Essay代写：Research on Mauritania

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Research on Mauritania，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了毛里塔尼亚。毛里塔尼亚属于非洲西北部的一个国家，它的的面积在非洲排名第11位，被广泛认为是最大的沙漠国家。该国的首都是努瓦克肖特，也是该国最大的城市，这座城市在这个国家中确实扮演着重要的角色。毛里塔尼亚的政治领袖和政党主要包括正义与民主联盟和复兴运动或AJD/MR。与此同时，它也有政治压力团体和领导人。毛里塔尼亚是与以色列建立外交关系的三个阿拉伯国家之一。然而，这个国家现在是一系列恐怖主义活动的目标，大量的袭击和杀戮在这个国家发生。

It is known to us that to research on a certain country really calls for a lot of efforts because many relevant aspects have to be researched one by one. And the specific aspects that have to be researched about a certain country mainly include the below few ones: the country and its capital city, its colonial history, its current political context, and so on. Therefore the following would like to research on an African country, Mauritania, from the aforementioned aspects. It is hoped that this research can help provide some insightful suggests as for how to better understand this country in the end.

First and foremost, the country and capital city of Mauritania will be introduced. To put it more specifically, Mauritania, one country that belongs to Northwest Africa, is bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the north and northwest by Western Sahara, to the northeast by Algeria, to the east and southeast by Mali, to the southwest by Senegal (Robert E. Handloff. 1987). And this country is ranked the eleventh in Africa when the size of the country is considered and it is widely acknowledged to be the largest-desert country (Muzaffar Husain Syed et al. 2011). There is no doubt that most of its population are normads. In this country, its capital city is Nouakchott, which is also the largest city in this country. And this capital city is on the Atlantic coast and about one-third of the country’s people lives in this city, which reaches 4.3 million people (Branine, Mohamed. 2011). Based on this, it is not hard to find that this city definitely plays a key role in the country.

Moreover, the colonial history of Mauritania will be elaborated on. In fact, Mauritania was the cradle of the powerful Almoravid dynasty in the Middle Ages and it spread Islam across North Africa and the later controlled Islamic Spain. And Mauritania was established as a colonial territory by France later in 1904 (Richard Sandbrook.2000). Thus it can be easily detected that while referring to the colonial history of Mauritania, the French colonization is a must to mention in that the history of French colonial policy in Mauritania is tied closely to other French possessions in West Africa. And the history of French colonial policy in Mauritania is extremely connected with Senegal because Mauritania is dependent on Senegal administratively, economically and politically until the time when it became independent (Sector Policy Notes. 2010). And the time when Mauritania became independent was in 1960, during which its president was Moktar Ould Daddah who brought in the authoritarian rule for an era as the first president of Mauritania (Meredith, Martin. 2005). In 1981, slavery in this country was banned. But what is a pity to say is that the practice of slavery was believed to happen even today. And it was later in 2007 that this country returned to democracy due to the Military Council for Justice and Democracy’s appointing a transitional government and seizing power (Pazzanita, Anthony G. 2008). In this period, the president was Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdahhahi, selected from the first democratic presidential elections since independence.

Last but not the least, another aspect that will be illustrated in this part is the current political context of Mauritania. Detailed speaking, the political leaders and parties of Mauritania mainly include Alliance for Justice and Democracy and Movement for Renewal or AJD/MR (Martin A. Klein. 2002). In the meantime, it as well has political pressure groups and leaders. And its president is Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz at present who take power in 2008 and he continued to be the president afterwards due to voters’ support. Actually, he has become a crucial ally of the neighboring states and the West in dealing with the countering Islamist extremist groups. And Mauritania is recognized as one of the three countries in Arab that has set up diplomatic relationships with Israel (Yasser, Abdel Nasser Ould. 2008). However, this country is the target of a series of terrorist activities nowadays and plenty of attacks and killings are happening in this country. Besides, this country is rich in mineral resources, especially iron and ore, which makes it the target of the terrorist activities to a certain degree. As a result, this country is not quite stable for people to live.

