Fostering bottom up innovation

『Fostering bottom up innovation』で、national innovation systemの観点で『Democratizing Innovation』を引用している。

1) Intellectual Property Rights, where he raises the concern that the current IPR regime is too restrictive.

2) Constraints on Product Modification:

Current efforts by manufacturers to build technologies into the products they sell that restrict the way these products are used can undercut users' traditional freedom to modify what they purchase. This in turn can raise the costs of innovation development by users and so lessen the amount of user innovation that is done.

3) Control over Distribution Channels:

Users that innovate and wish to freely diffuse innovation-related information are able to do so cheaply in large part because of steady advances in Internet distribution capabilities. Controls placed on such infrastructural factors can threaten and maybe even totally disable distributed innovation systems such as the user innovation systems documented in this book.

4) R&D Subsidies and Tax Credits, were the bias is toward manufacturers-innovation rather than user-innovation:

important innovative activities carried out by users are often not similarly rewarded, because they tend to not be documentable as formal R&D activities.

#関連リンク
『New Foundations for Growth:The U.S. Innovation System　Today and Tomorrow』　（RAND）（PDF)