant government departments can formulate publicity policies for low-carbon economy oriented to the society, let the public understand the advantages of low-carbon economy through TV, newspapers, magazines, Internet and other media, and change the public awareness of low-carbon economy, such as its role in mitigating global climate change and local economic development. Meanwhile, low-carbon behavior education in schools is also very necessary. Corresponding cooperation mechanisms can be established, such as cooperation among schools, environmental groups and governments, to subtly enhance students' recognition of low-carbon behavior. The government should also support and encourage social environmental groups to make more people understand and support low-carbon behaviors through social education.

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Essay代写：Contemporary American literature

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Contemporary American literature，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国当代文学。虽然美国文学的历史不长，但发展非常快。自20世纪以来，美国当代文学在世界上的影响越来越大。美国当代文学始于第二次世界大战后，战后美国的政治和社会发生了巨大的变化，渐渐走向一个分歧与反常的时代。美国文学也以各种不同的方式遵循这一发展过程，各个流派的文学作品以不同的角度描绘出美国现代社会万花筒般的世界。这个时期的美国文学璀璨夺目，但又光怪陆离，无奇不有。

The history of American literature is not long, but it develops rapidly. Since the 20th century, it has been exerting more and more influence in the world, especially in the contemporary American literature. It is generally believed that contemporary American literature began after World War II. After the war, great changes have taken place in the politics and society of the United States. American literature also follows this development process in a variety of different ways. Various genres of literature depict the kaleidoscope world of modern American society from different perspectives. The American literature of this period is dazzling, but also strange and varied.

After World War II ended in 1945, despite the victory of the Allies, the holocaust and the use of atomic bombs by the nazis made it difficult for the American public to shake off the fear and anxiety brought by the war. The cold war of the 1950s and McCarthyism, which persecuted intellectuals, further heightened tensions. Because of the use of the atomic bomb, people felt uneasy about the successful hydrogen bomb test in the 1950s, the man-made satellite launch and other technological revolution and scientific achievements, and doubted that technological progress could not benefit mankind. After the 1960s, a series of political events such as the anti-war movement, civil rights movement and feminist movement of the American people, coupled with the increasingly serious population explosion and environmental pollution, made people's thoughts more active and chaotic. In general, after the World War II, in the eyes of American writers, the "American dream" has been turned into a nightmare. The democratic ideal, the individual pursuit, the religious belief no longer exists. The traditional moral concept and value system have lost their function. Modern people have lost contact with history, no future and future, and can not communicate with others thoughts and feelings, can only be in the dilemma of loneliness and alienation forever. This was reflected in literature, which produced the "beat generation" of writers in the 1950s who rejected all culture and values. After the 1960s, both novels and poems took human alienation as the theme, and used exaggerated techniques and absurd plots to express human predicament. "Black humor", absurd theatre and other schools have emerged.

Generally speaking, there are three characteristics of American novels after the World War II. The first characteristic is that the protagonists of the new novels do not believe in any political principles, social ideals, religious doctrines or moral standards, but they feel deeply sorry and uneasy about losing them all. They try to escape from reality but always wander aimlessly in search of something that is not entirely clear. The most typical work is on the road by kerouac, a representative writer of the beat generation in the 1950s. Secondly, humor has a new meaning in modern novels. In the eyes of a writer, the world and everything in it are absurd, grotesque and unreasonable. Life on earth is extremely absurd. Thus, they try to reproduce the chaotic and elusive reality by means of grotesque, fantasy and exaggeration. Their protagonists are crazy. This painful reality is reflected by extreme irony, and humor turns into hysterical orgies of tearful laughter. The representative work of "black humor" is heller's catch-23. Other famous black humorists include buzz and pynchon. Third, the search for self becomes the most important theme of novels in this period. Writers are asking questions about the nature of the self, trying to figure out who I am. ", "what is the nature of man? And so on, but often without a conclusion. The most typical work is the invisible man by the black writer ellison.

The 1960s saw the emergence of a new type of "nonfiction", also known as "news-style fiction", which mixes facts and speculation, based on socially sensational events, with writers' own observations and imaginations. Capote's "murder," published in 1966, was the first nonfiction novel.

In terms of poetry, a group of young writers and poets emerged, who opposed American culture and value system with their decadent and indulgent lives and counter-traditional literary forms, forming the "beat generation" literature that was once famous. They use loose structure and a lot of silly language in their poems. The representative poet of this movement is ginsberg, whose poetry collection howl reflects the American youth's disillusionment with the capitalist society and their pursuit of excitement to numb their emotions and the anarchist thought against all authority. Influenced by British poet Blake and American poets Whitman and Williams, ginsberg adopts a free verse style with long lines, full of passion and imagination.

The poetry of "beat generation" changed the face of post-war poetry and made it begin to have a strong personal autobiography. Personal life events, such as insanity, sex, divorce, alcoholism, all became subjects of poetry. Lowell's portrait of life is a set of autobiographical poems about a poet's life experiences and psychological changes that set the precedent for "confessional poetry."

The poetry of this period was also strongly political. Lowell angrily protested the war with Vietnam; Rich championed feminism; the black poetess Brooks supported the black liberation movement; The black poet leroy Jones went further, using the slogan "black power". He even adopted the new African name of imam qiongkamila baraka to show he had abandoned his former self.

In drama, after World War II, the United States appeared four excellent playwrights: inge, Williams, miller and albie. Inge is good at describing the frustration of the little guy, and his works are full of symbolism, but not enough depth. Representative works include "come back, xiaoxi bar" and "picnic", etc.; Williams mainly describes the decline of the south, the frustration and pain of ordinary people, the difficulty of pursuing happiness. He wrote many works in his life, the most famous are "car pick up by desire", "glass zoo" and "cat on a hot tin roof"; Miller was one of the most famous American dramatists of the postwar period, making his name with the social morality play all my sons, but his death of a salesman is universally recognized as one of the best plays of the postwar period. Lohman, the protagonist, pursued the American dream of success and happiness all his life, but he never achieved it. Miller proves, through lohman and his disillusionment with the American dream, that ordinary people can be tragic. Moreover, purgatory mercilessly exposes and satirizes McCarthyism that persecutes leftists. Scripts like "after the fall" and "the price" suggest that miller is versatile in subject matter and technique; another outstanding playwright was albie, whose famous works include the zoo story, the American dream, who's afraid of Virginia Wolf, etc. Albee USES symbols, metaphors, exaggerations and other almost surrealistic techniques to describe the American society. The themes are often the disillusionment of the American dream, the loneliness of people and the difficulties in pursuing the essence of oneself.

The above analysis of contemporary American literature "is like writing a brief guidebook for a continent. You can only mark the important places and draw lines to give a general outline of the most complicated scenic spots." In addition, with the development of information and open mind, American contemporary literature will continue to undergo new changes and emerge new literary trends, so as to make it richer and more healthy and develop forward.

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