To sum up, there is really much to be researched about a given country. As a matter of fact, many other aspects should also be researched in addition to the country and its capital city, its colonial history, its current political context, etc. as have been mentioned in the above if a comprehensive understanding of this country would like to be. Also, the aforementioned three aspects can be expanded as well by conducting a profounder research in approaching days. Only in this way can this country be better known to the wide public at last.

References

Branine, Mohamed. (2011). Managing Across Cultures: Concepts, Policies and Practices. The Maghrebian countries or the Arab countries of western North Africa. p437.

Martin A. Klein. Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial

Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880-1920 by David Robinson. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2002), pp. 403-405.

Meredith, Martin. (2005), The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence, New York: Public Affairs Publishing, p 69.

Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani. (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India.

Pazzanita, Anthony G. (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.

Richard Sandbrook. Closing the Circle: Democratization and Development in Africa. London.and New York: Zed Books; Toronto: Between the Lines, 2000. 180 pp.

Robert E. Handloff. Mauritania: a country study. Library of Congress. 1987.

Sector Policy Notes. May 2010. Mauritania: Restarting the Reform Program. Public Disclosure Authorized.

Yasser, Abdel Nasser Ould (2008). Sage, Jesse; Kasten, Liora, eds. Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery. Macmillan.

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Assignment代写：What Is the Relationship between Law, Justice and Morality

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- What Is the Relationship between Law, Justice and Morality，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了法律、正义与道德。失踪的沙特记者、《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家贾马尔·哈苏吉的死亡成为最近最重要的国际新闻之一。“一个国家”在和平时期越过边境追捕并杀害一名普通公民，这确实令人震惊。如果现代文明世界没有正义和自由，人们能做什么？与野蛮社会不同的是，人们有道德观念，道德观念描述个人在某些情况下的最佳行为，法律的存在就是赋予个人从事这种行为的义务，而正义是通过法律的实施来实现的。然而，哈苏吉的经历促使人们怀疑伦理和道德。一旦人们的生命受到威胁，他又如何去考虑道德和法律呢。

The death of missing Saudi Journalist and Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi has become one of the most important international news recently. It is really shocking to accept that ‘a country’ chased and killed an ordinary citizen across the border in the era of peace. On 2 October 2018, Khashoggi entered the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul, but he did not reappear again since then. 18 days later, the Saudi Arabian government admitted that Khashoggi had died inside the consulate (CNN). The whole issue is filled with mystery. The self-contradictory statement of the Saudi Arabian government, the puzzling attitude of Donald Trump as well as the complex international relationship all attract the attention of the whole world. However, what this paper concerns is the basic human right of surviving and freedom of expression. It is difficult to image what the world would become if people lose their right of surviving and speaking.

The victim, Jamal Khashoggi was 60 years old this year, and he was a famous journalist and public intellectual in the Saudi Arabian. He was famous for interviewing Bin Laden for several times as early as in 1980s. In his long career, he interviewed many famous people in business and politics, and he had good personal relationships with several princes of the Saudi Arabian. As a media person, he often wrote articles to make comment on the politics. He pulled no punches when he criticized the government. Generally, the Saudi Arabian government always bore a grudge against Khashoggi, but it just pressured the newspaper office and made Khashoggi lose his job. However, things changed when young prince Mohammed bin Salman stood out from his brothers last year. In last June, the previous crown prince was abolished and Salman became new crown prince. Salman began to implement his ambitious reform as soon as he took the position. At the same time, people in the Saudi Arabian has suffered from less and less freedom of speech. The critics have been suppressed seriously. Khashoggi sensitively felt the change of national environment, and he soon left the country and lived in the America (Robertson & Abdelaziz, 2018). Khashoggi still seriously criticized the Saudi Arabian government after he left here, and he even compared Salman to Putin (BBC News, 2018). On 2 October 2018, Khashoggi came to the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul to obtain his single status certificate, for the sake of getting married with his Turkish girlfriend (Associated Press, 2018). However, he never appeared in the world again. Khashoggi’s girlfriend called the police in the next morning. After that, Khashoggi’s news have attracted the attention of many people in Turkey, the Saudi Arabian and even the whole world. The Turkish government also made investigation. On 12 October, the Turkish media reported that, the investigating officers obtained a recording and a video, which recorded the process that Khashoggi was tried, abused and killed. It was reported that people could clearly hear Khashoggi’s screams from the recording. Some newspaper even pointed out that, Khashoggi had been dismembered alive inside the consulate (Sen, 2018).

Generally, what Khashoggi experienced seriously influence every people’s emotion. What can people do if there is no justice and freedom in the modern and civilized world? Different from the savage society, people have moral concepts which describe the best conduct of an individual in some situation, and the existence of law is to enshrine the duty of that individual to engage in such conduct, and justice is achieve with the enforcement of law. However, the experience of Khashoggi promotes people to doubt ethics and morality. Once people’s life is threatened, how could he consider the morality and law? It is reported that Khashoggi’s fingers were cut off since he used pen to express his voice. Furthermore, the Saudi Arabian government denied Khashoggi’s death at the first time, and it even claimed that Khashoggi left the consulate. The government even made a person be disguised as Khashoggi (Kirkpatrick & Hubbard, 2018). How could the Saudi Arabian make its people believe that there is justice and human right?

At present, The New Times affirmed that at least 9 perpetrators came from the national security department, army and other government departments of the Saudi Arabian (Kirkpatrick, Browne, Hubbard & Botti, 2018). The Washington Post pointed out that 12 perpetrators had close relationship with the senior government officials (Davis & Cunningham, 2018).

Silence may be the foreordination of dissenters. Once a dissenter does not choose to be silence by himself, he may be forced to be silence, and even be erased from the whole world. The Washing Post published Khashoggi’s last work, “What the Arab world needs most is free expression.” Khashoggi (2018) argued that, “Arabs living in these countries are either uninformed or misinformed.” People in these countries cannot concern or publicly discuss the topics which affect their daily life. What people know is what the government wants them to know. People in these places cannot feel justice but cold rules.

References:

Associated Press. (2018, October 25). A timeline of events in the Khashoggi case. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/a-timeline-of-events-in-the-khashoggi-case/2018/10/25/1836076a-d86e-11e8-8384-bcc5492fef49_story.html?utm_term=.0fd6db966796

BBC News. (2018, October 7). Jamal Khashoggi: Turkey says journalist was murdered in Saudi consulate. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45775819

Davis, A. C., & Cunningham, E. (2018, October 11). Saudi forensic expert is among 15 named by Turkey in disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/saudi-forensic-expert-is-among-15-named-by-turkey-in-disappearance-of-journalist-jamal-khashoggi/2018/10/11/e62d6dd4-cd6a-11e8-ad0a-0e01efba3cc1_story.html?utm_term=.3507bbbbc96a

Khashoggi, J. (2018, October 18). Jamal Khashoggi: What the Arab world needs most is free expression. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/jamal-khashoggi-what-the-arab-world-needs-most-is-free-expression/2018/10/17/adfc8c44-d21d-11e8-8c22-fa2ef74bd6d6_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.97c7722f6742

Kirkpatrick, D. D., & Hubbard, B. (2018, October 22). Jamal Khashoggi Body Double Created False Trail in Turkey, Surveillance Images Suggest. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/22/world/middleeast/jamal-khashoggi-turkey-saudi-arabia.html

Kirkpatrick, D. D., Browne, M., Hubbard, B., & Botti, D. (2018, October 16). The Jamal Khashoggi case: Suspects had ties to Saudi crown prince. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/world/middleeast/khashoggi-saudi-prince.html.

Robertson, N., & Abdelaziz, S. (2018). Mohammed bin Salman's inner circle takes the blame for Khashoggi's death. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/19/middleeast/mohammed-bin-salman-aides-khashoggi-death-intl/index.html

Sen, C. (2018, October 12). Everything points to Saudis being responsible for missing journalist. MSNBC. Retrieved from https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/video/sen-corker-everything-points-to-saudis-being-responsible-for-washington-post-contributors-disappearance/vp-BBOfwxS.

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英文论文写作单词神器分享

对于中国留学生来说，写作英文论文最大的阻碍可能就是词汇了。因为英语并非我们的母语，所以除了比较常用的词汇之外，其他的单词都需要大家花时间去记，如果记不过来，那还是会有很大的问题，所以下面就给大家分享一款英文论文写作单词的神器，对留学生来说非常适用。

www.vocabulary.com是国外一个很有意思的英文单词学习网站，它对单词的解释方式很直观，同时功能很强大，包含了英文写作练习、外刊例句、同义词以及词表等功能，非常适合我们英文论文写作基础薄弱的留学生小伙伴。目前网站也有对应的手机端APP，名字也是vocabulary。具体来讲，网站主要有以下几个特色：

1.单词解释直观

举个例子，对于单词compunction，网站给出的解释是：

When you feel compunction you feel very, very sorry, usually for something you did to hurt someone or mess something up. When you feel no compunction, you're not at all sorry.

通过上面的解释我们可以知道compunction的含义类似于sorry，但程度比sorry更深，同时compunction前面可以用feel来搭配。同时我们还可以看到单词的词源以及更加详细的用法说明，比如compunction一般用在带有负面含义的语境中，此时的搭配为without compunction/no compunction，比如：The burglar acted without compunction when he stole your baseball card collection.通过这种方式来解析单词效果会更加直观。

2.带有众多外刊例句

网站还提供了单词在各大外刊上的使用语境，这些外刊包括《经济学人》、《卫报》、《华盛顿邮报》以及《时代周刊》等。同时，它还能根据例句来源区分单词的使用场景，比如商业/艺术/科技/新闻/小说等等，这一功能非常好用，能够帮助我们更好理解单词在实际语境中如何应用，以及在何种场景下应用。

3.同义词功能强大

网站还有一个强大的同义词词库功能，能够列出与单词相近或相关的词，方便我们进行词汇拓展。比如针对compunction，网站列出了同义词remorse/self-reproach，同时还有相关词：penance/ruefulness/repentance/penitence等。

4.词表

网站的另一个特色功能是词表。vocabulary允许用户自行创建词表，并提供练习和复习功能。官方也推出了众多生词本，内容涵盖了从最基础的1000词到SAT词汇，TOEFL词汇，GRE高频词，以及其他网友分享的词汇表，资源非常丰富。比如以下几个：

(1)The Vocabulary.com Top 1000

日常学术&商业英语中最重要的1000词

The top 1,000 vocabulary words have been carefully chosen to represent difficult but common words that appear in everyday academic and business writing. These words are also the most likely to appear on the SAT, ACT, GRE, and ToEFL.

(2)GRE High Frequency Words

巴朗GRE高频词表，不管你需不需要考GRE，系统掌握一下这份词表中的单词对词汇能力进阶都大有裨益。

(3)100 Words Every Middle Schooler Should Know

这份《美国中学生必须知道的100个单词》词表由美国传统词典的编辑们精挑细选后得出，词表中100个单词非常具有学习价值，各位同学可以测测看自己能认识几个，不认识的建议查漏补缺。

American Heritage Dictionaries normally feature about 70,000 entries. From that multitude, the editors have chosen 100 words that are neither obscure nor outlandish that could give middle schoolers more aplomb and aptitude in their verbal encounters. If you're not sure whether that is something you need, study this list.

5.易混淆词

如果大家在论文写作中经常混淆类似compose/comprise，complement/compliment，demur/demure这样的形近词/近义词的话，可以看看vocabulary总结的一份易混淆词表，上面一共有170多对这样的词对，足够应对日常留学论文写作中遇到的易混淆词。

当然，除了上面几个重点功能外，vocabulary还有单词测验、单词游戏、每日一词等功能，小伙伴们可以自己去探索一下。

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Paper代写：A school of 19th-century French fiction

本篇paper代写- A school of 19th-century French fiction讨论了19世纪法国小说的派别。19世纪既是法国政治上最为动荡的时代，也是法国文学史上最辉煌的时代，因为动荡的时局刚好为作家们批判现实社会提供了材料。小说的发展正是在此时愈加成熟，并相继出现了浪漫主义，批判现实主义和自然主义等小说流派。19世纪上半叶，浪漫主义小说非常流行，但是革命之后却逐渐衰落下去。批判现实主义并不是浪漫主义的继承，这些批判现实的作家反对浪漫主义的感情，他们主张尽力塑造人物，但是从的作品中却也能看到浪漫主义的影子。最后，法国的自然主义文学延续了数十年，在广大读者中引起了强烈的反响，去的了不可泯灭的成就。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The representative work of romantic novels, new eloise, sounded the first spring thunder of the romantic movement in France, the representative of critical realistic novels, Balzac's human comedy, and the representative of naturalist novels, tyne, first proposed the theory that laid the foundation for naturalist literature. Through the introduction of these three literary forms to understand the characteristics of French 19th century novels.

Before the emergence of the romantic novel genre, the leading role in the field of French literature was the modern French noir novel. Due to the constant wars and turmoil at the end of Louis xiv's time, baroque literature appeared. Representative is onore DE guelfi, whose novel "astree" describes the love entanglement between the shepherd seradon and his lover astree. Longsong's noir novel is boring and will cause people to have the idea of escapism, and it is against the reason proposed by classicism. It can be said that longsong played a role in the birth of romantic novel. Romantic fiction was popular in France in the first half of the 19th century, but it declined after the 1848 revolution.

Rousseau's "the new eloise" became a representative work heralding a new literary age, while chateaubrion and madame starr laid the foundation for romanticism with their novels and works. Among them are many writers we know well, such as dumas' the three musketeers, which tells the story of three musketeers' precious friendship and struggle for their respective dreams. And "the count of monte cristo" tells the story of young dontez was framed in prison, after escape from prison revenge plan, vivid image. George sander's famous work "indiana", in which Anna is eager for true love, is not willing to give in to her husband, and finally lives in seclusion with the one who silently loves her. Victor Hugo is the leader of French romanticism. His masterpiece is Notre Dame DE Paris. The tragic fate of esmeralda deeply affects every reader.

Critical realism is not a conscious school because it has no leader. Critical realism is not the inheritance of romanticism. These critical realistic writers oppose romantic feelings, and they advocate to try their best to create characters. However, we can see the shadow of romanticism in their works. Critical realism is an important faction of France in the 19th century, which formed around 1850 and came to an end in the middle of the 19th century.

Balzac is undoubtedly the most important figure of this faction. Balzac's characteristics are the most realistic description details, and the characterization conforms to the time background. "Ou also ni · grand platform" it is the representative work of Balzac, the grand platform in the novel is a veritable miser, for money at all costs. Pere goriot is also one of his representative works, which shows a kind of abnormal father's love by sitting and standing. Pere goriot does not regret any great suffering for the sake of his daughter's happiness. But the daughters were ungrateful and uncaring.

Flaubert's magnum opus madame bofali is a masterpiece. Emma, the main character, originally fantasized about a romantic love, but it backfired. Through the description of madame bovary, he expressed his dissatisfaction with the capitalist society.

Stendhal admires Rousseau, and his masterpiece the red and the black is the first critical realistic novel in the history of French literature, which is very popular. Among them, the criticism of social reality in the novel is very deep, which plays an important role in the development of later novels. "' the red and the black 'is a political weapon, which is why I see it as the root of all French realist literature."

Naturalism followed classicism, enlightenment literature, romanticism and realism in the second half of the 19th century. French literary critic tyne believed that the development of literature had certain limitations, such as race, environment and era. He advocated applying the theory of natural science to literature, which laid a foundation for the emergence of naturalism. French naturalism literature has lasted for decades and aroused strong response among the vast number of readers.

The origin of naturalism lies in the goncourt brothers, whose representative work is girl elissa, and whose works jointly written by the two brothers include Charles DE maier and sister philomena. After the death of his brother Edmund, the goncourt prize was established in his memory, with an annual prize of 50 francs.

Zola was the leader of naturalism. His novels reflect the social life and describe the psychology of characters in different aspects. The pub is zola's masterpiece, in which the husband leaves his wife and runs away with someone else, but the wife struggles to live and wins true love. But the husband came home and made the house look like a home, and the wife finally sold herself and died soon after. This novel profoundly reflects the social situation in France at that time, which is profound and philosophical and makes people think deeply.

Some of maupassant's works contain what might be called naturalistic tendencies. "Beautiful friend" it is the representative work of maupassant, du luo is a little member of science that has ambition, he used his exterior to confuse a woman successfully, want to borrow an opportunity to ascend French upper class society. Through these descriptions successfully exposed the corruption of Paris's upper class.

Romantic fiction was popular in France in the first half of the 19th century, but it declined after the 1848 revolution. Critical realism is not a conscious school because it has no leader. Critical realism is not the inheritance of romanticism. These critical realistic writers oppose romantic feelings, and they advocate to try their best to create characters. However, we can see the shadow of romanticism in their works. French naturalism literature has lasted for decades and aroused strong response among the vast number of readers. After reading several works about these three schools of literature, readers can often deeply understand the differences between the three schools, and thus have a certain understanding of the development of French literature in the 19th century.

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Essay代写：The ancient Greek definition of happiness

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The ancient Greek definition of happiness，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了古希腊的幸福定义。古希腊人的幸福观经历了早期的神性幸福观，再到自然主义幸福观、最后到具有人文主义因素的幸福观的转变。古希腊人所认同的幸福是人的权利；是以节制、正义、勇毅、明哲为内涵的善德，与德性密切相关。而绝对的幸福是不存在的，人们要对幸福有一个正确而全面的认识。

Happiness view refers to people's general view and basic view of happiness. Since ancient times, people have never stopped the pursuit of "happiness", throughout their lives, everyone is in pursuit of their own happiness. But what exactly is happiness? How to achieve happiness? On these issues, it can be said that there is no uniform standard. According to Fourier, there were 287 conflicting definitions of "happiness" in Nero's time in Rome alone. Hence, the famous philosopher Kant said helplessly, the concept of "happiness" is so vague that although everyone wants it, no one can speak clearly and coherently about what he is determined to pursue or choose. This paper summarizes the meaning of "happiness" from the perspective of the ancient greeks, so as to provide some useful references for readers.

In the history of western thought, Solon in Athens, ancient Greece, was the first person to make a theoretical discussion on the category of "happiness" and initiated the theory of "happiness". Solon believed that true happiness lies in "the man who has the most things, and keeps them until his last day, and then dies in peace. Only such a man, I think, can give the title of happiness to him." Solon believes that the true meaning of "happiness" lies in starting well and ending well. However, the definition of "happiness" varies from person to person. In general, the ancient greeks' concept of happiness experienced a transition from the early concept of divine happiness to the naturalistic concept of happiness and finally to the concept of happiness with humanistic elements. Specifically, the ancient greeks believed that the concept of "happiness" contained the following meanings:

In the early ancient Greek world, people began to pay attention to the issue of "happiness". However, due to the backward productivity at that time, people's concept of "happiness" was mostly related to god, believing that "happiness" was the embodiment of god's gift and divine intention, which was reflected in the early works of the ancient greeks. For example, Homer tells the story of Odysseus, a hero with both wisdom and courage, who finally returned to his hometown under the guidance of god after ten years of hardships after the end of the Chloe war. For example, the god spectrum by Hesiod records Greek myths and legends, expressing people's reverence for god and their happiness under the blessing of god and so on. With the development of productive forces and the improvement of people's cognitive ability, the ancient greeks began to get rid of the influence of "divine" happiness view and pay more attention to people's own "happiness". In ancient Greece, the earliest group with human-based happiness view belongs to the wise school, which is the earliest group to study human and pay attention to human value. Protagoras, the founder of the wise school, first put forward theoretically in the dialogue of Truth, or the Throwers: "man is the scale of all things". Influenced by the wisdom of the wisemen, Pericles also believed that "man is the most important thing, and everything else is the fruit of man's labor" and so on. All these show the ancient greeks' respect and appreciation for man and his value.

Under the influence of the thoughts of the group of wise men, other ancient Greek sages also put forward their humanistic happiness views from different angles. As the famous philosopher Heraclitus once said, "I have sought myself. It is the duty of all men to know themselves and to think right. For another example, Aristotle believed that "happiness is the activity of the soul". He stressed that happiness is the happiness of people and their psychological feelings. He said: "the pursuit of happiness, is the well-being of mankind. ... That's why we call happiness an activity of the mind." Moreover, Aristotal, referring to the prevailing view in contemporary society that the desire for happiness was a vulgar, disgusting, undeserving of man's happiness, pointed out that all man's pursuits were natural and rational pursuits; The pursuit of happiness is a natural demand of human beings, is the normal demand of human physiological organs, the human mind must be driven by this demand to carry out activities. If you leave the specific spiritual feelings, there will be no happiness. In short, the ancient greeks told people through theory and practice that "happiness" is the birthright of people, and everyone has the right to pursue his happiness. If you want to get happiness, you must try your best to strive for it, instead of praying for god's blessing.

The Greek word for "virtue" is "arete", which means "virtue" and "virtue" in Chinese. When the ancient greeks studied the question of "happiness", they paid a lot of attention to the relationship between happiness and virtue. They believe that people's spiritual pursuit is an indispensable means to obtain happiness, and the acquisition of happiness is inseparable from people's moral cultivation. For example, Aristotle, a famous ancient Greek philosopher, wrote at the beginning of the nicomachean ethics that "happiness is an activity of the soul to fulfill its perfect virtue". He holds that the happiness of every man is exactly equal to his virtue, practical wisdom and ability to act in turn; He went on to explain: "the world will never call a man blessed if he does not have the least bit of courage, the least bit of moderation, the least bit of justice, the least bit of wisdom." In addition to Aristotle, other scholars have expressed the inner relationship between virtue and happiness. As democritus believed, man should pursue a kind of spiritual happiness, because man, after all, is different from animals. Plato also pointed out that "virtue and wisdom are the true happiness of life"; "God will look out for anyone who wants to be just, who wants to be like god, and man will try his best to be like god through virtue." He believes that human happiness is to make their own behavior in line with the requirements of virtue, in order to make their own happiness, we must pursue good character, virtue is the necessary means to get real happiness, only a person with virtue can be happy. Therefore, everyone "whether in private life or public life, should set aside everything and pursue the reality of virtue first"; "Only in this way can we achieve the happiness of life and death." Socrates also emphasizes the relationship between happiness and virtue. He believed that "knowledge is virtue, and the acquisition of knowledge about virtue is the basis of happiness." And so on. In short, when studying "happiness", the ancient greeks attached great importance to the moral character in human spirit. They believed that "virtue" was a virtue of moderation, justice, courage and wisdom, and that people's happiness was closely related to virtue. As long as people have the above several factors, will become a virtuous person, will be happy. A man cannot be happy if he has material comforts but no spiritual comforts, if he has rich possessions but no noble virtues.

Since ancient times, people have never stopped pursuing for happiness, and people have created a lot of theories about "happiness" according to their own feelings and objective reality, and carried out many effective practical explorations on how to obtain happiness. Still, people often feel confused and don't get the happiness they want. Even ancient Greek sages who had studied the concept of happiness deeply sometimes lamented how difficult it was to be blessed. Why does this happen? The ancient greeks believed that there was no absolute happiness, but only relative happiness. Relativity of happiness refers to that people should have a correct and comprehensive grasp on the issue of treating happiness. They should not only see happiness and other "good" factors in happiness, but also have an objective and fair understanding of pain, death and other "evil" factors in the eyes of others. Therefore, in the study of ancient Greek happiness theory, ancient Greek sages insisted on associating pain with happiness and opposed those wrong views that there can be no happiness in pain and no pain in happiness. As the ancient greeks believed, human happiness was largely a matter of pleasure rather than pain. They believe that man is a product of nature and it is his natural nature to seek pleasure and avoid suffering. Everyone desires happiness without pain. However, they do not blindly emphasize the role of happiness and other "good" factors in happiness, and ignore or minimize the positive role of pain, death and other "evil" factors in people's eyes. They think it impossible to be happy without suffering. For everything is one of opposites, and everything has its pros and cons. Pleasure and pain, as the positive and negative sides of happiness, are interdependent from beginning to end; If anyone wants to avoid pain, then he will not get the happiness he expected. Therefore, we should not simply think that pain is not happy, sometimes happiness can not be obtained without the help of pain; In order to get their own happiness, sometimes feel some pain is very necessary; only those who have experienced pain can realize true happiness.

Therefore, in the treatment of happiness, we should not blindly pursue those idealized things, but based on the social reality to pursue happiness in line with our own. Some people expect too much, out of the specific conditions to pursue those impossible happiness, or a considerable amount of energy to obtain happiness, the result is only self-trouble and pain. As democritus said, "it is through hedonistic temperance and the quiet detachment of life that man obtains pleasure, abject poverty and opulence habitually change places and cause great disturbance in the soul, so that the wavering soul from one extreme to the other is neither stable nor pleasant. We must therefore concentrate on what is possible, and be content with what is within our reach." At the same time, we should also have a good state of mind, know how to meet, contentment.

To sum up, the ancient greeks recognized "happiness" as a human right; Virtue, which is the connotation of temperance, justice, courage and wisdom, is closely related to virtue. At the same time, absolute "happiness" does not exist, people should have a correct and comprehensive understanding of "happiness", think we point out the right direction on the road of pursuing happiness.

The question of "happiness" is an old but often new one. Through the ages, people have never stopped pursuing their own happiness. Until today, scholars all over the world have not stopped to study it. On the road of human pursuit of happiness, countless theories about "happiness" have been put forward, which enriches our thoughts and confuses many people at the same time. As the famous ancient Greek scholar Aristotle said, "Different people have different understanding of happiness. Sometimes even the same person doesn't give the same explanation. When ill, take health as happiness; when he is poor, he is happy with his wealth. While conscious of his ignorance, he envies those who can promote a great idea which he could not think of one week." Although these theories are different, but taken together, they all have the same foothold in the macro level. The ancient greeks were the first group in the western history to pay attention to the issue of human happiness. They also left us a lot of theoretical works on "happiness", and their concept of "happiness" had an important impact on the world, especially the western world. Therefore, the research on their concept of "happiness" is quite representative. Based on this, this article from a macro perspective to grasp the ancient Greek understanding of "happiness", ultimately "happiness" is the right of people; "Happiness" is a virtuous life; "Happiness" has three aspects as the foothold, summarizes the ancient Greek definition of the concept of "happiness", hoping to provide us with a useful reference on the road of pursuing happiness in the future.

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